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Cinema of the Russian Empire

Filmmaker Alexander Khanzhonkov

The cinematographer of the Russian Empire ( Russian doref. Cinematograph ) - cinema art of the times of the Russian Empire. Rapidly developing between 1907 and 1920 and creating significant film and rental infrastructure. Of the more than 2700 feature films shot in Russia before 1920, about 300 paintings have survived to this day (usually only partially) in domestic and foreign film archives.

The advent of cinema in Russia

Already in April 1896, 4 months after the first Parisian cinema sessions, the first cinematographic devices appeared in Russia - for example, on April 6 (18), 1896, hereditary honorary citizen of St. Petersburg V. I. Rebrikov filed a petition with the Ministry of the Imperial Court for permission cinematic filming of coronation celebrations [1] . The arrival of a cameraman from the company of the Lumiere brothers Camille Serf to Russia was timed to coincide with a request for permission to film coronation recorded on May 4 (16), 1896 [2] . On the same day, the first in Russia demonstration of the β€œ Lumiere Cinematography ” took place at the Aquarium Theater in St. Petersburg β€” several films were shown to the public during the interval between the second and third acts of the Alfred Pasha vaudeville Paris [3] [4] . On May 6 (18), 1896, the first Moscow film demonstrations took place at the Solodovnikov Theater [5] .

In Moscow, the cinema of the Lumiere brothers was first officially shown in public sessions for five days, from May 26 to May 31, 1896, at the Hermitage Summer Garden Theater (in the Karetny Ryad) at the end of the performances [6] .

In May, Camille Surf made the first documentary cinematic filming in Russia in honor of the coronation of Nicholas II , [7] the chronicle he shot was considered the first reportage film in the world [8] . Significant merit in the promotion of cinema among the Russian public belongs to the French entrepreneur and adventurer Charles Omon , who introduced new entertainment not only to the capital, but also to the provincial public at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in June 1896 . On July 4 (16), an article dedicated to cinema by Maxim Gorky (published under the pseudonym M. Pacatus) appears in the newspaper Nizhny Novgorod Leaf [9] .

Film screenings quickly became fashionable entertainment, permanent cinemas began to appear in many large cities of Russia. The first permanent cinema opened in St. Petersburg in May 1896 at 46 Nevsky Prospekt [10] .

β€œCinema, calledβ€œ Live Photography ”, opened completely unnoticed, and mainly children visited it. They showed only three paintings. The first, which went around all the screens of the world, is a gardener watering the lawns, and a boy stepping on his gut. <...> The second picture is a view of Nevsky Prospect with a horse-drawn car and cabs. And finally, the third is the arrival of the train. <...> There is no musical accompaniment. The session lasts no more than thirty minutes with two intervals. The first cinema in Russia quickly burned out ” [11] .

The first Russian filming itself was apparently carried out by the artist Vladimir Sashin , who worked in the Moscow Korsh Theater . Having bought the Vitagraf filming and projection apparatus, Sashin began making short films, which since August 1896 began to be shown to the audience after theater performances (numerous evidence of this has been preserved in Moscow newspapers of the time).

β€œSashin, a talented actor, turned out to be an equally talented photographer showing a moving photograph. This is our Moscow β€œLumiere”. G. Sashin intends to shoot various scenes on the street, when traveling around theaters, rehearsals, meetings, lectures, etc. ” [12]

Development

Foreign manufacturers for a long time held a monopoly on the production of film equipment and films, limited their exports to Russia and accepted for hire only the work of their own operators. Until 1908, the contribution of Russian entrepreneurs to cinema was limited to the rental of imported films and episodic filming of documentary short films (usually for local screening). An exception was the documentary filming of episodes from the life of the imperial family, which since 1897 were regularly made by the cameraman Boleslav Matushevsky , and since 1900 by A.K. Yagelsky , who received the highest monopoly on the creation and distribution of such films. However, on the whole, the Moscow branches of the French companies Brothers Pate , Gomon and some others owned the initiative in organizing the filming of chronicle tapes and supplying foreign films for showing in Russia. Significant success released by the company "Br. Pate ”of the documentary filmβ€œ Don Cossacks ”(1908), which was immediately sold in 219 copies only in Russia, showed that Russian themes would be in great demand among the Russian audience, and the same companies began to prepare feature films in Russia.

 
Shot from the movie "Ponizovaya Volnitsa" ("Stenka Razin")

Priority in this area, however, went to the short film produced by St. Petersburg film studio Alexander Drankov β€œ Ponizovaya Volnitsa ” (β€œStenka Razin”), which was released on October 15 (28), 1908. Almost simultaneously with Drankov, filmmaker Alexander Khanzhonkov began filming domestic feature films in Moscow .

In 1907, the Kino magazine, the first Russian periodical dedicated to cinema , began to appear. The growing interest in cinematography is caused by the appearance of many thematic newspapers and magazines, most of which were issued for a very short time.

β€œIn Moscow, the special newspaper Cinematography Post began to be published, devoted to cinematic theaters, of which there are more than 1,200 in Russia.”

- β€œExchange statements”, April 8 (March 26), 1908 (evening issue)
 
" Defense of Sevastopol " (1911)

The first Russian artistic tapes were screen versions of fragments of classical works of Russian literature (β€œ A Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov ”, β€œ Idiot ”, β€œThe Bakhchisarai Fountain ”), folk songs (β€œThe Merchant Uhar ”) or illustrated episodes from Russian history (β€œThe Death of John the Terrible” "," Peter the Great ").

The professional growth of operators also contributes to the development of film production - work with light is becoming more complicated, cassettes are beginning to be used that combine two or more images shot at different times in a frame. In the film β€œThe Departure of the Great Elder ” (1912), cameraman Alexander Levitsky for the first time in the practice of Russian cinema used a double exposure when shooting some episodes [13] .

Russian national cinema surprisingly quickly catches up with a ten-year gap from European film schools and quickly grows into innovative works. A significant number of such major achievements on account of the movie studio Khanzhonkova . In 1911, the first full-length film β€œ Defense of Sevastopol ”, co-produced by Khanzhonkov and Vasily Goncharov , was released on the screens. In 1912, the company released the first story cartoon in the world, shot using the technique of volumetric animation - β€œThe Beautiful Lucanida, or the Barbel War with Stag ” directed by Vladislav Starevich , who also develops the art of using special effects in feature films and is making significant progress in this. Since the beginning of the 1910s, the Khanzhonkov company has become the undisputed leader in Russian film production, the first stars of Russian cinema Alexander Goncharov , Andrei Gromov , Ivan Mozhuzhin , directors Vasily Goncharov , Pyotr Chardynin and Vladislav Starevich begin his film career. In addition to many feature films, the Khanzhonkova company was also involved in the creation and distribution of educational films. In 1911, the "Scientific Department" was opened at the trading house, which was engaged in the production of scientific, species and ethnographic paintings on the topics of geography of Russia, agriculture, factory industry, zoology and botany, physics and chemistry, medicine and so on [14] .

In 1913, in the wake of the general upsurge of the Russian economy, the cinema industry began to grow rapidly, new firms were formed - including the largest film company I.N. Yermolyev , among which more than 120 films were shot included such significant films as The Queen of Spades (1916) and " Father Sergius " (1918) by Jacob Protazanov .

For a long time in the shadow of Khanzhonkov’s success, P. Timan and F. Reinhardt launched the extremely successful Russian Golden Series of feature films in 1913, with Yakov Protazanov and Vladimir Gardin as key directors. Such famous films as β€œ Anna Karenina ” (1914), β€œThe Noble Nest ”, β€œ War and Peace ” (both - 1915) and others were released in the series. In the same series, Vsevolod Meyerhold made his film debut, which directed the film " Portrait of Dorian Gray " in 1915 .

Alexander Drankov also finds his own recipe for commercial success and releases Russian versions of the detective-melodramatic film series invented in France - the series β€œ Sonya - The Golden Handle ” (1914–1915), β€œThe Robber Vaska Churkin ” (1914–1915), and β€œ Anton Krechet” "(1916) and others.

According to incomplete data, in 1913, 1,412 cinemas operated in Russia, 134 of them in St. Petersburg and 67 in Moscow.

Features of the perception of cinema

By 1912, cinema became one of the most widespread and ordinary spectacles in large and medium-sized cities of Russia.

β€œWalk in the evening through the streets of capitals, big provincial cities, district towns, large villages and towns, and everywhere on the streets with lonely flickering kerosene lights you will find the same thing: the entrance, lit by lanterns, and at the entrance there is a crowd waiting for the queue - cinema ... Drop by in the auditorium, you will be amazed by the composition of the audience: everyone here - students and gendarmes, writers and prostitutes, officers and students, all kinds of intellectuals with glasses, a beard, and workers, clerks, traders, ladies of the light, modists, officials, in a word, - everything…"

- A. Serafimovich . "The engine is coming." - " Blue-Fono ", 1912, No. 8, p. eight.

According to M. Aleinikov , β€œthe educational and democratic traditions of advanced Russian literature and Russian theater, always striving to be accessible to a multimillion-dollar reader and viewer, made the Russian literary and artistic community see a new powerful form of democratic spectacle in the emerging art of cinema,” [15] as a result of which in Russia, cinema was perceived somewhat differently than in Europe. In particular, Russian theatrical figures did not support the initiatives put forward in 1912 by foreign theater associations to create an international movement "to combat cinema." For example, the St. Petersburg Union of Dramatic and Musical Writers responded to an invitation to participate in the congress of this movement by a letter stating that, in the opinion of Russian writers, cinema "is not an evil for which international meetings should be convened" [16] .

However, the perception of cinema as an art was still not very widespread. For example, Vladimir Mayakovsky in 1913 wrote:

β€œCinema and art are phenomena of various orders. Art gives high examples, cinema, like a printing press, multiplies and scatters them in the most remote and remote parts of the world ” [17] .

The leaders of the most prestigious theaters, who usually forbade actors from their troupes to act in films, held a similar point of view. This prohibition, however, was not absolute and in some cases popular theater actors received permission to participate, for example, in the film adaptations of works of Russian classics.

State regulation of cinema and censorship

In necessary cases, the state also takes part in the regulation of cinematography. For example, in Moscow, the organizers of film screenings had to obtain permission to ensure compliance with the rules on the structure and content of cinema, adopted in 1912. According to these rules, it was allowed to open cinemas only on the first and second floors of stone buildings, it was forbidden to arrange cinema halls directly above and below pharmacies, drug stores and mosquito shops. Cinemas should be separated from other rooms with blank stone walls and fireproof ceilings. Emergency exits were required in case of fire. In each room, the rules required forced ventilation devices [18] .

Censorship restrictions for cinemas were gradually developed. In 1908, the Moscow mayor first issued a ban on showing films of the β€œParis genre” (that is, frivolous or pornographic in content) in cinemas. On November 27, 1908, a censor of cinema tapes was established at the office of the Moscow mayor . A separate category of prohibitions existed for portraying persons from the reigning dynasty in films (this prohibition was lifted only in special cases - for example, for films dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty). At the request of the Synod and the Spiritual censorship that existed under it, a number of partial or complete prohibitions were imposed on the screening of holy images, church rites (including the sign of the Cross) and processions, as well as divine services of any Christian faiths in films. Some of these restrictions were not formally formalized, but film producers could not ignore them anyway [19] .

After 1914

 
Vera Cold

The entry of Russia into the World War in 1914 caused great changes in the cinema. Some actors, directors and other film professionals were drafted into the army or went to the front as volunteers. Others who had German roots (Vladimir Siversen, Paul Timan and others) were interned, exiled and could not continue to work in cinema. However, the total number of films filmed continued to grow rapidly - including due to the fact that the import of imported films from warring Europe fell sharply. Active production activities at that time were also carried out by the Skobelev Committee , which ordered the creation of patriotic and propaganda films, which were often very successful. For example, Vladislav Starevich worked a lot on the orders of the Skobelev Committee, for example, among other films, he delivered the animated parable β€œ Belgium Lily ” as part of this program.

It was in wartime that the heyday of the artistic Russian cinema took place. During this period, the outstanding film star Evgeny Bauer makes his main films, Vladimir Gardin and Vyacheslav Viskovsky are actively working, veteran directors Pyotr Chardynin and Yakov Protazanov are entering a new level of skill; new star acting names appear - Vera Kholodnaya , Vitold Polonsky , Ivan Perestiani ; new movie studios begin to work - Mikhail Trofimov ( Trading House "Rus" ) and Dmitry Kharitonov ( Trading House Kharitonov ). Film periods are also developing rapidly - in 1916, 11 professional film magazines were published in Russia.

О популярности ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π° Ρƒ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€Ρ‹, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π‘.Π“ΠΈΠ½Π·Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΎΠΌ [20] :

Β«Π’ 1916 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π² России Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ста пятидСсяти ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹. Из этого слСдуСт, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² срСднСм Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ-ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ посСщСний ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π°, Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ <…> β€” Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ‚ΡŒ-Π΄Π²Π΅Π½Π°Π΄Ρ†Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… кинСматографичСских Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². МоТно, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡƒΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² Π΄ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ России, Π²ΠΎ всяком случаС Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹, ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Π² Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ удовлСтворСния эстСтичСских запросов насСлСния ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΜΠ»ΡŒΡˆΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Β».

Π’ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΈ быстроС Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° остро поставили ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ российскими ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ вопрос ΠΎ создании Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ инфраструктуры кинопроизводства β€” студии ΠœΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³Π° ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ растущим трСбованиям. АлСксандр Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² для своСй ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ строит Π² 1916 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π±Π°Π·Ρƒ Π² Π―Π»Ρ‚Π΅ . ВСсной 1917 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° , сразу послС Π€Π΅Π²Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ , Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ Π² Π―Π»Ρ‚Ρƒ практичСски вСсь пСрсонал своСй ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ быстро Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ кинопроизводство Π² ΠšΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΡƒ ; Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π•Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅. На ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ ноября 1920 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π―Π»Ρ‚Π° становится ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΠΌ кинСматографичСским Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ России, хотя производство Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² продолТаСтся Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ… столицах.

ПослС пораТСния Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ВрангСля Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ кинСматографистов эмигрировали. НСкоторыС ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π·Π° Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ (ΠœΠΎΠ·ΠΆΡƒΡ…ΠΈΠ½, Π•Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ΅Π², Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ‡), Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ врСмя Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π½Π° Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ (Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π§Π°Ρ€Π΄Ρ‹Π½ΠΈΠ½, Висковский). Российская ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Π² нСсколько этапов Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΈ стала основой для создания ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π° Π Π‘Π€Π‘Π  ΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  .

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    ΠΡ„ΠΈΡˆΠΈ русских Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² 1910-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²: Β« Π’ΠΎΡ€ Β»

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    Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Β« Никогда Β»

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    Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Β«Π’ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΒ»

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    Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Β«Π£Π±ΠΈΠΉΡ†Π°Β»

Бтатистика производства худоТСствСнных Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ²

  • 1908 β€” 8 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ²
  • 1909 β€” 23 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°
  • 1910 β€” 30 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ²
  • 1911 β€” 76 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ²
  • 1912 β€” 102 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°
  • 1913 β€” 129 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² (18 ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ)
  • 1914 β€” 232 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° (31 кинокомпания)
  • 1915 β€” 370 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² (47 ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ)
  • 1916 β€” 499 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² (52 ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ)

Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΄Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΡƒ

  • 1906 β€” Β« Π”Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ° Π² МосквС Β» (232 ΠΌ.) (сохранился)
  • 1907 β€” Β« Князь БСрСбряный Β» (320 ΠΌ.)
  • 1908 β€” Β« Русская свадьба XVI столСтия Β» (245 ΠΌ.) (сохранился)
  • 1909 β€” Β« ΠŸΡ‘Ρ‚Ρ€ Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β» (590 ΠΌ.) (сохранился)
  • 1910 β€” Β« ΠœΠ°Ρ€Ρ„Π°-ΠŸΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° Β» (545 ΠΌ.) (сохранился)
  • 1911 β€” Β« ΠžΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π° БСвастополя Β» (2000 ΠΌ.) (сохранился)
  • 1912 β€” Β« ΠšΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ старой башни Β», Β« ОдСсскиС ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±Ρ‹ Β» (ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΏΠΎ 1400 ΠΌ.)
  • 1913 β€” Β« ΠšΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈ ΡΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡ Β» (2 сСрии, 4700 ΠΌ.)
  • 1914 β€” Β« Бонька Золотая Ρ€ΡƒΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Β» (8 сСрий, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ 10500 ΠΌ.)
  • 1915 β€” Β« Π―ΠΌΠ° Β» (4 сСрии, 8000 ΠΌ.)
  • 1916 β€” Β« ЯстрСбиноС Π³Π½Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΎ Β» (2 сСрии, 3100 ΠΌ.) (сохранился)
  • 1917 β€” Β« Π‘Π°Ρ‚Π°Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ Β» (3683 ΠΌ.) (сохранился)
  • 1918 β€” Β« ΠœΠΎΠ»Ρ‡ΠΈ, Π³Ρ€ΡƒΡΡ‚ΡŒβ€¦ молчи… Β» (3150 ΠΌ.) (сохранился)
  • 1919 β€” Β« Раскольников Β» (2200 ΠΌ.)

Π”ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… российских Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ²

Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ соврСмСнных источников сходятся Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ 2700 Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ², снятых Π² Российской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ… ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Ρ‡ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 300 ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‚. Π’ Β«ΠšΠ°Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² России» [21] ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ‹ 305 ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ², снятых Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ с 1908 ΠΏΠΎ 1919 Π³ΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ хотя Π±Ρ‹ частично, 7 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ², снятых ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Ρƒ государствСнных ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ 27 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² с ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ названиями ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ условно (всСго 339 ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½). Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ прСимущСствСнно хранятся Π² Российском Π“ΠΎΡΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅ . Π˜Π·Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ коллСкция российских Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎ французской Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… Π·Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‰Π°Ρ…, ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ с ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ позволяСт пСриодичСски ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ Π“ΠΎΡΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°. Π—Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ (ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ сих ΠΏΠΎΡ€ практичСски Π½Π΅ систСматизированный) массив русских Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…, Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎ-популярных Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‚ хранится Π² Российском государствСнном Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² .

Π’ настоящСС врСмя нСизвСстно ΠΎ сущСствовании Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚ΡŒ сколько-Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΠ΄ΡŒ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡˆΡ‚Π°Π±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌ рСставрации ΠΈ издания Π½Π° соврСмСнных носитСлях снятых Π² Российской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ². Частными Π΄ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡŒΡŽΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π° DVD Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ этого Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π·Π° Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ.

ΠšΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ прСсса

 
Π–ΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π» «ПСгасъ» (β„– 4 Π·Π° 1916 Π³ΠΎΠ΄)

Π˜Π½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ ΠΊ российскому ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Ρƒ со стороны Π·Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ спСциалистов ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ Турналистики β€” киноТурналистику. МногиС ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ удСляли ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Ρƒ нСбольшиС Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‹ Π² своих изданиях [22] . Но Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π» Β«Π‘Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡŒΒ», Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡΠΊΠ°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π° Π² мСсяц с 1907 ΠΏΠΎ 1908 Π³ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π» ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ «Кино», ΡΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΠ²ΡˆΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ· 18 страниц [23] . Π’. Π•. Π’ΠΈΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π² Β«Π‘ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ пСриодичСских ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈΒ» Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π» «Кино» Β«ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΌ русским ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌΒ» [24] . Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΠΌ [24] ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, посвящённым ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Ρƒ, стал Β« Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΅-Ρ„ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Β», ΠΎΠ½ просущСствовал с 1907 ΠΏΠΎ 1918 Π³ΠΎΠ΄. Π—Π° этот ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π½ΠΎ 240 Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² [22] . Π’ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… дСсяти Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π² странС издавалось большоС количСство пСриодичСских ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, посвящённых ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ. Π’ «Библиографии…» Π’. Π•. Π’ΠΈΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ 77 ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‰Π°Ρ… ΠΈ частных коллСкциях ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² [25] .

Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΅-Ρ„ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΒ» являлся нСзависимым ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ издания ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ кинопрСдприниматСлям: «ВСстник ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈΒ» (1910β€”1917) выпускался Π’Π” «А. Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ К ΠΎ Β», Β«Π–ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ экран» (1912β€”1917) β€” Π’Π” Β«Π•Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ΅Π²Π°, Π—Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ БСгСля», Β«ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Β» (1915β€”1918) β€” Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π•Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΈ Ρ‚. Π΄. Π–ΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»Ρ‹ сущСствовали Π² основном Π·Π° счёт Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ‹ [22] .

ОсобоС мСсто срСди Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π» издававшийся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ΅ Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π» Β« ПСгас Β», ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ выходящих Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π» киносцСнарии, полСмичСскиС ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π» Π½Π°Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² издававшСй Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, сколько Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ русской киноиндустрии Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ.

ΠšΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ

 
Π­ΠΌΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π’ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π”ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°.
  • АлСксандр Π”Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ² (см. Π’ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π”Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° )
  • АлСксандр Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² (см. Π’ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° )
  • ΠŸΠ°ΡƒΠ»ΡŒ Π’ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ (см. Π’ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ «П. Π’ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΈ Π€. Π Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π³Π°Ρ€Π΄Ρ‚Β» )
  • Π’ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΒ»
  • Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (см. Π’ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Β«Π . Π”. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉΒ» )
  • ВоварищСство «Варяг»
  • Π˜ΠΎΡΠΈΡ„ Π•Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ΅Π² (см. ВоварищСство И. Π•Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ΅Π²Π° )
  • Π‘. Π‘. Π“Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ (см. ВоварищСство «Русская Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Β» )
  • ΠœΠΈΡ…Π°ΠΈΠ» Π’Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ МоисСй АлСйников (см. Π’ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Β«Π ΡƒΡΡŒΒ» )
  • Π”ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ Π₯Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² (см. Π’ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π₯Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° )

ВворчСскиС ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€Ρ‹

Operators

Π“Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΠ³ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ Π² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π΅ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π±Ρ‹Π» Π½Π΅ кинорСТиссёр, Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€. Π’ России ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Β«Π·Π°ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΡ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈΒ». ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° дСфицитная, ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² постоянно Π½Π΅ Ρ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΎ. Бостав ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² пополнялся иностранными спСциалистами, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π·ΠΆΠ°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ (Π–. ΠœΠ΅ΠΉΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΈ Π›. Π€ΠΎΡ€Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒΠ΅), Π“Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ (Π’. БивСрсСн) ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. ΠžΡ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ Π² основном ΠΈΠ· Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ мастСрами, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, А. Π›Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ†ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ П. Новицкий. Π’ опСраторскоС Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (Π”. Π‘Π°Ρ…Π½Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ), ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΡ‡ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° киностудиях (Π“. Π“ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€), Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ (А. Π Ρ‹Π»Π»ΠΎ) ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. [26]

Directors

ΠŸΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Ρƒ рСТиссёры занимались ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ вопросами Π½Π° ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅, Π° творчСским процСссом Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹. Но постСпСнно Π² Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠ°Ρ… постановщика сосрСдотачиваСтся вся творчСская Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°. Он Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‘Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΊΠ΅, обсуТдаСт Π΅Ρ‘ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ с ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ, осматриваСт Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†ΠΎΠ² рСТиссёр выдвигаСтся Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡŽ Π² процСссС создания Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° [27] .

Π’ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π΅ постоянно Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄Ρ†Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ рСТиссёров. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ людьми ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡˆΡ‘Π» Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ срСды. ΠžΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ всСх стоял ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ русский кинорСТиссёр Π’. М. Π“ΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ² , Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° кинСматографичСской ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ. На основС Π΅Π³ΠΎ сцСнария Π±Ρ‹Π» снят ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Β« Понизовая Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ†Π° Β». Бвою Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ‘Ρ€ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ Π“ΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π», сняв ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ Β« Π‘ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΡŒ Иоанна Π“Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β». НаибольшСго рассвСта Π΅Π³ΠΎ кинСматографичСская ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€Π° достигла Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ сотрудничСства с А. А. Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ [27] .

Одним ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Ρ… рСТиссёров Российской ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π» П. И. Π§Π°Ρ€Π΄Ρ‹Π½ΠΈΠ½ , снявший ΡΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ ста ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½. Π’ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡˆΡ‘Π» ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°, снявшись Π² Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ°Ρ… Π“ΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π° Β« ПСснь ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ ΠΊΡƒΠΏΡ†Π° Калашникова Β» ΠΈ Β« Русская свадьба XVI столСтия Β». Π”Π΅Π±ΡŽΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» рСТиссёром Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β« Π’Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ Β». Π§Π°Ρ€Π΄Ρ‹Π½ΠΈΠ½ ставил салонныС ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π°ΠΌΡ‹, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, фарсы, экранизации Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.

НС ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ вострСбованным рСТиссёром, снявшим Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· России ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 80 Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚, являлся Π―. А. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² . Π‘Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ сцСнарист. РСТиссёрский Π΄Π΅Π±ΡŽΡ‚ состоялся Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠΌ Β« Бахчисарайский Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π½ Β». Π’ 1914β€”1915 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… сдСлал ряд ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ «Русской Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ сСрии». Π›ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° творчСства ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎ мнСнию Н. М. Π—ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠΉ , ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ Β« Пиковая Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ° Β» ΠΈ Β« ΠžΡ‚Π΅Ρ† Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΈΠΉ Β». Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ «высокой рСТиссёрской ΠΈ опСраторской ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ, психологичСской Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ актёрской ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Ρ‹Β».

Π’Ρ‹Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΡΡ стилистом российского Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ считаСтся Π•. Π€. Бауэр . ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» сСбя Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… профСссиях: Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π» Ρ…ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ-карикатуристом, сочинял сатиричСскиС Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ для прСссы, проявил сСбя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ мастСр худоТСствСнной Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ, Π° Π² Ρ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π» постановщиком, импрСсарио ΠΈ мастСром сцСнографии. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ стало созданиС Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ для Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠ° «ВрёхсотлСтиС Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ…Β». Π’ дальнСйшСм Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π» постановщиком, ΠΈ Π·Π° свою ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π΅ снял Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 80 Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ².

Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Ρ… Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅ ΡΡŽΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ², снятых Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ , стал российский рСТиссёр Π’. А. Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ‡ . Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΡ… классах увлСкался Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ энтомологиСй, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ повлияло Π½Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ творчСство Π² дальнСйшСм. Π˜ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡ муляТи ΠΆΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΊΠΈ, Π² 1910 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ‡ снял ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌ Β« Lucanus Cervus Β». Π£ΠΎΠ»Ρ‚ ДиснСй ΠΎ творчСствС Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π° сказал, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ «этот Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π½Π°Π» всСх Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π° Π½Π° нСсколько дСсятилСтий».

Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ряда Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… рСТиссёров Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π’. ВурТанский , Π§. Π“. Бабинский , Π’. Π . Π“Π°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½ , Π’. К. Висковский .

Актёры ΠΈ актрисы

Π‘ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ производства худоТСствСнных Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‘Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ актрисы Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠšΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ стали Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ исполнитСлСй, ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡŽΠ±ΠΈΠΌΡ†Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. На Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡˆΠ°Ρ… стали ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‘Ρ€ΠΎΠ², хотя ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° рСТиссёров Π½Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ вовсС Π½Π΅ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ. ВсС Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‘Ρ€Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ исполнитСлями, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΠΌΠΈ сцСны Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ экрана [28] . Π’ справочникС Π’. Π•. Π’ΠΈΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β«Π₯удоТСствСнныС Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ Π΄ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ России» упомянуто 297 ΠΈΠΌΡ‘Π½: 177 Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‘Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ 120 актрис [29] . ΠŸΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‘Ρ€Ρ‹ исполнили Π·Π° свою ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ Π² России ΠΎΡ‚ 30 Π΄ΠΎ 60 Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° «рСкордсмСн» И. И. ΠœΠΎΠ·ΠΆΡƒΡ…ΠΈΠ½ сыграл ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 100 Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ [28] .

  • АлСксандра Π“ΠΎΠ½Ρ‡Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°
  • АндрСй Π“Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²
  • Ольга Гзовская
  • Π‘ΠΎΡ„ΡŒΡ Гославская
  • Vera Caralli
  • Π’Π΅Ρ€Π° Π₯олодная
  • Vitold Polonsky
  • Иван ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈ
  • Борис Π“Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½

Notes

  1. ↑ Π Π“Π˜Π БПб., Ρ„. 427, ΠΎΠΏ. 4, Π΄. 109; Β«Π˜ΡΠΊΡƒΡΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΒ», 1995, β„– 3.
  2. ↑ Π Π“Π˜Π БПб., Ρ„. 427, ΠΎΠΏ. 4, Π΄. 110; Β«Π˜ΡΠΊΡƒΡΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΒ», 1995, β„– 3.
  3. ↑ ΠžΡ‚ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, 1962 , с. 7.
  4. ↑ Β«ΠŸΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π³Π°Π·Π΅Ρ‚Π°Β», 1896, 4 мая
  5. ↑ Β« Русский листок Β», 1896, 7 мая.
  6. ↑ «Новости дня», 1896, 7 мая.
  7. ↑ ΠšΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ Николая II, Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΊΠ° Камилла Π‘Π΅Ρ€Ρ„Π°
  8. ↑ Зоркая Н. М. Cinema Π² России (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . БСрСбряныС Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΠΎΡ‚ дСсятыС . ΠŸΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°Π» Β«Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΒ». Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° обращСния 26 октября 2012. Архивировано 4 ноября 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  9. ↑ «НиТСгородский листок», 1896, β„– 182, с. 31
  10. ↑ Анна Ковалова. Avenue du cinema: НСвский проспСкт (1896β€”1917 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²) (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . РовСсники Β» ИБВОРИЯ КИНО: Π¨Ρ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ . «БСанс», β„– 41/42. Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° обращСния 26 октября 2012. Архивировано 4 ноября 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  11. ↑ Π”ΡŽΡˆΠ΅Π½ Π‘. Π‘Π΅Π³Π»Ρ‹Π΅ воспоминания. β€” Β«ΠšΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ записки», 2003, β„– 64. Π‘. 175
  12. ↑ «Русский листок», 1896, 2 (14) сСнтября.
  13. ↑ Π“ΠΈΠ½Π·Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³ Π‘. Π‘. ΠšΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ России. β€” (Π’Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅). β€” М. : Аграф, 2007. β€” Π‘. 176-177. β€” ISBN 978-5-7784-0247-8 .
  14. ↑ Π‘Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π»Π°Π½Π° Π‘ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°. Научный ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π» АкционСрного общСства «А.Π₯Π°Π½ΠΆΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ко» (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . Β«ΠšΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ записки» НомСр 64 (2003). Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° обращСния 26 октября 2012. Архивировано 4 ноября 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  15. ↑ М. АлСйников . Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ². β€” М. : Π˜ΡΠΊΡƒΡΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ, 1961. β€” Π‘. 52.
  16. ↑ М. АлСйников . Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ². β€” М. : Π˜ΡΠΊΡƒΡΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ, 1961. β€” Π‘. 53.
  17. ↑ Β« Кино-ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π» Β», 1913, β„– 17
  18. ↑ ΠœΠΈΡ…Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π’. П. Рассказы ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π΅ старой ΠœΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ‹. β€” М. : ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΊ, 2003. β€” Π‘. 56-57.
  19. ↑ Π’. П. ΠœΠΈΡ…Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ². Рассказы ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π΅ старой ΠœΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ‹. β€” М. : ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΊ, 2003. β€” Π‘. 236-261.
  20. ↑ Π‘. Π‘. Π“ΠΈΠ½Π·Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³ . ΠšΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ России. β€” М. : Аграф, 2007. β€” Π‘. 8-9.
  21. ↑ Иванова Π’., ΠœΡ‹Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π’. ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΉ КинСмо: ΠšΠ°Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΠΎΠ² России (1908-1919). β€” М. : НовоС Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, 2002. β€” ISBN 5-86793-155-2 .
  22. ↑ 1 2 3 Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½, 2012 , с. 129.
  23. ↑ «Кино» // Библиография пСриодичСских ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ России, 1901β€”1916. β€” Π›. : Π“ΠŸΠ‘ , 1959. β€” Π’. 2: Π˜β€”ΠŸ. β€” Π‘. 162β€”163.
  24. ↑ 1 2 Π’ΠΈΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. Библиография, 2001 , с. 315.
  25. ↑ Π’ΠΈΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. Библиография, 2001 , с. 315β€”325.
  26. ↑ Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½, 2012 , с. 118-119.
  27. ↑ 1 2 Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½, 2012 , с. 121β€”123.
  28. ↑ 1 2 Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½, 2012 , с. 120.
  29. ↑ Π’ΠΈΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, 1945 .

Literature

Books and Publications

  • Π’ΠΈΡˆΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π’. Π•. Π₯удоТСствСнныС Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠΌΡ‹ Π΄ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ России. β€” М. : Госкиноиздат, 1945. β€” 192 с.
  • Π“ΠΈΠ½Π·Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³ Π‘. Π‘. ΠšΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ России. β€” (Π’Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅). β€” М. : Аграф, 2007. β€” ISBN 978-5-7784-0247-8 .
  • Goldovsky E. M. From silent cinema to panoramic / N. B. Prokofiev. - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962. - 149 p.
  • Graschenkova I.N. , Ziborova O.P., Kosinova M.R., Fomin V.I. History of the film industry in Russia: management, film production, rental : [ arch. May 2, 2014 ] / Ed. V.I. Fomina. - M .: All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography named after S. A. Gerasimov , 2012 .-- 2759 p.
  • Darovsky V.P. History of Russian Cinema. Lecture course..
  • Lebedev N. A. Essays on the history of cinema of the USSR. Silent movie: 1918-1934 . - 2nd revised, supplemented. - M .: Art, 1965.
  • Chronicle of Russian cinema: 1863-1929. - M .: Mainland, 2004 .-- ISBN 5-85646-086-3 .
  • Mikhailov V.P. Tales of the cinema of old Moscow. - M .: Mainland, 2003 .-- ISBN 5-85646-083-9 .
  • Sokolov I.V. History of the invention of cinema. - M .: Art, 1960.

Articles

  • Vishnevsky V.E. Bibliography of separate and periodicals of pre-revolutionary cinematography // Cinema Notes . - M .: Eisenstein Center, 2001. - No. 51 . - S. 302-325 .

Links

  • Zorkaya N.M. Cinema in Russia (Neopr.) . Silver nine hundred tenths . Portal "Word". Date of treatment October 26, 2012. Archived November 4, 2012.
  • Alexander Malakhov. Masters of hot rolling (neopr.) . Kommersant-Dengi No. 19 (575) (05/15/2006). Date of treatment October 26, 2012. Archived November 4, 2012.
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_ of the Russian Empire&oldid = 95347636


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