The All-Russian National Center ( National Center ; abbreviation - VNC ) is an anti - Bolshevik supra - party organization that existed in 1918-1920. The VNC carried out its activities, including in the underground in the territories controlled by the Soviet government .
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Content
History of existence
Origin, geography, and social makeup
The National Center was established in May-June 1918 in Moscow. Branches of the National Center were established in Petrograd, Kiev, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Taganrog, Rostov-on-Don, Kharkov, Baku, Batum, Tiflis, Kislovodsk, Simferopol [1] . In the Urals and Siberia there was a branch of the VSC - the National Union, which had branches in Perm, Shadrinsk, Tagil, Omsk, Novonikolaevsk, Semipalatinsk and Barnaul [2] . The total number of the VSC was several thousand people, including up to 800 staff officers.
The National Center included representatives of commercial and industrial circles ( P.P. Ryabushinsky , M.M. Fedorov, D.V. Sirotkin, etc.), activists of a number of all-Russian and local anti-Soviet organizations (in particular, the Right Center , the Renaissance Union of Russia , Council of the State Association of Russia , Council of Public Figures ). Many members of the National Center previously belonged to the right wing of the cadet party [2] , some were Octobrists .
In the summer of 1918, the leaders of the Moscow National Center , N.I. Astrov , M.M. Fedorov , V.A. Stepanov, left Moscow for Ekaterinodar (via Kiev and Odessa ) in the Volunteer Army of General A.I. Denikin , where they entered the Special Meeting under the Commander-in-Chief of the Union The number of the Ekaterinodar cell was up to 100 people, including 27 cadets [2] .
In Siberia, the Russian government of Admiral Kolchak included V. N. Pepelyaev , a member of the National Center, and later P. A. Buryshkin , S. N. Tretyakov , A. A. Cherven-Vodali , who arrived from the South of Russia .
Representatives of the center took part in the work of several coordination structures and meetings of the White Movement: the Iasi meeting , the Russian political meeting , the Russian committee, and Block fourteen [2] .
The national center supported the white military command wherever the armed struggle with the Bolsheviks arose. In particular, the Moscow branch of the National Center (the “political commission”) was preparing an armed uprising in Moscow, the beginning of which was timed to coincide with the fall of Tula [3] .
Liquidation of the Petrograd Branch
In June 1919, employees of the Petrograd Cheka eliminated a group of former officers of the tsarist army, military specialists of the Red Army, who, together with the Petrograd branch of the center, raised an uprising in the forts "Krasnaya Gorka" and "Gray Horse" , and also prepared an uprising in Kronstadt (the so-called. “The Case of the Chief of Staff of the Kronstadt Fortress A. Yu. Rybaltovsky” ) [4] .
On June 12–13 and 15–16, 1919, the Cheka conducted large-scale operations in which about 15 thousand Red Army men and communists and almost the entire personnel of the Petrograd Cheka were involved. After the operation, in June-September 1919, the Petrograd National Center’s department was almost completely liquidated, during the searches 6626 rifles, 644 revolvers, 141 895 rounds, several machine guns, hand grenades and explosives were seized [5] .
The leaders of the Petrograd branch were arrested: V. I. Shteiniger (“ VIC ”); generals M. M. Makhov (" Makhrov ") and I. Dmitriev, Prince M. Obolensky [6] . The investigation also found that in exchange for providing intelligence information, the leadership of the National Center received up to 500 thousand rubles a month from the agent of the British intelligence Paul Dyuks (ST-25) and his assistant N. V. Petrovskaya [7] .
On August 22, 1919, the Deputy Chairman of the Special Division of the Cheka, I. P. Pavlunovsky, presented to V. I. Lenin a memo on the activities of the National Center.
Liquidation of the Moscow branch
In August-September 1919, VChK employees liquidated the Moscow branch of the National Center, whose leadership included the cadet party leaders N. N. Schepkin , A. D. Alferov , N. A. Ogorodnikov, and A. A. Volkov ; leader of the Party of People's Socialists V.V. Volk-Karachevsky ; General S. A. Kuznetsov (head of the operational department of the General Headquarters of the Red Army), General N. N. Stogov , Lieutenant Colonel V. V. Stupin , head of artillery courses V. A. Miller , district inspector Vsevobuch P. M. Martynov and others [5 ] .
On September 23, 1919, the Cheka issued an appeal “To all citizens of Soviet Russia!” Informing about the disclosure of the counterrevolutionary organization “National Center” and that the Cheka was executed: member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party N. N. Schepkin, A. D. Alferov and his wife Alexandra Samsonovna Alferova , the wife of General Stogov, N. A. Ogorodnikov and others, who managed to escape.
See also
- Right center (organization)
- Russian Revival Union
- Union for the Defense of the Homeland and Freedom
- Council of the State Association of Russia
Notes
- ↑ N. G. Dumova, V. G. Trukhanovsky . Churchill and Milyukov v. Soviet Russia. M., "Science", 1989. p. 69
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Civil war and military intervention in the USSR. Encyclopedia / redkoll., Ch.ed. S. S. Khromov. 2nd ed. M., Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987. pp. 394-395
- ↑ T.K. Gladkov, N.G. Zaitsev. And I cannot but believe him ... - 2nd ed., Ext. M., Politizdat, 1987. p. 26-71
- ↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia. / ed. A.M. Prokhorova. 3rd ed. T.17. M., "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1974. p. 374
- ↑ 1 2 D.L. Golinkov. The collapse of the anti-Soviet underground in the USSR (in 2 vols.). Book I. 4th ed. M., Politizdat. 1986. p. 288-291
- ↑ Chekists of Petrograd on guard of the revolution (in 2 vols.) / Comp. V. A. Kutuzov, V. F. Lepetyukhin, V. F. Sedov, O. N. Stepanov. Book II. L., Lenizdat, 1989. p. 188-102
- ↑ Special task: memoirs of veteran security officers. / comp. I.E. Polikarenkov. 3rd ed., Ext. M., "Moscow Worker", 1988. p. 33, 99
Literature
- National Center / V.V. Kudryakov // Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.
- N. G. Dumova. Cadet counter-revolution and its defeat (October 1917-1920) / otv. ed. V. Ya. Laverychev. M., "Science", 1982.
- Red Book of the Cheka (in 2 volumes). / under the scientific. ed. A. S. Velidova. 2nd ed. M., Politizdat , 1989.
- All-Russian National Center. - M.: ROSSPEN , 2001 .-- 608 p.
- Pipes R. Moscow Centers. Political front in the civil war in Russia. // “ Questions of history ”, No. 2 - 2009
- Tsvetkov V. Zh. White business in Russia. 1919 (the formation and evolution of the political structures of the White movement in Russia). - 1st. - Moscow: Sowing, 2009 .-- 636 p. - 250 copies. - ISBN 978-5-85824-184-3 .