Spinning wheel

Part of the wooden spinning wheel and imprints of fabrics on ceramics were discovered during excavations of the Neolithic Modlons pile settlement ( Vologda region ) ^[3] .

Collection of Russian hand spinning wheels

Spinning Wheel

Hand spinning wheel was used in India 2500 years ago ^[1] .

Hand-made spinning wheel ( Mosk . Gingerbread man; olon. Gingerbread; vyat. , Bonfire , arch. , Drill. Gingerbread ) ^[4] , consisting of the vertical part, where the tow is tied and the horizontal - the bottom, where the spider sits. The vertical part consisted of a scapula (shovel) and a neck (legs). The spinning wheel, especially the lapaska, was often decorated and painted.

Two types of spinning wheels are distinguished by design:

• whole (made from the root and trunk of a birch or spruce),
• composite (consisted of two parts, horizontal and vertical).

Spinning Wheel

Russian vertical spinning wheel

It is assumed that the spinning wheel appeared in India , from where it spread throughout the world. In Europe appeared at the beginning of the XIV century. A “spinning wheel” consists of a board with a cylinder mounted on it with a horizontally mounted spindle . The wheel turns by hand and through the belt the rotation is transmitted to the spindle . With the left hand, the fibers move to the sharp end of the spindle, with the right - the wheel scrolls. When the thread increases by the length of the arm, it is wound around the spindle shaft and spun further. The spinning speed on a spinning wheel is faster than on a spinning wheel bottom. In Russia, self-spinning wheels were divided into Russians (risers) and Chukhonki (sunbeds). In Russians, the wheel was perpendicular to the floor, in Chukhovka - at an angle.

When a flyer was added to the spinning wheel in the 15th century, the spinning no longer had to be interrupted for winding. The spindle shaft now began to serve as the axis on which the coil and flyer are fixed. The two ends of the flyer protrude beyond the reel. The original roving passes through the eyelet at the tip of the spindle, then through the hook of one of the ends of the flyer and goes to the reel. The coil and the flyer are connected to the drive wheel by two separate belts, each with its own, and due to the difference in the diameters of the pulleys, the flyer rotates faster than the coil. A rapidly rotating flyer twists the roving into a string before the latter lies on a reel spinning at a lower speed.

In the XVI century, a pedal for wheel rotation appeared. The tow-holder stick was inserted into the lower bar of the spinning wheel so that it was convenient to work. Tow was also fixed in the “bottom” on the upper crossbar.

Around 1490, Leonardo da Vinci invented a multiturn machine with “standard” winding flyers and a manual drive.

Self-spinning machine

The world's first multiturned spinning and combing machine was invented and built in 1760 by Russian merchant-entrepreneur Rodion Andreyanovich Glinkov . For the first time, a water wheel as a hydraulic engine was used for “self-spinning”. Glinkov's spinning and carding machine consisted of two independent parts connected to one system with a common hydraulic motor. The water wheel rotated at a speed of 6 revolutions per minute, had a diameter of 4.2 m, the width of the blades was 1 m.

The combing room was served by two workers and replaced the work of 30 people. In this machine, for the first time, a movable clamping clamp, a variable speed for combing fibers, and dust removal of the combing process were carried out.

The spinning mill had 30 spindles with coils rotating at a speed of 1260 rpm. In his machine, Glinkov applied the principle of continuous spinning - mechanical rewinding, the idea of ​​Leonardo da Vinci.

The machine increased labor productivity five times ^[5] .

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  1529. With the left hand, the fibers are fed to the sharp end of the spindle , with the right - the wheel scrolls.

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  Image of a spinning wheel in a medieval German book, 1480.

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  Irish woman behind the spinning wheel. Photochromic printing , 1890s.

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  Standard brand "Spinning Wheel", 2009.

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  Yarn in the village of Izvedovo , 1910. Photo: S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky

• The lazy spinning and silently have no shirt
• What a spin, such a shirt on it
• The spinning wheel is not God, but gives the shirt
• Spider is not a wolf - he will not run into the forest
• Do not strain in the winter, there will be nothing to weave in the summer
• Do not be lazy to spin, get dressed well
• Seven axes lie together, and two spinning wheels apart

A spinning wheel accompanied the girl from birth to marriage. In the Eastern Slavs, the umbilical cord of a newborn girl was cut on a spinning wheel or spindle ; through the spinning wheel passed the newborn godmother; put the spinning wheel in the cradle of the girl. They did not lend a personal, signed spinning wheel, otherwise, as was believed, there will be a fire or bees will die. In the Russian North, a guy who wrote his name on a spinning wheel of a girl was obliged to marry her. Usually the groom gave the girl a new spinning wheel made and decorated with his own hands.

Spinning wheel was considered the best gift for a girl from the groom and a married woman from her husband. Usually each woman had several spinning wheels, which were attached to ritual significance. They were painted with various plots, the world tree was often depicted ^[7] .

Spinning continued throughout the autumn-winter period, interrupted only for the Christmas holidays . On the last day of the Shrovetide, women, celebrating the end of the spinning, skated from the ice mountain on the ends of the spinning wheels, while it was believed that the further they traveled, the longer the flax would spawn, and the one that fell from the spinning wheel would not survive until autumn. At the end of Shrovetide, Czechs carried a spinning wheel decorated with ribbons in a cart in the village, and then "sold" it in a tavern. At Christmas or at all Christmas time, the spinning wheel and all spinning tools were brought out to the attic or closet so that their spirits would not spit.

When visiting the cattle at Christmas , the hostess brought a spinning wheel with her and spun a little, "so that the cattle would not be naked." In Slavonia, the first visitor to the house at Christmas was given a spinning wheel, so that it would be slightly tucked away for the sake of flax and chicken water. The spinning of the young bride after the wedding night had the same meaning: she spun on the spinning - wheel spinner given to her by her mother-in-law , “in order to live richer”.

Spinning is also a function of some mythological characters, and the spinning wheel is associated with “the other world”. The virgins of fate - the orissnits are represented by three women with spinning wheels that spin or unwind a ball of yarn. According to the beliefs of the Eastern Slavs, unclean strength ( kikimora , brownie , mermaid , night lamp , etc.) is spun when the spinning wheel is left for the night (or for a holiday) with an unfinished tow or without blessing. Sometimes, leaving the spinning wheel for the night, a charm was uttered: “Owner of the brownie, do not touch my spinning wheel, let it lie here”, and they cleaned the spindle. The spinning wheel itself could be perceived as an attribute of evil spirits or its substitute. The girls believed that if you didn’t tighten up the tow on Christmas Eve, then the spinning wheel would come to them at the wedding, if you leave the spinning wheel with tow for the night or on holidays, then the spinning wheel would chase, scare, dance nearby. They believed that if a kikimora with a spinning wheel on a bench was seen at night, being in the hut of a deceased person, if you hit a girl with a spinning wheel, she would get a bad husband or a bad mother - in -law , and if you hit a child with a spinning wheel, he would get sick.

The spinning motif is reflected in the spinning . In this case, spinning symbolized wealth, reproduction. At the Russian kikimore, when going around the houses, she “spun” in the corner on the spinning wheel she brought with her.

The spinning wheel served as a charm for the girl. According to the ideas of the Bulgarians , the spinning wheel protects girls and youths from the love of a snake and samovil , from an evil meeting, evil eye and damage . Therefore, the girl, going to work in the field, took a spinning wheel with her and spun along the way, especially when she met a lot of people. After the wedding, the brother-in-law , who always went with the bride and guarded her, gave her a painted spinning wheel as a talisman. For Russians, for treating children from night crying and from fright, they put an ax under the cradle for the boy and a spinning wheel for the girl; to cure the girl’s insomnia, a spinning wheel with a tow or spindle was stuck under the matrices with a sentence. In order not to harm the hens, the Bulgarians threw a spinning wheel with a tow on the chicken coop .

• The spinning wheel became a symbol of Swadeshi - the economic strategy of the Indian Independence Movement.

• Loom
• Linen fabric

• L.V. Belovinsky . Spinning wheel // Illustrated encyclopedic historical and everyday dictionary of the Russian people. XVIII - beginning of XIX century / ed. N. Ereminoy . - M .: Eksmo, 2007 .-- S. 547. - 784 p.: - Ill. from. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-699-24458-4 .

• Spinning wheel // Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
• Nabokova O. A. Spinning wheels of the Pudozh district (based on the funds of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve)
• Spinning Wheel. What is she like? Story. Traditions. Ceremonies. (liveinternet.ru)
• Types of spinning wheels (Zaonezhie) (narodko.ru)