Одódзь

St. Alexander Nevsky in Lodz

1332 - Lodz was first mentioned in a document transmitting the village of Lodzia ( lat. ) to the bishops of Wloclawek , and on May 15, 1414, Bishop Jan Kropidlo of the Wloclaw chapter established a settlement on the territory of the Лód посел settlement. July 29, 1423 by order of King Vladislav Jagello Lodz received city rights.

1820 - September 20, by the decree of Konstantin Pavlovich , the viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland, Lodz was declared a factory city, in 1821 the felt Nove-Miasto posad was founded, a continuation of which in 1824 was the weaving posad Lodka.

1865 - July 30, local authorities received permission to build a railway connecting Lodz and Kolyushki , which was commissioned on September 19, 1865. Passenger trains began to run regularly from June 01, 1866.

1887 - The largest, most beautiful and luxurious synagogue in the Polish Kingdom was opened (burned by the Nazis in 1940).

1888 - October 6 in the building of the hotel "Victoria" on the street. Piotrkowska 67 was founded the first professional theater in Lodz. Now there is a modern cinema "Polonia".

1897 - a medieval historian Genrik Pashkevich was born in Lodz.

1898 - December 24 at 13 o’clock in Lodz the first electric tram in the Kingdom of Poland was launched.

1899 - November 3 in Lodz, at ul. Sprout 19, settled Jozef Pilsudski with his wife. Here Pilsudski published the newspaper Rabochy, an organ of the underground Polish Socialist Party. On the night of February 22, 1900, Pilsudski was arrested by the tsarist police and was imprisoned on the street. Gdansk 13. In December 1938, the memorial museum-apartment of J. Pilsudski was created here.

1903 - On August 20, the Polish Theater Society was established in Lodz, the first organization in Poland engaged in theatrical and educational activities.

1905 - May 17 was opened the first children's hospital in Poland named after Anna Maria (in memory of the deceased granddaughter of the largest Lodz manufacturer, Karl W. Scheibler). In 1951, she was renamed the hospital to them. Janusz Korczak.

1908 - in Lodz, on al. Kociuszko 14 is the largest bank in Poland (a hall with an area of ​​1100 m²).

1914 - in the first months of World War I , the battle for Lodz took place between the German and Russian armies.

1919 - the Lodz Voivodeship was created, headed by Anthony Kamensky.

1936 - May 26, the Lodz Friends Circle was created, which resumed its activities in 1959 (November 27) and was renamed the Lodz Friends Society. The scope of his activities is quite wide: this is enlightenment, and historical and regional studies, the organization of cultural events and competitions, publishing, the protection of historical and architectural values, and others. The main department of ODL is located at pl. Liberties, 2.

After the end of hostilities in September 1939 and the German occupation of Poland, the city ​​was renamed Litzmanstadt (in honor of the German First World War General Karl Litzmann , who captured Lodz at the end of 1914) ^[2] and since 1941 became the center of the Litzmanstadt administrative district of the Reichsgau Warteland . The enterprises were reoriented to produce products for the Germans ^[3] .

1940 - Before the Nazi occupation, 230,000 Jews lived in Lodz, who made up one third of the population of the city. At the beginning of the war, all Jews in the city and its environs were driven into the ghetto and later deported to death camps. The одód гет ghetto was one of the largest and was liquidated by the last of the Polish ghettos, as it was important for German industry. During the war, 420,000 residents were killed, of which 300,000 were Jews and 120,000 were Poles. In the vicinity of Lodz, camps were also created for gypsies and Poles. After the war, 900 Jews remained in the city.

On March 3, 1943, the sabotage group of the Guard of Ludova burned the Kona plant, which worked for the needs of the German army (the whole supply of artificial cotton and two wagons with uniforms burned out here ^[3] .

January 18, 1945 the city was liberated by the Red Army . In 1945, the Polish government moved to Lodz, and the city de facto served as the capital until 1948.

In 1945, the University of Lodz was established on the basis of the Pedagogical Institute (1921-1928), the Higher School of Social and Economic Sciences (1921-1928) and a branch of the Free Polish University, which existed in Lodz during the interwar period.

1948 - October 18, the grand opening of the Higher School of Cinematography, Television and Theater took place with the participation of its first applicants. This world-famous institution of higher education is located in the Oscar Kona Palace on ul. Targovoy. The school is especially proud of its distinguished graduates: Andrzej Wajda , Roman Polanski , Andrzej Munk , Jerzy Skolimowski , Krzysztof Keslowski , Krzysztof Zanussi , etc.

In 1972, the development of multi-apartment buildings in the sleeping area of Retkin began .

Along with the indigenous people, a huge role in the industrial development of Lodz was played by the visiting population. In the second half of the 19th century, Poles, Germans, Jews, Czechs, Silesians lived in Lodz. The Jewish population of 240 thousand gave Lodz the largest manufacturers (Israel Kalmanovich Poznansky, Marius Silberstein, Stanislav Yarotinsky, Oscar Kohn and others), merchants, bankers, famous architects ( David Land , Gustav Landau-Gutenteger and others) and writers ( Julian Tuvim and Jerzy Kosinsky ). Since 2002, the Festival of Four Cultures has been held in the city.

Poznansky Palace - Ogrodova street, 15. Now the palace houses the Museum of the History of the City of Lodz, which contains exhibits related to the life of the city and its celebrities: Julian Tuvim, Vladislav Reymont, Alexander Tansman, Arthur Rubinstein and Jan Karski.

The old cemetery on Ogrodova Street is Catholic, Evangelical and Orthodox . The largest industrialists of Biedermann, Grohman, Geyer, Kindermann, Scheibler, as well as scientists, actors, artists, national heroes and priests are buried here. Among the dozens of historical tombstones, the mausoleum of the manufacturer Scheibler, similar to a small neo-Gothic temple, is distinguished by its monumentality.

Jewish cemetery - near Bratskaya street. The largest Jewish cemetery in Europe (41 hectares) was created in 1892 and has about 160 thousand graves. Many tombstones, in particular the mausoleums of the large industrialists of Poznan, Silberstein, Prussakov, Steiler, Yarotinsky, are listed as architectural monuments. Here are the parents of Julian Tuvim and Arthur Rubinstein . In the southern part of the cemetery are the graves of the victims of the Lodz ghetto. In 1956, a memorial complex was erected in memory of those who died during the war. November 20, 2012, more than 20 tombstones of the XIX century were broken by vandals ^[6] .

Lodz - Lublinek International Airport (also named after Vladislav Reymont ) is located 6 kilometers from the city center. It connects Lodz and the Lodz Voivodeship with several European cities (in 2015 - Munich , Amsterdam , Prague , London , Dublin , Edinburgh ). Frequent flights to Munich (2 flights per day) and Amsterdam (6 flights per week) provide the possibility of flights with transfers to many airports in the world. In 2013, Lublinek took the 8th place among Polish airports in passenger traffic.

Karl Anstad Alley

Piotrkovskaya Street

The current Piotrkovskaya street runs along the line of the former Piotrkovsky tract, which in the 19th century witnessed the rapid development of the city. Piotrkovskaya Street is the main street of the city. It stretches from the octagonal Freedom Square ( Polish. Plac Wolności Liberty Dance), which was previously called the market square of the New City ( Polish Nowe Miasto Nowe Miasto). The longest pedestrian zone in Poland with shops, bars and restaurants (there are more than a hundred here), as well as street cafes in the summer. Alternatively, ride along the boulevard with a cycle rickshaw or retro tram. Numerous events, fairs, happenings and sports are held on Piotrkovskaya Street.

Monuments

• St. Pyotrkovskaya 32 - Three Fabricators.
• St. Petrkovskaya 104 - Bench of Julian Tuvim .
• St. Petrkovskaya 137 - Vladislav Reymont's chest .
• St. Pyotrkovskaya 78 - Royal Arthur Rubinstein .
• St. Petrkovskaya 112 - a monument to Leon Schiller.
• St. Piotrkowska 98-146 - a monument to the inhabitants of the Lodz Millennium: 12.859 plates with engraved names of famous and ordinary inhabitants of Lodz.
• St. Petrkovskaya - a segment of the street between Monyushko street and Rubinstein Passage - Alley of the stars of Polish cinema .

Historical Buildings

• St. Petrkovskaya 11 - the house of Karl Scheibler.
• St. Petrkovskaya 29 - the banking house of Wilhelm Landau.
• St. Petrkovskaya 72 - the former factory of Ludwig Meyer, rebuilt under the Grand Hotel ***.
• St. Petrkovskaya 74 - the palace and factory of Ludwig Geyer.
• St. Petrkovskaya 77 - the palace and the banking house of Maximilian Goldfeder, now the Academic House of Culture and the magnificent restaurant “Club of the Heirs”. Of particular note are the colorful stained-glass windows and the picturesque decoration of the premises of the second floor.
• St. Petrkovskaya 86 - The facade is decorated with a sculpture by Jan Gutenberg.
   

  Monument to Tadeusz Kosciuszko and the Catholic Church of the Holy Spirit
• St. Petrkovskaya 100 - in the past it was a secession -style trading house, now the Esplanade restaurant.
• St. Piotrkowska 104 - the palace of Julius Heinzl, now the building of the City Hall of Lodz and the regional government.
• St. Pyotrkovskaya 137/139 - Ernst Kindermann's palace decorated with a Venetian mosaic frieze.
• St. Piotrkowska 152 - the largest wall graffiti in Poland.
• St. Petrkovskaya 262 is the mansion of industrialist Robert Schweikert, currently the European Institute, which hosts seminars, conferences and other events.
• John Paul II Square - Cathedral of St. Stanislav Kostka.
• St. Petrkovskaya 272a - the half-residence of the brothers Karl and Emil Steinert.
• St. Petrkovskaya 282 - “White Factory” by Ludwig Geyer , Museum of the Textile Industry .
• St. Petrkovskaya 283 - Evangelical Augsburg Church of St. Matthew in neo-romantic style.

Architecture

• The Palace of Israel Poznansky - Ogrodovaya Street 15. The largest manufacturer’s residence in Poland, now the Museum of the History of the City of Lodz. The palace (in the neo-baroque style) is located on the corner of Zakhodnaya (Zapadnaya) and Ogrodova (Sadovaya) streets, along which massive factory walls and work districts stretch.
• Villa of Eduard Herbst - Pshendzalnyan (Spinning) Street 72. A typical example of a mansion of the late 19th century with elements of interior decoration typical for residences of wealthy manufacturers.
• Karl Scheibler’s Palace - Habits (Victory) Square 1. The calm facade in the Renaissance style with an unobtrusive ornament contrasts with the colorfully decorated interior. The palace (now the Museum of Cinematography) is located in the back of the old Zyrudlisk park with its 300-year-old oaks.
   

  Reinhold Richter Villa - an outstanding monument of Polish Art Nouveau
• The Palace of Mauritius of Poznansky - Wentskowski Street 36. The palace is designed in an architectural style reminiscent of the Italian Renaissance. Currently, the Museum of Modern Art is in the bore.
• Karl Poznansky Palace - 32 Gdansk Street. The architectural solution of the palace resembles the Florentine Renaissance. Currently, the Academy of Music is located here.
• Villa Leopold Kindermann - street Vulchanskaya 31-33. Secession style villa with rich exterior decoration. Now here is the City Art Gallery.
• Reinhold Richter’s Villa - Skorupki Street 6. The eclectic-style mansion is located in the depths of a century-old park, in which a huge “factory oak” grows. Now here is the administration of the Polytechnic University.
• Villa Floriana Yarish - Kosciuszko alley 88.
• Robert Biedermann Palace - 1/5 Franciscan (Franciscan) Street. Currently, the building of the University of Lodz .

Industrial Facilities

Despite the fact that the history of Lodz dates back to the Middle Ages, the highest prosperity of the city dates back to the period of the Kingdom of Poland. It was then, in the 20s of the 19th century, that cloth and weaving were created in Lodz: first along the Pyotrkovsky Tract (now Piotrkowska Street), where the Nove Miasto Posad was founded, then the Lodka and Nova Lodka, as well as water-factory plantations on the river Ash . Favorable economic and housing conditions attracted foreign industrialists. The first manufactories and mechanized factories were built in the style of classicism, had smooth, plastered walls. In the second half of the 19th century, hundreds of brick factories built using reinforced concrete structures appeared in Lodz, and the city was nicknamed the “Polish Manchester ”.

• The Israeli factory of Poznansky is Ogorodov street 17. At one time, the factory, which owned the second place after the Carl Scheibler factory, employed more than 6 thousand people and was engaged in the manufacture of cotton fabric. Currently, the factory has opened a trade and cultural and entertainment center "Manufactura", in which a combination of modern forms and architecture of factory buildings from the 19th century has found a place.
• "Xenji Mlyn" - on the corner of Pshendzalnyaya and Tymenetsky streets. This large factory and housing complex was created by Karl Scheibler, the owner of Europe’s largest cotton factory. The industrial architectural ensemble includes a spinning mill, a fire station, a railway station, a hospital, a school, shops, a farm and workers' houses.
• Ludwig Heyer's White Factory is Piotrkowska Street 282. The first mechanized industrial enterprise in Lodz dates from 1839. Now here is the Museum of the Textile Industry.
• Kopis bleaching shop - Tymenetsky street 5. This is the first manufactory in Lodz, which arose in 1826.
• "Barrels of Grohman." Manufacture gate of the Grokhman weaving factory.
   

  Redesigned factory buildings
• Scheibler Factory Power Station - 3/7 Tymenetsky Street. Monument to industrial architecture in the style of secession (rhythmic forms, decorative elements made of ceramics and metal).
• The factory of Markus Silberstein is Piotrkowska Street 250. A factory building with features of fortification architecture. Now it is a shopping center.
• The factory of Ferdinand Geldner is 1905 Revolution Street, No. 52. This restored factory building is occupied by the Higher School of Economics and Humanities.

Botanical Garden

It was founded in 1929 and is located in the western part of the city on ul. Kzhemenetskoy 36/38.

For many years, Lodz was considered the capital of Polish cinema. On the territory of the city there were movie studios of feature, popular science and animated films, recording studios and production of film copies. Lodz is famous for the world famous Higher School of Cinematography, Television and Theater .

Кроме того, Лодзь известна как город с великолепной театральной традицией.

• Высшая Школа Кинематографии, Телевидения и Театра — улица Таргова 61/63. . Занимает здание дворца Оскара Кона. Особой гордостью школы являются её выпускники: Анджей Вайда, Роман Полански, Ежи Сколимовский, Марек Пивовский, Кшиштоф Кеслёвский.
• Музей Кинематографии — площадь Звыченьства 1. . Расположен во дворце Карла Шейблера. Временные выставки посвящены истории киноискусства, польским кинохитам последних лет и современному польскому искусству, в частности фотографии и медиа-арту.
• Аллея Звёзд — улица Пётрковска (отрезок бульвара между улицей Монюшко и Пассажем Рубинштейна).
• Opus Film (Опус Фильм). — улица Лонкова 29. . Занимает здание бывшей Художественной Киностудии.
• Se-ma-for — польская студия короткометражных фильмов.

Лодзь принадлежит к числу любимых городов американского режиссёра Дэвида Линча , который в 2006 г. снял здесь свой фильм « Внутренняя империя ».

• Лодзь // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• «Łódź. Путеводитель по Лодзи». Изд.: «POLSKA — Польская Туристическая Организация в Москве». Łódź. 2006.
• Ришард Бониславски (Ryszard Bonisławski). Статья «Знаете ли Вы, что…» /«Достопримечательности Лодзи»/.
• «ŁÓDŹ. Достопримечательности Лодзи.» (Текст: Ryszard Bonisławski, Justyna Jedlińska.)"POLSKA — Польская Туристическая Организация в Москве".

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