The cinematographer of the Russian Empire ( Russian doref. Cinematograph ) - cinema art of the times of the Russian Empire. Rapidly developing between 1907 and 1920 and creating significant film and rental infrastructure. Of the more than 2700 feature films shot in Russia before 1920, about 300 paintings have survived to this day (usually only partially) in domestic and foreign film archives.
The advent of cinema in Russia
Already in April 1896, 4 months after the first Parisian cinema sessions, the first cinematographic devices appeared in Russia - for example, on April 6 (18), 1896, hereditary honorary citizen of St. Petersburg V. I. Rebrikov filed a petition with the Ministry of the Imperial Court for permission cinematic filming of coronation celebrations [1] . The arrival of a cameraman from the company of the Lumiere brothers Camille Serf to Russia was timed to coincide with a request for permission to film coronation recorded on May 4 (16), 1896 [2] . On the same day, the first in Russia demonstration of the β Lumiere Cinematography β took place at the Aquarium Theater in St. Petersburg β several films were shown to the public during the interval between the second and third acts of the Alfred Pasha vaudeville Paris [3] [4] . On May 6 (18), 1896, the first Moscow film demonstrations took place at the Solodovnikov Theater [5] .
In Moscow, the cinema of the Lumiere brothers was first officially shown in public sessions for five days, from May 26 to May 31, 1896, at the Hermitage Summer Garden Theater (in the Karetny Ryad) at the end of the performances [6] .
In May, Camille Surf made the first documentary cinematic filming in Russia in honor of the coronation of Nicholas II , [7] the chronicle he shot was considered the first reportage film in the world [8] . Significant merit in the promotion of cinema among the Russian public belongs to the French entrepreneur and adventurer Charles Omon , who introduced new entertainment not only to the capital, but also to the provincial public at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in June 1896 . On July 4 (16), an article dedicated to cinema by Maxim Gorky (published under the pseudonym M. Pacatus) appears in the newspaper Nizhny Novgorod Leaf [9] .
Film screenings quickly became fashionable entertainment, permanent cinemas began to appear in many large cities of Russia. The first permanent cinema opened in St. Petersburg in May 1896 at 46 Nevsky Prospekt [10] .
βCinema, calledβ Live Photography β, opened completely unnoticed, and mainly children visited it. They showed only three paintings. The first, which went around all the screens of the world, is a gardener watering the lawns, and a boy stepping on his gut. <...> The second picture is a view of Nevsky Prospect with a horse-drawn car and cabs. And finally, the third is the arrival of the train. <...> There is no musical accompaniment. The session lasts no more than thirty minutes with two intervals. The first cinema in Russia quickly burned out β [11] .
The first Russian filming itself was apparently carried out by the artist Vladimir Sashin , who worked in the Moscow Korsh Theater . Having bought the Vitagraf filming and projection apparatus, Sashin began making short films, which since August 1896 began to be shown to the audience after theater performances (numerous evidence of this has been preserved in Moscow newspapers of the time).
βSashin, a talented actor, turned out to be an equally talented photographer showing a moving photograph. This is our Moscow βLumiereβ. G. Sashin intends to shoot various scenes on the street, when traveling around theaters, rehearsals, meetings, lectures, etc. β [12]
Development
Foreign manufacturers for a long time held a monopoly on the production of film equipment and films, limited their exports to Russia and accepted for hire only the work of their own operators. Until 1908, the contribution of Russian entrepreneurs to cinema was limited to the rental of imported films and episodic filming of documentary short films (usually for local screening). An exception was the documentary filming of episodes from the life of the imperial family, which since 1897 were regularly made by the cameraman Boleslav Matushevsky , and since 1900 by A.K. Yagelsky , who received the highest monopoly on the creation and distribution of such films. However, on the whole, the Moscow branches of the French companies Brothers Pate , Gomon and some others owned the initiative in organizing the filming of chronicle tapes and supplying foreign films for showing in Russia. Significant success released by the company "Br. Pate βof the documentary filmβ Don Cossacks β(1908), which was immediately sold in 219 copies only in Russia, showed that Russian themes would be in great demand among the Russian audience, and the same companies began to prepare feature films in Russia.
Priority in this area, however, went to the short film produced by St. Petersburg film studio Alexander Drankov β Ponizovaya Volnitsa β (βStenka Razinβ), which was released on October 15 (28), 1908. Almost simultaneously with Drankov, filmmaker Alexander Khanzhonkov began filming domestic feature films in Moscow .
In 1907, the Kino magazine, the first Russian periodical dedicated to cinema , began to appear. The growing interest in cinematography is caused by the appearance of many thematic newspapers and magazines, most of which were issued for a very short time.
βIn Moscow, the special newspaper Cinematography Post began to be published, devoted to cinematic theaters, of which there are more than 1,200 in Russia.β
The first Russian artistic tapes were screen versions of fragments of classical works of Russian literature (β A Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov β, β Idiot β, βThe Bakhchisarai Fountain β), folk songs (βThe Merchant Uhar β) or illustrated episodes from Russian history (βThe Death of John the Terribleβ "," Peter the Great ").
The professional growth of operators also contributes to the development of film production - work with light is becoming more complicated, cassettes are beginning to be used that combine two or more images shot at different times in a frame. In the film βThe Departure of the Great Elder β (1912), cameraman Alexander Levitsky for the first time in the practice of Russian cinema used a double exposure when shooting some episodes [13] .
Russian national cinema surprisingly quickly catches up with a ten-year gap from European film schools and quickly grows into innovative works. A significant number of such major achievements on account of the movie studio Khanzhonkova . In 1911, the first full-length film β Defense of Sevastopol β, co-produced by Khanzhonkov and Vasily Goncharov , was released on the screens. In 1912, the company released the first story cartoon in the world, shot using the technique of volumetric animation - βThe Beautiful Lucanida, or the Barbel War with Stag β directed by Vladislav Starevich , who also develops the art of using special effects in feature films and is making significant progress in this. Since the beginning of the 1910s, the Khanzhonkov company has become the undisputed leader in Russian film production, the first stars of Russian cinema Alexander Goncharov , Andrei Gromov , Ivan Mozhuzhin , directors Vasily Goncharov , Pyotr Chardynin and Vladislav Starevich begin his film career. In addition to many feature films, the Khanzhonkova company was also involved in the creation and distribution of educational films. In 1911, the "Scientific Department" was opened at the trading house, which was engaged in the production of scientific, species and ethnographic paintings on the topics of geography of Russia, agriculture, factory industry, zoology and botany, physics and chemistry, medicine and so on [14] .
In 1913, in the wake of the general upsurge of the Russian economy, the cinema industry began to grow rapidly, new firms were formed - including the largest film company I.N. Yermolyev , among which more than 120 films were shot included such significant films as The Queen of Spades (1916) and " Father Sergius " (1918) by Jacob Protazanov .
For a long time in the shadow of Khanzhonkovβs success, P. Timan and F. Reinhardt launched the extremely successful Russian Golden Series of feature films in 1913, with Yakov Protazanov and Vladimir Gardin as key directors. Such famous films as β Anna Karenina β (1914), βThe Noble Nest β, β War and Peace β (both - 1915) and others were released in the series. In the same series, Vsevolod Meyerhold made his film debut, which directed the film " Portrait of Dorian Gray " in 1915 .
Alexander Drankov also finds his own recipe for commercial success and releases Russian versions of the detective-melodramatic film series invented in France - the series β Sonya - The Golden Handle β (1914β1915), βThe Robber Vaska Churkin β (1914β1915), and β Anton Krechetβ "(1916) and others.
According to incomplete data, in 1913, 1,412 cinemas operated in Russia, 134 of them in St. Petersburg and 67 in Moscow.
Features of the perception of cinema
By 1912, cinema became one of the most widespread and ordinary spectacles in large and medium-sized cities of Russia.
βWalk in the evening through the streets of capitals, big provincial cities, district towns, large villages and towns, and everywhere on the streets with lonely flickering kerosene lights you will find the same thing: the entrance, lit by lanterns, and at the entrance there is a crowd waiting for the queue - cinema ... Drop by in the auditorium, you will be amazed by the composition of the audience: everyone here - students and gendarmes, writers and prostitutes, officers and students, all kinds of intellectuals with glasses, a beard, and workers, clerks, traders, ladies of the light, modists, officials, in a word, - everythingβ¦"
- A. Serafimovich . "The engine is coming." - " Blue-Fono ", 1912, No. 8, p. eight.
According to M. Aleinikov , βthe educational and democratic traditions of advanced Russian literature and Russian theater, always striving to be accessible to a multimillion-dollar reader and viewer, made the Russian literary and artistic community see a new powerful form of democratic spectacle in the emerging art of cinema,β [15] as a result of which in Russia, cinema was perceived somewhat differently than in Europe. In particular, Russian theatrical figures did not support the initiatives put forward in 1912 by foreign theater associations to create an international movement "to combat cinema." For example, the St. Petersburg Union of Dramatic and Musical Writers responded to an invitation to participate in the congress of this movement by a letter stating that, in the opinion of Russian writers, cinema "is not an evil for which international meetings should be convened" [16] .
However, the perception of cinema as an art was still not very widespread. For example, Vladimir Mayakovsky in 1913 wrote:
βCinema and art are phenomena of various orders. Art gives high examples, cinema, like a printing press, multiplies and scatters them in the most remote and remote parts of the world β [17] .
The leaders of the most prestigious theaters, who usually forbade actors from their troupes to act in films, held a similar point of view. This prohibition, however, was not absolute and in some cases popular theater actors received permission to participate, for example, in the film adaptations of works of Russian classics.
State regulation of cinema and censorship
In necessary cases, the state also takes part in the regulation of cinematography. For example, in Moscow, the organizers of film screenings had to obtain permission to ensure compliance with the rules on the structure and content of cinema, adopted in 1912. According to these rules, it was allowed to open cinemas only on the first and second floors of stone buildings, it was forbidden to arrange cinema halls directly above and below pharmacies, drug stores and mosquito shops. Cinemas should be separated from other rooms with blank stone walls and fireproof ceilings. Emergency exits were required in case of fire. In each room, the rules required forced ventilation devices [18] .
Censorship restrictions for cinemas were gradually developed. In 1908, the Moscow mayor first issued a ban on showing films of the βParis genreβ (that is, frivolous or pornographic in content) in cinemas. On November 27, 1908, a censor of cinema tapes was established at the office of the Moscow mayor . A separate category of prohibitions existed for portraying persons from the reigning dynasty in films (this prohibition was lifted only in special cases - for example, for films dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty). At the request of the Synod and the Spiritual censorship that existed under it, a number of partial or complete prohibitions were imposed on the screening of holy images, church rites (including the sign of the Cross) and processions, as well as divine services of any Christian faiths in films. Some of these restrictions were not formally formalized, but film producers could not ignore them anyway [19] .
After 1914
The entry of Russia into the World War in 1914 caused great changes in the cinema. Some actors, directors and other film professionals were drafted into the army or went to the front as volunteers. Others who had German roots (Vladimir Siversen, Paul Timan and others) were interned, exiled and could not continue to work in cinema. However, the total number of films filmed continued to grow rapidly - including due to the fact that the import of imported films from warring Europe fell sharply. Active production activities at that time were also carried out by the Skobelev Committee , which ordered the creation of patriotic and propaganda films, which were often very successful. For example, Vladislav Starevich worked a lot on the orders of the Skobelev Committee, for example, among other films, he delivered the animated parable β Belgium Lily β as part of this program.
It was in wartime that the heyday of the artistic Russian cinema took place. During this period, the outstanding film star Evgeny Bauer makes his main films, Vladimir Gardin and Vyacheslav Viskovsky are actively working, veteran directors Pyotr Chardynin and Yakov Protazanov are entering a new level of skill; new star acting names appear - Vera Kholodnaya , Vitold Polonsky , Ivan Perestiani ; new movie studios begin to work - Mikhail Trofimov ( Trading House "Rus" ) and Dmitry Kharitonov ( Trading House Kharitonov ). Film periods are also developing rapidly - in 1916, 11 professional film magazines were published in Russia.
Π ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π‘.ΠΠΈΠ½Π·Π±ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ [20] :
Β«Π 1916 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ· ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅Ρ <β¦> β Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡ-Π΄Π²Π΅Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π² Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΜΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Β».
ΠΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° β ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π° ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² 1916 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π°Π·Ρ Π² Π―Π»ΡΠ΅ . ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 1917 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° , ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π€Π΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ , Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ Π² Π―Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΡΡΠΌΡ ; Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΠΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 1920 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π―Π»ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ .
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΡΠ°Π½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ (ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΆΡΡ ΠΈΠ½, ΠΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π², Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ), Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ (Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π§Π°ΡΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ). Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π Π‘Π€Π‘Π ΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π .
ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² 1910-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²: Β« ΠΠΎΡ Β»
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Β« ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Β»
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Β«Π’ΠΈΡ ΠΎΒ»
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Β«Π£Π±ΠΈΠΉΡΠ°Β»
Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²
- 1908 β 8 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²
- 1909 β 23 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°
- 1910 β 30 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²
- 1911 β 76 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²
- 1912 β 102 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°
- 1913 β 129 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² (18 ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ)
- 1914 β 232 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° (31 ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ)
- 1915 β 370 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² (47 ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ)
- 1916 β 499 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² (52 ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ)
Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡ
- 1906 β Β« ΠΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ Β» (232 ΠΌ.) (ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ)
- 1907 β Β« ΠΠ½ΡΠ·Ρ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Β» (320 ΠΌ.)
- 1908 β Β« Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ±Π° XVI ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ Β» (245 ΠΌ.) (ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ)
- 1909 β Β« ΠΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β» (590 ΠΌ.) (ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ)
- 1910 β Β« ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°-ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Β» (545 ΠΌ.) (ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ)
- 1911 β Β« ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π‘Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Β» (2000 ΠΌ.) (ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ)
- 1912 β Β« ΠΠ»ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Β», Β« ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±Ρ Β» (ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΏΠΎ 1400 ΠΌ.)
- 1913 β Β« ΠΠ»ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Β» (2 ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, 4700 ΠΌ.)
- 1914 β Β« Π‘ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠΊΠ° Β» (8 ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ 10500 ΠΌ.)
- 1915 β Β« Π―ΠΌΠ° Β» (4 ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, 8000 ΠΌ.)
- 1916 β Β« Π―ΡΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π³Π½Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΎ Β» (2 ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, 3100 ΠΌ.) (ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ)
- 1917 β Β« Π‘Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Β» (3683 ΠΌ.) (ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ)
- 1918 β Β« ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈ, Π³ΡΡΡΡΡβ¦ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈβ¦ Β» (3150 ΠΌ.) (ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ)
- 1919 β Β« Π Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Β» (2200 ΠΌ.)
ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ 2700 Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ², ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 300 ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ. Π Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ» [21] ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ 305 ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ², ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Ρ 1908 ΠΏΠΎ 1919 Π³ΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, 7 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ², ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ 27 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ (Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 339 ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½). ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅ . ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ (ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ) ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ , Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² .
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ-Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ². Π§Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° DVD Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°
ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ [22] . ΠΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π» Β«Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΒ», Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ 1907 ΠΏΠΎ 1908 Π³ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΒ», ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ· 18 ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ [23] . Π. Π. ΠΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π² Β«ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ» Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π» Β«ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΒ» Β«ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌΒ» [24] . Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ [24] ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠ°Π» Β« Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΅-ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Β», ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Ρ 1907 ΠΏΠΎ 1918 Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 240 Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² [22] . Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ. Π Β«ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈβ¦Β» Π. Π. ΠΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ 77 ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² [25] .
Π ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΅-ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΒ» ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ: Β«ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ» (1910β1917) Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π’Π Β«Π. Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π ΠΎ Β», Β«ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Β» (1912β1917) β Π’Π Β«ΠΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π²Π°, ΠΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π‘Π΅Π³Π΅Π»ΡΒ», Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΒ» (1915β1918) β Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄. ΠΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ [22] .
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π» ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π» Β« ΠΠ΅Π³Π°Ρ Β», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
- ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° )
- ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° )
- ΠΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ Π’ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ (ΡΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Β«Π. Π’ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΈ Π€. Π Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π³Π°ΡΠ΄ΡΒ» )
- Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΒ»
- Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (ΡΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Β«Π . Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉΒ» )
- Π’ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ³Β»
- ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π² (ΡΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π. ΠΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π²Π° )
- Π. Π‘. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ (ΡΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Β«Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Β» )
- ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ» Π’ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Β«Π ΡΡΡΒ» )
- ΠΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π₯Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π₯Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° )
Π’Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΡ
Operators
ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ. Π Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Β«Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈΒ». ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ, ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅Π·ΠΆΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ (Π. ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π. Π€ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅), ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ (Π. Π‘ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½) ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π. ΠΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. Π ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (Π. Π‘Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ), ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ (Π. ΠΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ), Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ (Π. Π ΡΠ»Π»ΠΎ) ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. [26]
Directors
ΠΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ½ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠΌΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° [27] .
Π ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ» Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² , ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Β« ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° Β». Π‘Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π», ΡΠ½ΡΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Β« Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ°Π½Π½Π° ΠΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β». ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π° Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ Π. Π. Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ [27] .
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» Π. Π. Π§Π°ΡΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ½ , ΡΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½. Π ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ» ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π° Β« ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Β» ΠΈ Β« Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ±Π° XVI ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ Β». ΠΠ΅Π±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β« ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΡ Β». Π§Π°ΡΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ½ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 80 ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π―. Π. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² . Π‘Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ. Π Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π±ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β« ΠΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ Β». Π 1914β1915 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π» ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Β«Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈΒ». ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ , ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Β« ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ° Β» ΠΈ Β« ΠΡΠ΅Ρ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Β». ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Β«Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ³ΡΡΒ».
ΠΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π. Π€. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡ . ΠΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ : ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ» ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° Β«Π’ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Β». Π Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΡΠ» Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 80 ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ².
Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ², ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ , ΡΡΠ°Π» ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π. Π. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ . Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈ ΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΌΠΊΠΈ, Π² 1910 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Β« Lucanus Cervus Β». Π£ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Β«ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π½Π°Π» Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΒ».
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π. Π’ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ , Π§. Π. Π‘Π°Π±ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ , Π. Π . ΠΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ , Π. Π. ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ .
ΠΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΡ
Π‘ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ° Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π° [28] . Π ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π. Π. ΠΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β«Π₯ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ» ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ 297 ΠΈΠΌΡΠ½: 177 Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ 120 Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡ [29] . ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ 30 Π΄ΠΎ 60 ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° Β«ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Β» Π. Π. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΆΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π» ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 100 ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ [28] .
- ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°
- ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²
- ΠΠ»ΡΠ³Π° ΠΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
- Π‘ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
- Vera Caralli
- ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° Π₯ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ
- Vitold Polonsky
- ΠΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈ
- ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½
Notes
- β Π ΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠ±., Ρ. 427, ΠΎΠΏ. 4, Π΄. 109; Β«ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΒ», 1995, β 3.
- β Π ΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠ±., Ρ. 427, ΠΎΠΏ. 4, Π΄. 110; Β«ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΒ», 1995, β 3.
- β ΠΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ, 1962 , Ρ. 7.
- β Β«ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ°Β», 1896, 4 ΠΌΠ°Ρ
- β Β« Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊ Β», 1896, 7 ΠΌΠ°Ρ.
- β Β«ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π½ΡΒ», 1896, 7 ΠΌΠ°Ρ.
- β ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ II, Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠΌΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»Π° Π‘Π΅ΡΡΠ°
- β ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π. Π. Cinema Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ . Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ . ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°Π» Β«Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΒ». ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 26 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2012. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 4 Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- β Β«ΠΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΒ», 1896, β 182, Ρ. 31
- β ΠΠ½Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°. Avenue du cinema: ΠΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ (1896β1917 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²) . Π ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Β» ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ ΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠ: Π¨ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ . Β«Π‘Π΅Π°Π½ΡΒ», β 41/42. ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 26 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2012. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 4 Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- β ΠΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π. ΠΠ΅Π³Π»ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. β Β«ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΒ», 2003, β 64. Π‘. 175
- β Β«Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΒ», 1896, 2 (14) ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ.
- β ΠΠΈΠ½Π·Π±ΡΡΠ³ Π‘. Π‘. ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. β (ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅). β Π. : ΠΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ, 2007. β Π‘. 176-177. β ISBN 978-5-7784-0247-8 .
- β Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π° Π‘ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π» ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Β«Π.Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΠΎΒ» . Β«ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΒ» ΠΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ 64 (2003). ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 26 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2012. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 4 Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- β Π. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² . Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ². β Π. : ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, 1961. β Π‘. 52.
- β Π. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² . Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ². β Π. : ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, 1961. β Π‘. 53.
- β Β« ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π» Β», 1913, β 17
- β ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π. Π. Π Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ. β Π. : ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊ, 2003. β Π‘. 56-57.
- β Π. Π. ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ². Π Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ. β Π. : ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊ, 2003. β Π‘. 236-261.
- β Π‘. Π‘. ΠΠΈΠ½Π·Π±ΡΡΠ³ . ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. β Π. : ΠΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ, 2007. β Π‘. 8-9.
- β ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π., ΠΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π. ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠΎ: ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ (1908-1919). β Π. : ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, 2002. β ISBN 5-86793-155-2 .
- β 1 2 3 Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½, 2012 , Ρ. 129.
- β Β«ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΒ» // ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, 1901β1916. β Π. : ΠΠΠ , 1959. β Π’. 2: ΠβΠ. β Π‘. 162β163.
- β 1 2 ΠΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, 2001 , Ρ. 315.
- β ΠΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, 2001 , Ρ. 315β325.
- β Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½, 2012 , Ρ. 118-119.
- β 1 2 Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½, 2012 , Ρ. 121β123.
- β 1 2 Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½, 2012 , Ρ. 120.
- β ΠΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, 1945 .
Literature
Books and Publications
- ΠΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π. Π. Π₯ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. β Π. : ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ, 1945. β 192 Ρ.
- ΠΠΈΠ½Π·Π±ΡΡΠ³ Π‘. Π‘. ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. β (ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅). β Π. : ΠΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ, 2007. β ISBN 978-5-7784-0247-8 .
- Goldovsky E. M. From silent cinema to panoramic / N. B. Prokofiev. - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962. - 149 p.
- Graschenkova I.N. , Ziborova O.P., Kosinova M.R., Fomin V.I. History of the film industry in Russia: management, film production, rental : [ arch. May 2, 2014 ] / Ed. V.I. Fomina. - M .: All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography named after S. A. Gerasimov , 2012 .-- 2759 p.
- Darovsky V.P. History of Russian Cinema. Lecture course..
- Lebedev N. A. Essays on the history of cinema of the USSR. Silent movie: 1918-1934 . - 2nd revised, supplemented. - M .: Art, 1965.
- Chronicle of Russian cinema: 1863-1929. - M .: Mainland, 2004 .-- ISBN 5-85646-086-3 .
- Mikhailov V.P. Tales of the cinema of old Moscow. - M .: Mainland, 2003 .-- ISBN 5-85646-083-9 .
- Sokolov I.V. History of the invention of cinema. - M .: Art, 1960.
Articles
- Vishnevsky V.E. Bibliography of separate and periodicals of pre-revolutionary cinematography // Cinema Notes . - M .: Eisenstein Center, 2001. - No. 51 . - S. 302-325 .
Links
- Zorkaya N.M. Cinema in Russia . Silver nine hundred tenths . Portal "Word". Date of treatment October 26, 2012. Archived November 4, 2012.
- Alexander Malakhov. Masters of hot rolling . Kommersant-Dengi No. 19 (575) (05/15/2006). Date of treatment October 26, 2012. Archived November 4, 2012.