Aleksander Georgyevich Spirkin ( December 24, 1918 , v . Chiganak , now Arkadak district , Saratov region - June 28, 2004 , Moscow ) - Soviet and Russian philosopher . Specialist in the field of dialectical [2] and historical materialism [3] , philosophical problems of psychology and cybernetics. The candidate dissertation (1948) is devoted to the problems of social psychology in the works of G. V. Plekhanov ; Doctoral dissertation (1959) - the problem of the origin of consciousness [4] . Professor (1970), corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Philosophy and Law (philosophy) since 1974, then - corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences .
| Alexander Georgievich Spirkin | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Date of Birth | |
| Place of Birth | with. Chiganak , Balashov district , Saratov province , RSFSR |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
| A country | |
| Academic degree | doctor of philosophical science |
| Academic rank | Professor Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences ; Corresponding Member of RAS |
| Language (s) of works | Russian |
| Direction | Marxism (until the 1990s) , then - catastrophism , creationism , fatalism , pantheism |
| Core interests | |
| Influenced | A. A. Huseynov |
| Awards |  |
Content
Biography
In 1941 he graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Defectological Institute (MGPDI, now - the faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical University ). From July to November 1941 he was on the labor front near Smolensk .
In a fabricated case, he was arrested for “espionage” (according to Vyacheslav Shestakov , Spirkin was arrested for the careless phrase “only German planes are above us” [5] ; Spirkin himself indicates in his memoirs that he was put on a denunciation of a certain Nina Kagarlitskaya for saying “ Stalin is a cruel man ” [6] ) and in 1941-1945 was imprisoned (rehabilitated in 1957). [7]
In 1945-1946 he worked as a researcher at the Institute of Neurology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences . In 1946-1952 he was a researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences .
Since 1946 he taught philosophical and psychological disciplines in higher educational institutions of Moscow. In 1952-1953 he was the dean of the defectology department of the Moscow Correspondence Pedagogical Institute .
Since 1954, he worked in the publishing house " Soviet Encyclopedia ", where in 1960-1970 he headed the editorial board of philosophy, and was also deputy chief editor of the Philosophical Encyclopedia . In 1968, the publishing house " Thought " published a textbook on dialectical materialism, where Spirkin is one of the co-authors [2] .
In 1962-1978 he was a senior researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where in 1978-1982 he was in charge of the sector of dialectical materialism, and since 1982 he worked as a chief researcher.
On November 26, 1974, the Department of Philosophy and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences awarded A. G. Spirkin the title of Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Philosophy.
In 1962-1981 - Chairman of the Section of Philosophical Problems of Cybernetics of the Scientific Council on Cybernetics under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences [8] . In 1971-1975 - Vice-President of the Philosophical Society of the USSR [7] .
In 1978, he participated in the program " Obvious - Incredible ", the theme of which was about human capabilities. [9]
In 1979-1984, he headed the bioinformation laboratory at the A. Popov Society of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Communications. [ten]
In 1980, the famous dissident and anti-Stalinist Anton Vladimirovich Antonov-Ovseenko in his book “Portrait of a Tyrant” accused Spirkin of provocation and stated that he had slandered him at the confrontation in the 1940s [11] . Subsequently, in his memoirs published in the journal Vestnik in 1997, Spirkin refuted these allegations [6] .
Since the 1960s he has published popular textbooks on philosophy. The manuscript of the textbook "Fundamentals of Philosophy" [12] was awarded a prize at the All-Union competition of textbooks for students of higher educational institutions. In 1990, this textbook was published in English by Progress Publishing House [13] , and after the collapse of the USSR, it was reprinted in Russian in a substantially revised form [14] .
November 17, 1994 took part in the television program " Rush Hour " as an interviewee [3] .
He was awarded the Order of Honor (2003) " for achieved labor success and many years of fruitful work " [15] .
Letter to Stalin
June 20, 1950 in the newspaper " Pravda " appeared Stalin's work "Marxism and questions of linguistics. Regarding Marxism in Linguistics. ” Spirkin wrote questions for the article and decided to send these questions to Stalin, but given the fact of his imprisonment in the first half of the 1940s, he sent a letter with questions signed by Ekaterina Krasheninnikova. According to the memoirs of the philosopher, Krasheninnikov after receiving an answer from Stalin [16] was in the center of attention of the Soviet intelligentsia of that time, defended her doctoral dissertation (having missed the defense of the candidate). G. F. Alexandrov , being at that time the director of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, appointed her head of the department of the German language. After the death of Stalin, Catherine was fired from the department. [17]
Philosophy
The most important issues of Spirkin’s research are connected with the development of a fundamental philosophical and psychological theory of consciousness and self-consciousness. The philosopher analyzed the problems of the origin and development of consciousness and language; communication and mutual understanding of people, eras and cultures; the history of epistemology in Western European, Eastern and Russian philosophical thought; conscious and unconscious; rational and intuitive forms of comprehension of reality; paranormal states of consciousness and subconsciousness; consciousness, knowledge and faith; features of religious consciousness and experience; miracle problems; clairvoyance and other psychic abilities. The concepts of a creative personality, giftedness and its levels were also developed: “talent” and “genius”.
An important place in his works is the study of the philosophical problems of man: man as a person; personality in the mirror of his "I"; the uniqueness of man.
There have also been studies on metaphilosophical topics.
As a student at MGPDI, Spirkin spent three years in the Sukhumi nursery researching the behavior of monkeys in order to clarify the biological basis of human origin. Since the beginning of the 80s of the XX century, the philosopher has put forward the idea of a critical review in Marxist philosophy of simplified views on the evolutionary nature of man and his mind, the foundations of which are laid in the animal kingdom. Putting closer to the truth the ideas of catastrophism and creationism , the philosopher does not exclude the principle of evolutionism and Darwin's hypothesis about the origin of man from a monkey-like ancestor. Spirkin also found Engels 's idea of the role of labor in the process of human evolution untenable, justifying this with the fact that “ labor is an essential characteristic of a person, not a monkey ”. Rejecting the primacy of matter and the secondary nature of consciousness, Spirkin poses and motivates the idea of a completely single being, in which a person is a cosmic, biological, social and intelligent being. God , according to Spirkin, is understood " as a universal-semantic, formative and regulatory principle of all that exists (the Absolute) ", which means that it is necessary to believe in it, otherwise the meaning of human being and being in general is lost without faith.
Spirkin believed that the ancient idea of fate lies in the content of the philosophical worldview. According to Spirkin, “to think and write about fate means to rummage through the dark depths of the hidden with doubtful hope to grasp the essence of the matter with tentacles of thought: but it is impossible to not think about this essence!” [8]
In the book Philosophy, Spirkin rethought the history of philosophy, showing the failure of the history of philosophy as a history of the struggle between materialism and idealism; the problems of religion , social philosophy and historiosophy are presented in a new way. Various types of totalitarianism are subjected to critical analysis. [7] In the same place, Spirkin defined philosophy as the “ theoretical core of the worldview, " which he divided into idealistic and materialistic . He perceived the categories of being and reality as synonyms.
Notes
- ↑ Spirkin Alexander Georgievich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ed. A. M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1969.
- ↑ 1 2 Marxist-Leninist philosophy. Dialectical materialism. Ed. Collegium: A. D. Makarov and others M., “Thought”, 1968. .
- ↑ 1 2 In memory of Vladislav Listyev. Peak Hour Alexander Spirkin (February 19, 2018). Date of treatment June 30, 2017.
- ↑ Spirkin Alexander Georgievich . Russian Humanities Internet University . Date of treatment January 15, 2011. Archived on September 30, 2011.
- ↑ Vyacheslav Shestakov . And the past is clearer, clearer, clearer. - SPb. : Nestor-Istoriya, 2008 .-- S. 43.
- ↑ 1 2 Toom, Anna. The same age as the Soviet authorities (based on the memoirs of A.G. Spirkin) . vestnik.com . The Herald (1997). Date of treatment August 28, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Alekseev P.V. Philosophers of Russia of the XIX-XX centuries. Biographies, ideas, works. - 3rd ed., Revised. and add. - M .: Academic project , 1999. - 944 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Alekseev P.V. Philosophers of Russia at the Beginning of the XXI Century: Biographies, Ideas, Works: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2009. - 695 p.
- ↑ TeslaOne 1. The obvious is the incredible. Human reserve capabilities (1978) (July 22, 2015). Date of treatment March 23, 2019.
- ↑ In 1979, being an opponent in defense of the doctoral dissertation, G. N. Gumnitsky supported his thesis on the priority of the universal human essence of morality, and thanks to this, Gumnitsky defended his thesis.
- ↑ Antonov-Ovseenko A.V. His people // Portrait of a tyrant (1980). - M .: Gregory Page, 1994.
- ↑ Spirkin A. G. Fundamentals of Philosophy: Textbook. manual for universities. - M .: Politizdat , 1988 .-- 592 p. ISBN 5-250-00193-9
- ↑ Alexander Spirkin . Fundamentals of Philosophy . Translated from the Russian by Sergei Syrovatkin . Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1990. ISBN 5-01-002582-5
- ↑ The electronic version of the new edition of the textbook is widely represented on the Internet, for example: A. Spirkin “Fundamentals of Philosophy” (Humer Library).
- ↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 31, 2003 N 857 "On awarding state awards of the Russian Federation"
- ↑ I.V. Stalin. To some questions of linguistics. Answer to comrade B. Krasheninnikova. June 29, 1950.
- ↑ Lina Tarhova. "Comrade Spirkin, you are a great scientist ..." // Homeland: journal. - 2016. - February 1 ( No. 2 (216) ).
Bibliography
- Teachings I.P. Pavlova on signal systems. M., 1949;
- Questions of psychophysiology and the Leninist theory of reflection // Philosophical notes, 1950, No. 5 (together with G.K. Gurtova );
- The formation of abstract thinking in the early stages of human development // VF . 1954. No. 4;
- The origin of language and its role in the formation of thinking // Thinking and language. M., 1957 (1st ed.), 1958 (2nd ed.);
- The origin of consciousness. M., 1960;
- Abstraction // VF . 1960. No. 1;
- About some philosophical problems of cybernetics in connection with the development of the humanities // The construction of communism and social science, M., 1962;
- The course of Marxist philosophy. M., 1963 (1st ed.), 1966 (2nd ed.), 1967 (3rd ed.);
- About some philosophical problems of cybernetics // Problems of cybernetics in the service of social sciences. M., 1964;
- Cybernetics, thinking and life. M., 1964 (ed.);
- The origin of the category of space // VF . 1964, No. 3;
- On the correlation of concepts and words // VF . 1965. No. 6;
- La strategue et la tactique des communistes, Moscou, 1965;
- The emergence of human consciousness // Problems of consciousness, M., 1966;
- The development of V.I. Lenin of the theory of scientific communism. M., Knowledge, 1967;
- Fundamentals of dialectical materialism, Moscow, 1967 (co-author);
- Problems of consciousness and cybernetics // Information materials, No. 7 (20), M., 1968 ( VINITI );
- Materialistic dialectics is the methodology of modern science. M., 1968 (together with V.F. Glagolev );
- Worldview, its structure, life meaning and ways of formation // Youth, its interests, aspirations, ideals, M., 1969;
- Theory transforming the world. V. I. Lenin on the philosophy of Marxism, M., 1969;
- Spirkin A.G. Consciousness and self-awareness. M., Politizdat, 1972, 303 p. ;
- Man // Big Medical Encyclopedia . 1975.T. 28;
- A new society is a new person (together with V. Efimov ). M., Profizdat , 1976;
- Philosophy // Ulyanovsk - Frankfort. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1977 .-- S. 412-417. - (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vols.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 27).
- Man, culture, traditions // Tradition in the history of culture. M., 1978;
- Fundamentals of Philosophy. M., 1988;
- Interaction, Perception, Dialectics (together with A. F. Losev ), Single, Law, Knowledge, Ideal, Intuition, Quality, Quantity, Continuity and Discontinuity, Image, General, Attitude, Sensation, Representation, Contradiction, Self-Consciousness // FES . 1989;
- Philosophy. Textbook for high schools. M., 1998 (1st ed), 2004 (2nd ed);
- Philosophy: Textbook. M., 2000;
- Interaction // NFE .
Links
- short biography
- Detailed biography
- Memoirs of A. G. Spirkin
- Profile of Alexander Georgievich Spirkin on the official website of the RAS
- Email versions of the textbook of A. G. Spirkin "Fundamentals of Philosophy" in two languages:
- In Russian:
Spirkin A. G. Fundamentals of Philosophy: Textbook. manual for universities . - M .: Politizdat , 1988 .-- 592 p. - 500,000 copies. - ISBN 5-250-00193-9 . (inaccessible link) - In English (in the Internet Archive ):
Alexander Spirkin. Fundamentals of Philosophy / Translated from the Russian by Sergei Syrovatkin. - Moscow: Progress Publishers , 1990. - (Guides to the Social Sciences). - 4785 copies. - ISBN 5-01-002582-5 .
- In Russian:
- Lebedev V. P. "Monkey philosopher"