Awards Spain - a collection of awards that are included or previously included in the award system of Spain. The basis of the award system of Spain are orders. The history of Spanish orders is different from the history of orders in Russia. It began with the militarized spiritual and knightly orders, which were gradually transformed into honorary corporations. Later, orders of an initially secular nature were added to them [1] .
With the exception of the brief Napoleonic invasion periods (1808–1814, see the Pyrenean Wars ) when Napoleon’s brother, Joseph Bonaparte , some of the 19th century’s short-term troubles, and the (Second) Spanish Republic (1931–1939), was appointed the king of Spain, Spain has always remained either a monarchy (which it is today) or a right-wing dictatorship ( francism ), thanks to which its order system, like its aristocracy and the church, has, in a certain sense, continuous continuity.
Content
Spiritual and Knight Orders of Spain
They were created in the process of Reconquista . Having undergone numerous changes and underwent secularization , four of them still exist. Information about them is given in the relevant article .
Secular Orders of Spain
The first Spanish, originally a secular order - the Order of the Golden Fleece , was (and still is) the dynastic award of the Spanish royal house [2] .
Subsequently, numerous more modern orders were added to it.
It should also be mentioned that Joseph Bonaparte and the republican government also made awards with specially established orders.
Below is a list of orders.
Dynastic Order (existing)
| Sign | Order | Based | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Order of the Golden Fleece | 1430 ( Duchy of Burgundy ) | In addition to the Spanish branch of the order, there is also an Austrian one. |
Orders (existing)
Established before the rule of Juan Carlos [3] .
| Sign | Order | Based | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Order of Carlos III | 1771 | The highest civil order. | |
| Order of Queen Maria Louise | 1792 | Women's Order. Not awarded. Formally not abolished. | |
| Order of St. Ferdinand (Royal and Military Order of San Fernando ) | 1811 | The highest reward for valor in battle. | |
| Order of St. Ermenegildo (Royal and Military Order of San Ermenegildo ) | 1814 | Military reward. | |
| Order of Isabella the Catholic | 1815 | Civil Order. | |
| Cross of Military Merit | 1864 | Military reward, whose status has changed many times. Currently has 2 degrees and four varieties (division). | |
| Maritime Cross | 1864 | Similarly | |
| Order of Alphonse X the Wise | 1902 | Art and Science Award | |
| Order of Civil Merit | 1926 | ||
| Order of Merit Police | 1943 | ||
| Order of Cisneros | 1944 | Order, popular in the time of Franco. Not awarded. Formally not abolished. | |
| Order of St. Raymund of Penafort | 1944 | The award is intended for judges and lawyers and is named after their patron saint . | |
| Air Merit Cross | 1945 | Military reward, whose status has changed many times. Currently has 2 degrees and four varieties (division). | |
| Civil Order of Postal Merit (Spanish) | 1960 |
Orders established during the reign of Juan Carlos (1975–2014) [3] .
| Sign | Order | Based | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Civil Order of Health | Established in 1838 as an Epidemic cross , in 1983 converted to order. | Health Award. | |
| Order of Merit of the Civil Guard (Spanish) | 1976 | The award is given to the members of the Civil Guard . | |
| Order of the Civil Order of Environmental Protection (Spanish) | 1982 | ||
| Order of Constitutional Merit (Spanish) | 1988 | ||
| Royal Order of Civil Recognition for Victims of Terrorism | 1999 | Is handed over to the wounded as a result of terrorist attacks and also posthumously. | |
| Order of Merit in Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Spanish) | 1987 | ||
| Civil Order of Public Solidarity (Spanish) | 1989 | Awarded for services in the social sphere. | |
| Order of merit in the implementation of the national plan to combat drugs (Spanish) | 1995 | The Order is awarded for counteracting drug crime. | |
| Civil Order of Merit in Telecommunications and Information Society (Spanish) | 1997 | ||
| Order of Arts and Literature of Spain (Spanish) | 2008 | ||
| Royal Order of Sports Merit (Spanish) | 2009 |
Some abolished orders
| Sign | Order | Based | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Civil Order of Charity | 1856 | ||
| Maria Victoria Civil Order | 1871 | ||
| Military Order of Mary-Cristina | 1890 | It was abolished in 1931, in 1937 replaced with the Military Cross. | |
| Mari-Cristina Naval Order | 1890 | ||
| Civil Order of Alphonse XII | 1902 | ||
| Imperial Order of Yarma and Arrows | 1937-1976 | The main award of the Franco Spain. | |
| Civil Order of Africa (Spanish) | 1933-1939 (Republican), 1950-1977 (Franco). | Had six degrees. |
Order of Joseph Bonaparte (King José)
| Sign | Order | Based | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Royal Order of Spain | 1808-1813 |
Awards (Second) of the Spanish Republic
| Sign | Order | Based | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Order of the Republic | 1932-1937 | ||
| Madrid Sign (Spanish: Placa Laureada de Madrid) | 1937-1939 | Republican equivalent of the Order of San Fernando , the awards which were made Franco. |
Colonial awards
| Sign | Order | Based | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Order of Medawya ( isp. Orden de la Medhauia ) | 1926-1956 | Spanish Moroccan colonial award |
Crosses
| Sign | Cross | Based | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Military cross | 1938 | Award for outstanding action in battle | |
| Cross For consistency and service | 1958 | The reward for the immaculate service. Charter reformed in 2002. In its present form has three degrees. | |
| Cross of Allegiance | 2007 | Award for military chaplains. | |
| For the Spanish campaign 2018— | 2018 |
Autonomous Community Awards
Each region - the autonomous community of Spain has the right to present its own awards, as a rule (although not necessarily) bearing the names of medals. They should not be confused with national medals, examples of which are given below.
Some Medals
Military
- Army Medal ( Spanish Medalla del Ejército )
- Naval Medal ( Spanish Medalla Naval )
- Air Force Medal ( Spanish Medalla Aérea ) [4]
Civil
- Gold Medal "For Merits in the Fine Arts" ( isp. Medalla de Oro al merito en las Bellas Artes )
- The merit of civil defense ( eng. Mérito de la Protección Civil )
- Prison medal ( isp. Medalla Penitenciaria )
- Labor Medal ( Medalla del Trabajo )
- Tourist merit ( isp. Mérito Turístico )
- Blood donors ( donantes de sangre )
Military (abolished)
- Military Medal ( Spanish Medalla Militar )
- Medal of Suffering for the Fatherland ( used by Medalla de Sufrimientos por la Patria )
- Medal of Peace in Morocco ( Spanish Medalla de la Paz de Marruecos )
- Ifni-Sahara medal ( Spanish Medalla de Ifni-Sahara )
- Sahara medal ( isp. Medalla del Sahara )
- Medal "For the Spanish Campaign"
- See also the Blue Division Medal which was awarded to Spanish volunteers by the leadership of the Third Reich .
Civilian (abolished)
- Medal of Shipwrecked Rescue ( Spanish Medalla de Salvamento de Náufragos )
- Medal of the Old Guard ( Spanish Medalla de la Vieja Guardia )
Notes
- ↑ Despite the tendency existing today in Russia to strictly divide orders as awards and knightly orders, strictly speaking, any order is an honorary corporation, whereas what is awarded to the awarded person is a sign of the order . The exceptions are the awards of Soviet Russia and the countries of the socialist camp, as well as a number of later ones, which are reduced to the insignia.
- ↑ There is also a second, Austrian branch of the order, the dynastic reward of the Austrian Habsburgs , now not occupying the throne, but continuing to award the order.
- ↑ 1 2 Sorted by institution time.
- ↑ All three - see es: Medalla del Ejército, Naval y Aérea
Literature
- Spassky I. G. Foreign and Russian orders until 1917 / Il. artist V. Trofimov. - SPb. : Dorval Publishing House Breeze LLP, jointly with League AO, 1993. pp. 52–54. - 196 s. - ISBN 5-8308-0042-x .