The Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667 ( Thirteen Years War ) - a military conflict between Russia and the Commonwealth for the return of territories lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles , as well as for control of Western Russian lands (now the territory of modern Belarus and Ukraine ), lost in 14-15 m centuries. It began in 1654 after the decision of the Zemsky Sobor of October 1 ( 11 ) 1653 on the acceptance of the Zaporizhzhya Army [4] “with their cities and their lands” into Russian citizenship, after repeated requests from the hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky .
| Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667 | |||
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| Main conflict: Russian-Polish wars | |||
| date | June 1654 –January 1667 | ||
| A place | Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | ||
| Cause | Russian support for the Khmelnitsky uprising | ||
| Total | Victory of Russia [1] , Andrusovo truce | ||
| Changes | Accession to Russia of the Left Bank Hetman and Kiev , as well as the Smolensk region and the western part of the Seversky land | ||
| Opponents | |||
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| Commanders | |||
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The first stage of the war, favorable for Russia, as a result of which the tsarist and Zaporozhye troops advanced far to the west, almost accomplished [5] the long-standing task of the Russian authorities - the unification of all East Slavic lands around Moscow and the restoration of the Old Russian state within its former borders [6] [7] .
Sweden's invasion of the Commonwealth and the Swedish-Lithuanian Union led to the conclusion of a temporary Vilnius truce with the Commonwealth and the beginning of the Russian-Swedish war of 1656-1658 . After the death of Khmelnitsky, part of the Cossack foreman in exchange for promises of privileges went over to the side of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which caused the Hetmanism to split and plunge into a civil war (which went down in history as Ruin ), and hostilities between the Russian and Polish-Lithuanian armies resumed. The successful Polish-Lithuanian counter - offensive of 1660-1661 was drowned in 1663 in a campaign against the Left-Bank Ukraine . The war ended in 1667 with the signing by the weakened parties of the Andrusovsky truce , which legally consolidated the split of the Hetman along the Dnieper during the Ruin. Along with the Left-Bank Ukraine and Kiev , Smolensk and Bryansk , officially lost to it through the Deulinsky truce of 1618, were officially assigned to Russia.
Background
Since the 15th century, Russian rulers sought to unite under their control all the lands that were previously part of the Old Russian State [8] [9] . Striving to achieve this goal, they affected the interests of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . After the union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland into the Commonwealth , the balance of power in the region changed, this led to the defeat of Russia, first in the Livonian War , then in the Russo-Polish War of 1609-18 , and then in the Smolensk War . Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was preparing for revenge [8] [9] [10] .
Living in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, formed in 1569 by the Federation of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Russian Orthodox population was subjected to ethnic and religious discrimination by the Polish and gentry nobility [11] . The protest against oppression poured into periodically arising uprisings, one of which occurred in 1648 under the leadership of Bogdan Khmelnitsky . The rebels, consisting mainly of Cossacks, as well as petty bourgeois and peasants, won a number of serious victories over the Polish army and concluded the Zborowski Peace Treaty with Warsaw, which granted the Cossacks wide autonomy within the framework of the Kiev, Bratslav and Chernihiv voivodships.
Soon, however, the war resumed, this time unsuccessfully for the rebels, who were defeated near Berestechko in June 1651 due to the betrayal of the Tatars by Islam III Giray and internal disagreements. In 1653, Khmelnitsky, in an attempt to find allies to replace the unreliable Tatars, turned to Russia with a request for help in the war with the Commonwealth. The hetman’s ambassadors said in Moscow in the spring of 1653: “only if the imperial majesty deigned to accept them soon and sent his military men, and he the hetman would immediately send his sheets to Orsha, Mogilev and other cities, to the Belarusian people who live for Lithuania, that the royal majesty deigned to receive them and sent his military men. And those de Belorussian people will learn from the Poles the Beats; but there will be 200,000 of them. ” [12]
On October 1 ( 11 ), 1653 , the Tsarist Zemsky Sobor decided to satisfy the request of Khmelnitsky and declared war on the Commonwealth. [four]
In January 1654, a Rada took place in Pereyaslav , at which Cossacks and petty bourgeoisie unanimously spoke out for unity with Russia and the transition under the tsar’s "high arm" [13] . Khmelnitsky, in the face of the Russian embassy, took the oath of allegiance to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich .
Some of the townspeople of Pereyaslav, Kiev and Chernobyl were forcibly sworn by the Cossacks. Protests against the oath took place in the settlements of the Bratslavsky, Umansky, Poltava and Kropyvnyansky regiments. It is not known whether the Zaporizhzhya Sich swore allegiance. Refused to swear the highest Orthodox clergy in Kiev [14] .
In March-April 1654, Polish troops occupied Lubar, Chudnov, Kostelnya and passed the "exile" to Uman. 20 cities were burned, many people were killed and captured. The Cossacks tried to attack the Polish army, but the Poles went to Kamenets. To help Khmelnitsky sent Vasily Sheremetev . Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich wrote to the hetman: “And if the Polish and Lithuanian people on our Tsar’s Majesty, the Cherkasy cities will learn to attack the war, and you, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, the hetman of the Zaporizhzhya army, work out over Polish and Lithuanian people, how much merciful God will help, and for the settlement you against those enemies of our tsarist Majesty the boyars and governor and Belozersk governor Vasily Borisovich Sheremetev and his comrades are ready ” [15] .
On May 18 ( 28 ), 1654 , the Gosudarev Regiment came under Moscow under the command of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich . A solemn parade of troops took place in Moscow. The army and artillery outfit paraded through the Kremlin [16] . Especially for this event, “Khmelnitsky sent the Polish flag with several pairs of drums and three Poles, which he recently captured at the road” [17] .
When speaking on a campaign, the troops were given a strict order from the tsar, so that “the Belarusians of the Orthodox Christian faith, who won’t take into account the fight,” should not be seized and ruined [10] .
Starting the war with the Polish-Lithuanian state, Russia set as its goal to solve the long-standing task before it - the unification of all Russian lands around Moscow and the restoration of the Old Russian state in its former borders [6] .
The course of the war
The fighting began in June 1654. The Polish-Russian war is divided into a number of campaigns:
- Campaign 1654
- Campaign 1655
- Campaign 1656-1658
- Campaign 1658-1659
- Campaign 1660
- Campaign 1661-1662
- Campaign 1663-1664
- Campaign 1665-1666
1654 Campaign
XVII century
The eagle shouted white glorious,
The Tsar of the Orthodox is at war
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich,
East kingdom Dedic.
There is a fight in Lithuania,
Cleanse your land ... [18]
(excerpt)
The outbreak of the war as a whole was successful for the combined royal and hetman forces. At the theater of operations in 1654, events developed as follows.
On May 10, the king made a review of all the troops that were to go on a campaign with him. On May 15, the governors of the forward and guard regiments set off for Vyazma , the next day the governors of the large and watchdog regiment spoke, and on May 18 the tsar himself spoke. On May 26, he arrived in Mozhaisk , from where, two days later, he stepped towards Smolensk .
City Surrender
On June 1, the tsar received word about the surrender of the city of Belaya to the Russian troops, on June 3 - Dorogobuzh , on June 11 - on the surrender of Nevel , on June 29 - on the capture of Polotsk , on July 2 - on the surrender of Roslavl . Soon the leaders of the gentry of these districts were admitted "to the hand" of the Sovereign and granted the ranks of colonels and captains of "His Royal Majesty" [10] . According to the Polish historian K. Bobytynsky, the reasons for the transition of the population of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to the side of the Russian kingdom cannot be sought in the class struggle, and only partially in religious factors. The most important role was played by the general military situation and the huge disproportion in the forces of the adversaries. Indeed, at the beginning of this war, the great Lithuanian hetman, Janusz Radziwill, was able to gather only a 4,000-strong army, which was supported by the few, weak from the military point of view, veteran gonfalons and the Commonwealth crushing . At the same time, the army of the Russian kingdom numbered about 70 thousand soldiers. Moreover, he was supported by the auxiliary Cossack corps of the Nezhin Colonel Ivan Zolotarenko (about 20 thousand people) [19] .
Fighting
July 5, the king pitched not far from Smolensk. On July 12 (22), 1654, after four days of fighting, Mstislavl was stormed, displaying fierce resistance. In mid-July, the troops of Matvey Sheremetev took Disna (capitulated) and Drui (taken by assault and burned). On July 26, the advanced regiment had its first clash with the Polish-Lithuanian army on the Kolodna River near Smolensk.
On August 2, the tsar receives news of the capture of Orsha . On August 9, boyar Vasily Sheremetev informed about the capture of the city of Glubokoy , and on the 20th, about the capture of the Ozerische . On August 16, the Smolensk attack ended in failure. On August 12, in the battle of Shklov, the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, under the command of the hetman Janusz Radziwill, threw Russian troops over the Shklovka River, led by Jacob Cherkassky [20] . On August 20, Prince A.N. Trubetskoy defeated the army under the command of the Great Hetman Radziwill in the battle on the Oslik River (behind the village of Shepelevichi, 15 versts from the city of Borisov ), on the same day hetman Ivan Zolotarenko announced the surrender by the Lithuanians after a two-month siege of Gomel .
In Mogilev, the townspeople refused to let in the troops of Janusz Radziwill, stating that “we will all be a beaten with Radivil, until we are there, but we won’t let Radivilla go to Mogilev,” and on August 24 “people met all ranks honestly, with holy icons and let them in city ” Russian troops and the Belarusian Cossack regiment of Y. Poklonsky [21] .
On August 29, Zolotarenko announced the capture of Chechersk and Propoisk . On September 1, the tsar received news of the surrender of Usvyat by the enemy, and on September 4, the surrender of Shklov . Of all the Dnieper fortresses, under the control of the Lithuanians was only Old Bykhov, who unsuccessfully besieged the Zaporozhye Cossacks from September to November 1654.
September 10, negotiations were held on the surrender of Smolensk. The city was commissioned on September 23, and on September 25, a royal feast was held with governors and hundreds of heads of the Sovereign's regiment; Smolensk gentry was invited to the royal table - the defeated, ranked among the winners [10] . On October 5, the sovereign stepped out from Smolensk to Vyazma , where on the 16th on the road he received news of the capture of Dubrovna . On November 22 (December 2), V.P.Sheremetev’s army captured Vitebsk after a three - month siege , and then repelled an attempt by the Polish-Lithuanian detachment S. Komorowski to recapture the city.
Having occupied considerable territories in the east of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Russian government organized repressions against them, these lands began to be systematically plundered. The Russian government began to massively transport people to the lands of the Russian kingdom even from those cities that voluntarily submitted to it. Many artisans were exported. Tens of thousands of peasants with their families were taken to the boyar estates in the Russian kingdom. The new authorities sent to the east and the gentry. Repression against Catholics was carried out [19] .
All this caused discontent among the local population. Peasant self-defense detachments began to form, whose participants in the documents of that time were called "shisha . " They defended their villages from plunder by the Russian troops. So, in the fall of 1654 they appeared in the Mstislavl and Smolensk voivodships . At this time, the great Lithuanian hetman Janusz Radziwill sent his officers to the zones covered by the peasant movement, they led a number of peasant detachments [19] . However, the movement of "shisha" was not uniform. From the side of the "shisha" there were demonstrations against the gentry, as well as against the troops of the Commonwealth. There were detachments of "shisha" who perceived any armed soldier as an enemy, an encroachment on their land [22] [23] .
1655 Campaign
In December 1654, the counterattack of the Lithuanian hetman Radziwill against the Russians began. Hetman captured Dubrovno , Orsha , Kopys on the Dnieper River line. Voluntarily, residents of such cities on the left bank of the Dnieper as Mstislavl , Gory, Gorki , Radom, Krichev , Chausy crossed to his side. Already in smaller numbers there were cases of the transition of the population of Polotsk and Vitebsk voivodships to the side of the troops of the Commonwealth [19] . On February 2, 1655, Radziwill, with whom there was “a fighting people from 20 thousand, and with convoys from 30 thousand” [21] , besieged Mogilev , who defended a 6 thousandth garrison. Peasant self-defense units ("shishas") supported the army of Radziwill. They acted together with the hetman until the retreat of the GDL troops from under Mogilev, helped in the destruction of Russian field divisions on the territory up to Dorogobuzh and Roslov [19] .
In January, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, together with the boyar Vasily Sheremetev, met with Polish and Tatar troops near Okhmatov . Here the Russians fought back two days from their superior enemy and retreated to the Bila Tserkva , where another Russian army was under the command of F.V.Buturlin .
In March, Zolotarenko took Bobruisk , Casimir (Royal Sloboda) and Glusk . On April 9, Radziwill and Gonsevsky made an unsuccessful attempt to storm Mogilev . On May 1, the hetmans, after another unsuccessful attack, lifted the siege from Mogilev and retreated to Berezina .
In June, the troops of the Chernigov colonel Ivan Popovich took Svisloch , “they put all the enemies under him under the sword, and they burned the very place and castle with fire” , and then Koidanov . Voivode Matvey Sheremetev took Velizh , and Prince Fedor Hvorostinin took Minsk .
On July 16, 1655 , the hetman Ivan Zolotorenko reported to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich about his victory over the Polish troops near Oshmyany [24] .
On July 29, the troops of Prince Jacob Cherkassky and the hetman Zolotarenko not far from Vilna attacked the convoy of the hetmans Radziwill and Gonsevsky, the hetmans were defeated and fled. Russian troops soon reached the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Vilna , and on July 31, 1655 they took the city . Затем русские и казацкие войска разграбили город и уничтожили значительную часть населения. Разграбение шло три дня, за один день было убито от 20 до более 25 тысяч человек [25] [26] [27] [28] .
На западном театре военных действий в августе также были взяты города Ковно и Гродно .
В то же время на южном театре военных действий объединённые войска Бутурлина и Хмельницкого в июле месяце выступили в поход и беспрепятственно вошли в Галицию , где нанесли поражение гетману Потоцкому ; вскоре русские подошли к Львову , но ничего не сделали городу и вскоре удалились. В то же время войско под командованием Петра Потёмкина привело к присяге польский город Люблин .
В сентябре из Киева на судах отправился в поход князь Дмитрий Волконский . В устье реки Птичь он уничтожил село Багримовичи . Затем, 15 сентября, он без боя взял Туров , а на следующий день нанёс поражение литовскому войску у Давид-Городка . Далее Волконский отправился к городу Столину , которого достиг 20 сентября, где разбил литовское войско, а сам город сжёг. От Столина Волконский отправился к Пинску , где также разбил литовское войско, а город сжег. Далее поплыл на судах вниз по Припяти , где в селе Стахове разбил отряд литовского войска, а жителей городов Кажана и Лахвы привел к присяге.
Светло-зелёным под шведским контролем
23 октября князья Семён Урусов и Юрий Барятинский вышли с войском из Ковно к Бресту и нанесли поражение посполитому рушению местной шляхты на Белых Песках в 150 верстах от Бреста. 13 ноября они подошли к Бресту, где литовский гетман Павел Сапега напал на Урусова во время переговоров; Урусов потерпел поражение, отступил от Бреста и стал обозом за рекой, но литовское войско выбило его и оттуда. Урусов стал в 25 верстах от Бреста, в деревне Верховичи , где вновь произошло сражение , во время которого князь Урусов и второй воевода князь Юрий Барятинский атакой обратили в бегство и разгромили превосходящие силы противника. После этого Урусов и Барятинский отошли к Вильне.
Таким образом, к концу 1655 года вся Западная Русь, кроме Львова, Бреста, Слуцка [19] , Старого Быхова [19] , Несвижа [29] [30] оказалась под контролем российских и казацких войск и боевые действия были перенесены непосредственно на этническую территорию Польши и Литвы. Летом 1655 в войну вступает Швеция , войска которой захватили Варшаву и Краков .
Русско-шведская война
Вступление в войну Швеции и её военные успехи заставили Россию и Речь Посполитую заключить Виленское перемирие . Однако ещё ранее, 17 мая 1656 года Алексей Михайлович объявил Швеции войну.
В августе 1656 года русские войска во главе с царём взяли Динабург (ныне Даугавпилс ) и Кокенгаузен ( Кокнесе ) и начали осаду Риги , однако взять её не смогли. Занятый Динабург был переименован в Борисоглебск [31] и продолжал так называться до ухода русской армии в 1667 году. В октябре 1656 года была снята осада Риги и взят город Дерпт (Юрьев, Тарту). Другим русским отрядом взят Ниеншанц ( Канцы ) и блокирован Нотебург (ныне Шлиссельбург ).
В дальнейшем война велась с переменным успехом, а возобновление Польшей военных действий в июне 1658 года заставило подписать перемирие сроком на три года, по которому Россия удержала часть завоёванной Ливонии (с Дерптом и Мариенбургом ).
Кампания 1658—1659 годов
Тем временем в 1657 году умер Богдан Хмельницкий. Гетманом Войска Запорожского был избран Иван Выговский .
Одновременно, в Вильно продолжались переговоры между Россией и Речью Посполитой. Целью переговоров было подписание мирного соглашения и межевание границ между государствами.
Истинные намерения Выговского и Речи Посполитой открылись в 1658 году. Гетман подписал Гадячский договор , согласно которому Гетманщина входила в состав Речи Посполитой в качестве федеративной единицы. Это позволило Речи Посполитой возобновить войну и войска под командованием гетмана Гонсевского попытались соединиться в Литве с отрядами казаков, принявших сторону Выговского. Этому воспрепятствовал князь Юрий Долгоруков , выдвинувшийся со своим отрядом навстречу Гонсевскому и нанесший ему поражение в битве у села Верки (под Вильной) 8 ( 18 ) октября 1658 года. Результатом битвы явилось пленение Гонсевского и быстрое подавление сторонников Выговского в Литве. Тем не менее, русские войска были вынуждены отступить за Днепр, а русские гарнизоны в литовских городах были осаждены ( осада Ковно ) или блокированы литовскими отрядами. В сентябре 1658 года на сторону Речи Посполитой открыто перешел командир крестьянских отрядов, наказной полковник Денис Мурашка .
8 февраля 1659 года произошла битва под Мяделем . Русская армия Новгородского разряда князя Ивана Хованского одержала победу над войсками Великого княжества Литовского под командованием мальтийского кавалера генерала Николая Юдицкого и полковника Владислава Воловича . Юдицкий отступил и заперся в Ляховичах .
29 июня 1659 года Иван Выговский (16 тысяч войска) с крымским войском под командованием Мехмеда IV Гирея (30 тысяч) под Конотопом нанёс поражение отряду русского войска , состоявшему из конницы князей Пожарского и Львова (4-5 тысяч сабель [32] [33] ), а также казаков наказного гетмана Войска Запорожского Ивана Беспалого (2 тысячи сабель). Но после нападения запорожского кошевого атамана Ивана Серко на ногайские улусы союзники крымского хана ногаи, составлявшие более половины его войска, ушли защищать свои кочевья, и Мехмед IV Гирей вынужден был уйти в Крым, оставив Выговского одного.
Против Выговского вспыхивают восстания, к сентябрю 1659 года , то есть через два месяца после успешной для Выговского битвы, присягу русскому царю принесли казацкие полковники: киевский Иван Якимович, переяславский Тимофей Цецюра , черниговский Аникей Силич , — с казацкими полками и населением этих городов. Армия Трубецкого торжественно вошла в Нежин, где русскому царю присягнули мещане и казаки нежинского полка под командованием Василия Золотаренко. Иван Выговский был свергнут казаками, а гетманом был избран восемнадцатилетний сын Богдана Хмельницкого Юрий .
Кампания 1660 года
Кампания 1660 года стала началом неудачного для России развития событий в войне. На западном направлении год начался большим успехом. Завершая зимний поход 1659-60 гг., армия кн. И. А. Хованского 3 января внезапным штурмом захватила Брест . Русским войскам удалось вытеснить литовские войска почти со всей территории Великого княжества Литовского. Сам Хованский с 20 марта занялся осадой Ляховичей — одной из последних крепостей, удерживаемых противником. Здесь он ожидал подкреплений (полки С. Змеева и С. Хованского) для предстоящего похода на Варшаву. Но 3 мая Речь Посполитая заключила мирный договор со шведами в Оливе . Это сразу изменило соотношение сил в войне, так как на фронт против России могли быть направлены многочисленные и опытные польские резервы. В начале июня объединённая польско-литовская армия (дивизии П. Сапеги и С. Чарнецкого ) перешла в контрнаступление. 28 июня произошла битва на Полонке , в ходе которой армия И. А. Хованского и С. Змеева потерпела сокрушительное поражение. После этого русские войска, действовавшие на территории Великого княжества Литовского, перешли к обороне, укрепившись в крупнейших крепостях (Вильно, Брест, Гродно, Ковно, Борисов).
Развивая успех, польско-литовская армия, при поддержке местной шляхты, в очередной раз перешедшей на другую сторону, заняли западную и центральную часть Великого княжества Литовского . Армия Речи Посполитой усилилась присоединением жмудской дивизии под командованием Михала Паца . Пытаясь остановить польско-литовское наступление, русское правительство направило в Литву новую армию под командованием Ю. А. Долгорукого . В ходе битвы на Басе с 24 сентября по 10 октября ему удалось остановить армию противника. Попытка нанесения удара в тыл польско-литовской армии силами частично восстановленной армии И. А. Хованского привела к боям на Черее (победа русских войск) и у Толочина (победа польско-литовских войск).
В итоге русская армия к концу года удерживала только восточную часть Великого княжества Литовского и ряд крепостей в других районах (Вильно, Гродно, Борисов).
На южном театре военных действий осенью 1660 года русские войска под командованием Шереметева потерпели поражения от польско-крымских войск в сражениях у Любара и Чуднова , где, когда стало ясно, что шедший на соединение с русской армией Юрий Хмельницкий капитулировал под Слободищем и заключил с поляками Слободищенский трактат , Шереметев капитулировал на условиях, что русские войска оставят Киев, Переяслав-Хмельницкий и Чернигов. Но воевода Юрий Барятинский, возглавлявший оборону Киева , отказался выполнять условия капитуляции Шереметева и оставлять город, сказав знаменитую фразу: «Я повинуюсь указам царского величества, а не Шереметева; много в Москве Шереметевых!». В Переяславе народ во главе с наказным гетманом Якимом Сомко — дядей Юрия Хмельницкого — поклялся «умирать за великого государя-царя, за церкви Божии и за веру православную, а городов малороссийских врагам не сдавать, против неприятелей стоять и ответ держать».
Поляки же не решились штурмовать Киев. Тогда же в польском войске начались волнения, связанные с невыплатой жалования. В результате всего этого польские войска потеряли наступательную инициативу. Русская армия также была не в состоянии начать новое наступление, таким образом, она ограничивалась только обороной. России также пришлось заключить со Швецией Кардисский мир , по которому Россия возвращалась к границам, предусмотренным Столбовским миром 1617 г.
Кампания 1661—1662 годов
В этот период основные военные действия развернулись на северном театре. Осенью 1661 года русская армия потерпела поражение при Кушликах , зимой 1662 года — потеряли Могилёв (по причине восстания горожан, которые полностью уничтожили русский гарнизон), летом — Борисов. Большое влияние на неудачи русского войска оказали внутриполитические волнения в России — экономический кризис, медный бунт , Башкирское восстание . В этот период продолжается героическая полуторагодовая оборона Вильны русским гарнизоном. Русские отбили пять приступов и сдались лишь в ноябре 1661 года, когда в живых осталось только 78 защитников крепости. Из завоёванных ранее территорий в Великом княжестве Литовском под русским контролем оставались только Полоцк и Витебск .
На Поднепровской Украине отряды поляков, крымских татар и казаков Юрия Хмельницкого совершали набеги на Левобережье. После двух безуспешных осад Переяслава и поражения под Жовнином, Юрий Хмельницкий был окончательно разгромлен Григорием Ромодановским и левобережными казаками в битве под Каневом . Проникновение русских отрядов и левобережных казаков на Правобережье также не имело успеха: крупная крымская орда помогла Юрию Хмельницкому отразить их наступление в битве под Бужином . Плата за военные услуги была тяжёлой: распустив загоны, крымские татары погнали в ясырь всё захваченное ими население края. Утратив всяческий авторитет, Хмельницкий вскоре сложил с себя гетманскую булаву.
Кампания 1663—1664 годов. Большой поход короля Яна Казимира
Осенью 1663 года началась последняя крупная операция польско-русской войны: поход польского войска во главе с королём Яном-Казимиром в соединении с отрядами крымских татар и правобережными казаками на Левобережную Малороссию.
According to the strategic plan of Warsaw, the main blow was delivered by the crowned Polish army, which together with the Cossacks of the right-bank hetman Pavel Tetery and the Crimean Tatars, having captured the eastern lands of Ukraine, was supposed to attack Moscow. An auxiliary strike was inflicted by the Lithuanian army of Mikhail Pats. The guy had to take Smolensk and connect with the king in the region of Bryansk. During heavy fighting, moving north along the Desna River, Polish troops captured Voronkov , Borispol , Gogolev , Oster , Kremenchug , Lokhvitsa , Lubny , Romny , Priluki and several other small cities. The army of the king went around large fortresses with numerous Russian garrisons (Kiev, Pereyaslav, Chernihiv, Nizhyn) [34] . Meanwhile, Patz did not dare to besiege Smolensk and, unsuccessfully besieging Roslavl , went to join with the king.
Having managed to take 13 cities at first, the royal army then faced fierce resistance. Attempts to capture Gadyach and Glukhov failed.
To repel the offensive, in winter conditions, Moscow had to mobilize troops deployed home for the winter. A regiment of the Belgorod rank , headed by Prince Grigory Romodanovsky, went to Baturin and, united with the Cossacks of the hetman Ivan Bryukhovetsky , advanced to Glukhov. The army of the Sevsky discharge under the leadership of Pyotr Vasilyevich Sheremetev came there from Putivl. The army of the Great (Tsarist) rank under the command of Prince Jacob Cherkassky , assembled in Kaluga, was to repel the advance of the troops of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and then act against the Polish army.
On February 1, 1664, the king lifted the siege of Glukhov. “Having lost hope of success, (the king) marched to Sevsk, where he joined the Lithuanian army. A few days later (the Poles) learned that the tsar’s troops were approaching them from all sides, besides, the soldiers were tired, and diseases started among them ” [35] . While in a camp near Sevsky, the king sent a detachment of Polish-Lithuanian cavalry Prince Alexander Polubinsky to Karachev, who was defeated by parts of the Russian governor Prince Ivan Prozorovsky. The Lithuanians and Poles “were beaten and completely captured by many.” At the same time, the main forces under the command of Prince Cherkassky came out from Bolkhov to Karachev and Bryansk. The army of Prince Cherkassky included the most combat-ready “generals” regiments of the soldier system of Thomas Daleil , William Drummond and Nikolai Bauman [34] . At this time, the Novgorod Regiment of Prince Ivan Khovansky , with the aim of distracting the Lithuanian army of Patz, invades Lithuania . Another distracting maneuver in a completely different direction was two campaigns of the dragoons Grigory Kosagov and the Zaporozhye Cossacks Ivan Serko and Perekop in October-December 1663, together with Kalmyks , as a result of which the Crimean troops left the army of John II Casimir and went to defend their uluses. Earlier, raids of Kalmyk detachments on Crimean lands and Turkish fortresses in the Northern Black Sea region caused significant military and economic damage to the Crimean Khanate (including military losses of up to 10 thousand soldiers) and forced the Crimean cavalry to wait for further Kalmyk attacks to refuse support for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its right-bank citizens [36 ] .
Upon learning of the approach of the princes Cherkassky and Romodanovsky, the king retreated to Novgorod-Seversky and stopped on the bank of the Desna. Against the army of Romodanovsky, the Polish division of Stefan Czarniecki was sent, who, having been defeated in the battle of Voronezh on Sumy region on February 18 , retired to the royal camp. At the military council, the Polish-Lithuanian command decided to retreat.
Retreating under the onslaught of the army of Prince Romodanovsky , while crossing the Desna River, Jan Casimir suffered a heavy defeat from the Russian troops at Pirogovka .
On February 27, at Sosnitsa, the crown troops, led by Charnetskiy, separated from the king’s army and went to the Right Bank, the Lithuanians, with whom the king remained, moved to Mogilev . Combining with Cherkassky, the advance detachments of Princes Yuri Baryatinsky and Ivan Prozorovsky in March 1664 overtook the outgoing Lithuanian army near Mglin . In the rearguard of the Lithuanian army was the infantry regiment of the Prussian aristocrat Christian Ludwig von Kalkstein, who was completely destroyed, and the colonel himself was captured. More than 300 prisoners and the surviving part of the convoy were captured. The king's army abandoned all of its artillery. The retreat of the Lithuanian army turned into a stampede [34] .
“This retreat lasted two weeks, and we thought that we would all perish. The king himself escaped with great difficulty. So great a famine came that for two days I saw that there was no bread on the table of the king. 40 thousand horses were lost, all cavalry and the whole train, and without exaggeration three quarters of the army. There is nothing in the history of the past centuries that could be compared with the state of such a defeat, ” recalled the Duke Gramon, who served with the king. [35] At the beginning of 1664 the tsarist and hetman troops launched a counterattack and entered the territory of the Right-Bank Little Russia, where battles continued in the summer. local significance.
The final stage of the war
After the failure of John II Casimir’s campaign, military activity in Little Russia was continued by the Polish unit under the command of Stefan Czarniecki , who separated from the king’s army to pacify the uprising on the Right Bank and repel the tsarist and left-bank forces trying to help him. In the spring of 1664, Charnetskiy unsuccessfully attacked a detachment of tsarist warriors and Cossacks near Buzhin, led by Grigory Kosagov and Ivan Serko, but took Subbotov , where, on his orders, the grave of Bogdan and Timofey Khmelnitsky was destroyed and scolded (their bodies were thrown to the market). Near Kanev, Charnetskii attacked the detachments of the tsarist governor Pyotr Skuratov and the left-bank hetman Ivan Bryukhovetsky , but was repelled. Then Charnetskiy went to suppress the rebels in the Stavische . The bloody siege of this small, stubbornly defending right-bank town cost the Poles great losses. After that, Charnetskiy, acting together with the right-bank hetman Pavel Teterey , in November 1664 besieged governor Grigory Kosagov in Medvin, but four weeks of attacks were in vain. The retreating Charnetskii and Teteryu Kosagov overtook near Staroborye and defeated them. Meanwhile, a detachment of Cossacks Bryukhovetsky took the right-bank city of Uman . Charnetsky went to suppress the second uprising in Stavische. The city was taken and subjected to brutal massacre, but Charnetskiy himself received a gunshot wound, from which he soon died.
The final stage of the war was characterized by the exhaustion of material and human resources from the parties. Small skirmishes and battles of local importance were carried out both in the northern and southern theater of operations. They did not have much significance, with the exception of the defeat of the Poles from the Russian-Cossack-Kalmyk troops in the battle of Korsun and in the battle of the White Church . The exhaustion of both sides was used by the Ottomans and Crimean Tatars, who intensified the traditional raids on both sides of the border. The right-bank hetman Petro Doroshenko rebelled against the Crown and declared himself a vassal of the Turkish sultan, which marked the beginning of the Polish-Cossack-Tatar war of 1666-1671 . The large Crimean Cossack army at the Battle of Brailov defeated the Polish detachment of Sebastian Makhovsky and devastated the surroundings of Lviv , Lublin and Kamenets , capturing 40,000 prisoners. A little earlier, the Crimean Tatars ravaged parts of Left-Bank Ukraine.
The depletion of resources for further military operations, as well as the general threat of Crimean raids and Turkish expansion, forced the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia to intensify peace negotiations, which culminated in the signing of the armistice in January 1667 .
The Results and Consequences of War
On January 30 ( February 9 ), 1667 , the Andrusovo truce was signed in the Andrusovo village near Smolensk , which ended the 13-year-old war. According to him, Smolensk passed over to Russia, as well as the lands that had previously departed to the Commonwealth during the Time of Troubles , including Dorogobuzh, Belaya, Nevel, Krasny, Velizh, Seversky land with Chernigov and Starodub. In addition, Poland recognized Russia’s right to the Left Bank of Little Russia . According to the agreement, Kiev temporarily, for two years, passed to Moscow ( Russia , however, managed to leave Kiev to itself in the Eternal Peace of 1686 , having paid Poland 146 thousand rubles in compensation). Zaporizhzhya Sich passed under the joint management of Russia and Poland.
The Polish-Russian war of 1654-1667 significantly weakened the position of the Commonwealth in Eastern Europe, and was also a factor in strengthening the influence of the Orthodox Church and Russia on the Belarusian and Ukrainian lands. After the Golden Age, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth entered a period of serious economic and political crisis, which ultimately caused three sections in 1772, 1793 and 1795. In addition, peace with Poland and the weakening of the GDL allowed Russia to concentrate efforts on the struggle against Sweden, the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate.
The Andrus truce was established for 13.5 years, on August 3 (13), 1678, it was extended for another 13 years, in 1686 a peace treaty was signed (the “Eternal Peace”), according to which Russia secured Kiev for a certain amount of money suburbs, and the Commonwealth refused to protectorate over the Zaporizhzhya Sich. The treaty became the basis of the Polish-Russian alliance against Sweden during the Northern War of 1700-1721 and against the Ottoman Empire (within the framework of the Holy League ).
The Belarusian researcher Gennady Saganovich , referring to the work of Jozef Walrus and Vasily Meleshka, said that as a result of the war, the population of the territory of modern Belarus decreased by half compared to the situation in 1648 [37] [38] [39] . However, later Saganovich himself recognized his book “The Unknown Vine: 1654-1667” as “introductory, as the first thing I would like to say about those events that were hushed up”, therefore “very superficial” and requiring rewriting, asking him not to refer [38 ] .
Gennady Saganovich also noted that after the publication of the book he continued to work on the theme of the war of 1654-1667, and now he has accumulated much more information on this subject. [40]
Notes
- ↑ Bushkovich, Paul. A Concise History of Russia // Cambridge Concise Histories. Cambridge University Press, 2011
- ↑ Ovsiy, Ivan Oleksiyovich. Zovnіshnya politika Ukrainy vіd long ago hours until 1944 fate: navch. newsletter for students. humanitar. specialist. vishih mortgages іvіti / І. O. Ovsiy. - Kyiv: Libid, 1999. - 238 p.
- ↑ KALMYK KHANSTAN // Great Russian Encyclopedia
- ↑ 1 2 Decision of the Zemsky Sobor, October 1, 1653 .
- ↑ Florea, 2010 , p. 43: “By the end of 1655, almost all Belorussian and most Ukrainian lands fell under the power of the Russian rulers in one form or another. "As never before, Russian politicians were close to solving the task that they set for themselves in the last decades of the 15th century - the unification of all East Slavic lands in a single Russian state."
- ↑ 1 2 Florea, 2010 , p. 10: “The religious purpose of the war was closely linked to the national political one. Military operations should not be limited to protecting the Zaporizhzhya Army from the Polish-Lithuanian army and the return of lands lost by the Russian state during the Troubles. Soon after the outbreak of hostilities from the military camp near Smolensk in September 1654, letters addressed to the Orthodox bishops of Lviv and Przemysl, the population of Volyn, Podolia and other lands, with an appeal to submit to the authority of the king. All this shows that, starting the war, the Russian government set as its goal to achieve a solution to the long-standing task before it - the unification of all East Slavic lands around Moscow, the restoration of the Old Russian state in its former borders. "
- ↑ John P. LeDonne. The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650–1831. - Oxford University Press, 2004. - P. 3. - 288 p. - ISBN -19-516100-9.Original textThe Thirteen Years' War (1654-67) marked the beginning of an offensive strategy directed against the Polish Empire, Moscow's main rival and enemy. Its ultimate goal was to gain hegemony in the eastern marches of that empire — between the Niemen and the Dvina, between the Bug and the Dniepr — the old lands of Kievan Rus'
- ↑ 1 2 Florya B.N. The Russian State and its Western Neighbors (1655−1661). - M .: Indrik, 2010 .-- S. 43. - ISBN 978-5-91674-082-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 Florya B.N. The Russian State and its Western Neighbors (1655−1661). - M .: Indrik, 2010 .-- S. 10. - ISBN 978-5-91674-082-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Kurbatov O.A. , 2004 .
- ↑ Khoroshkevich, A.L. The Russian state in the system of international relations of the late XV – early XVI centuries - M .: Nauka, 1980. - S. 86–87
- ↑ Maltsev A.N. , 1974 , S. 21−22.
- ↑ all cried unanimously: God! affirm, God! Strengthen, so that all may be one forever.
And after that the clerk Ivan Vigovsky, having come, said: that de Kozaki and the bourgeoisie all bowed under the Emperor’s hand. ... His Royal Majesty ... was merciful to you, ordered you, you, Hetman and the whole Zaporizhzhya army, to take a high hand with cities and lands under your Royal Majesty; and you to our Great Sovereign, His Royal Majesty, to serve and for his Sovereign health against any enemy you want to stand forever. // Extract from the Article list of Russian ambassadors who were in Pereyaslovl with Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky: Nearest Boyarin Vasily Buturlin, Okolnichol Ivan Alferyev and Dumy Clerk Larion Lopukhin. Markevich N. A. History of Little Russia - in 5 vols. . - M .: In the printing house of August Semyon, at the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy, 1842−1843. . Volume 4 - ↑ Smoly V.A., Stepankov V.S. Ukrainian national revolution of the XVII century (1648−1676 gg.). - K .: “Alternatives”, 1999. - S. 182. (Ukrainian)
- ↑ Maltsev A.N. , 1974 , S. 33.
- ↑ Kurbatov A.A., Kurbatov O.A. , 2008 .
- ↑ Relation of the Military Campaign 1654 .
- ↑ Orlovsky I.I. , 1902 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Konrad Babyatynsk. Adnosyny zhykharo ON and masko troops ў 1654–1655 , 2007
- ↑ Babulin I. B. Smolensky campaign and the battle of Shepelevich in 1654. M .: The Warrior Foundation, 2018, p. 105 - 110.
- ↑ 1 2 Meleshko V.I. , 1988 .
- ↑ Kurbatov O.A. Book Review: Saganovich G. Unknown Vine 1654-1667. Minsk, 1995 // Archive of Russian History. M., 2002.S. 339 - 344
- ↑ Lobin, Alexey. Unknown War of 1654-1667 - Skepticism .
- ↑ Belarus in the era of feudalism. T.II (ser. XVII until the end of the XVIII century. Before reunification with Russia. - Mn., 1960. - P.133.
- ↑ Dobriansky Old and New Vilna. Third Edition . Baltic archive . Russian Creative Resources of the Baltic States (2010 (1904)). Date of treatment October 20, 2010. Archived August 21, 2011.
- ↑ Norman, Davies. Dievo žaislas: Lenkijos istorija: du tomai = “God's Playground”: A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795, Volume 1 / Iš anglų kalbos vertė Inga Mataitytė, Linutė Miknevičiūtė. - 2-asis pataisytas leidimas. - Vilnius: Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla, 1998 .-- T. I: Nuo seniausių laikų iki 1795 metų. - S. 502. - 637 p. - ISBN 978-9986-39-520-1 . (lit.)
- ↑ Venclova, Tomas. {{{title}}}. - Wydanie czwarte. - Vilnius: R. Paknio leidykla, 2006 .-- S. 33 .-- 216 p. - ISBN 9986-830-47-8 . (polish)
- ↑ Čaplinskas, Antanas Rimvydas. {{{title}}}. - Vilnius: Charibdė, 1998 .-- S. 14. - 304 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 9986-745-13-6 . (polish)
- ↑ Konrad Babyatinsk. Vydatkі M.K. Radzіvіla to the baron of Nyasvizh ў 1655-1660 (Belorussian) // Belarusian gistarichny aglad. - 2011. - Snezhan (t. 18, No. 1-2 (34-35)).
- ↑ Budnik A. Nesvizh Castle in the military operations of the XVII — XX centuries // Nyasvizh Palace Radzivyl: Gistory, new dasledvannі. We are familiar with the palatial museum campaigns. Materialy of the 1st Navukova-practical kanperentsі. Nyasvіzh, 20 castries 2009 (Belarusian). - Nyasvizh: Children's institution "Natsyyanalny gistoryk-cultural museum-reserve Nyasvizh", 2010. - p. 315 - 316 - ISBN 978-985-90209-4-0 .
- ↑ Other sources - Borisoglebov
- ↑ Babulin I. B. , 2009 .
- ↑ Smirnov N.V. , 2007 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Babulin I. B. , 2005 .
- ↑ 1 2 Gramon A. , 1929 .
- ↑ Leonid Bobrov. Kalmyk cavalry in the Russian-Polish war . Date of treatment February 21, 2013.
- ↑ Saganovich G.N. , 1995 .
- ↑ 1 2 Galkin O. , 2012 .
- ↑ Nosevich V.L. , 2004 , p. 106.
- ↑ Saganovich: I never claimed that in the war of 1654-1667. Russians destroyed half the population of Belarus . TUT.BY. Date of treatment June 20, 2016.
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