Isotopes of thorium are varieties of the chemical element of thorium having a different number of neutrons in the nucleus. At present, 30 isotopes of thorium and 3 more excited isomeric states of some of its nuclides are known .
Thorium does not have stable isotopes, but the thorium-232 isotope has a very long half-life (14 billion years) and therefore occurs in nature. Some of the other thorium isotopes can be found in natural samples in trace amounts, as they are included in the radioactive series of natural isotopes of uranium and thorium.
At the dawn of the development of nuclear technology, some of the thorium isotopes were given proper names:
- radioinium 227 Th
- radio thorium 228 Th
- ion 230 Th
- Uranium Y 231 Th
- Uranium X1 234 Th
Thorium Isotope Table
| Symbol nuclide | Z ( p ) | N ( n ) | Mass of isotope [1] ( A. e. m. ) | Excess Weight [1] ( keV ) | Period half life [2] (T 1/2 ) | Back and parity kernels [2] | Prevalence isotope in nature [2] (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitation Energy (keV) | |||||||
| 208 Th | 90 | 118 | 1.7 ms | ||||
| 209 Th | 90 | 119 | 209,017720 (110) | 16,500 (100) | 7 (5) ms | 5/2 - # | |
| 210 Th | 90 | 120 | 210,015075 (27) | 14,043 (25) | 17 (11) ms | 0 + | |
| 211 Th | 90 | 121 | 211.014930 (80) | 13 910 (70) | 48 (20) ms | 5/2 - # | |
| 212 Th | 90 | 122 | 212.012980 (20) | 12 091 (18) | 36 (15) ms | 0 + | |
| 213 Th | 90 | 123 | 213.013010 (80) | 12 120 (70) | 140 (25) ms | 5/2 - # | |
| 214 Th | 90 | 124 | 214.011500 (18) | 10,712 (17) | 100 (25) ms | 0 + | |
| 215 Th | 90 | 125 | 215.011730 (29) | 10 927 (27) | 1.2 (2) s | (1/2 - ) | |
| 216 Th | 90 | 126 | 216.011062 (14) | 10 304 (13) | 26.8 (3) ms | 0 + | |
| 216 Th m [2] | 2,042 (13) | 12,346 (16) | 137 (4) μs | (8 + ) | |||
| 216 Th n [2] | 2 637 (20) | 12 941 (24) | 615 (55) ns | (11 - ) | |||
| 217 Th | 90 | 127 | 217.013114 (22) | 12,216 (21) | 240 (5) μs | (9/2 + ) | |
| 218 Th | 90 | 128 | 218,013284 (14) | 12,374 (13) | 109 (13) ns | 0 + | |
| 219 Th | 90 | 129 | 219.015540 (50) | 14,470 (50) | 1.05 (3) μs | 9/2 + # | |
| 220 Th | 90 | 130 | 220,015748 (24) | 14 669 (22) | 9.7 (6) μs | 0 + | |
| 221 Th | 90 | 131 | 221.018184 (10) | 16,998 (9) | 1.68 (6) ms | (7/2 + ) | |
| 222 Th | 90 | 132 | 222.018468 (13) | 17 203 (12) | 2.05 (7) ms | 0 + | |
| 223 Th | 90 | 133 | 223.020811 (10) | 19 386 (9) | 600 (20) ms | (5/2) + | |
| 224 Th | 90 | 134 | 224.021467 (12) | 19,996 (11) | 1.05 (2) s | 0 + | |
| 225 Th | 90 | 135 | 225,023951 (5) | 22 310 (5) | 8.72 (4) min | (3/2) + | |
| 226 Th | 90 | 136 | 226.024903 (5) | 23 197 (5) | 30.57 (10) min | 0 + | |
| 227 Th | 90 | 137 | 227.0277041 (27) | 25,806.2 (25) | 18.68 (9) days | 1/2 + | |
| 228 Th | 90 | 138 | 228.0287411 (24) | 26,772.2 (22) | 1.9116 (16) years | 0 + | |
| 229 Th | 90 | 139 | 229.031762 (3) | 29,586.5 (28) | 7,932 (28) ⋅10 3 years | 5/2 + | |
| 229 Th m [2] | 0.0076 (5) [3] | 29,586.5 (28) | 2 (1) min | 3/2 + | |||
| 230 Th | 90 | 140 | 230,0331338 (19) | 30,864.0 (18) | 7.538 (30) ⋅10 4 years | 0 + | |
| 231 Th | 90 | 141 | 231.0363043 (19) | 33,817.3 (18) | 25.52 (1) h | 5/2 + | |
| 232 Th | 90 | 142 | 232.0380553 (21) | 35,448.3 (20) | 1,405 (6) ⋅10 10 years | 0 + | 100 |
| 233 Th | 90 | 143 | 233.0415818 (21) | 38 733.2 (20) | 22.3 (1) min | 1/2 + | |
| 234 Th | 90 | 144 | 234.043601 (4) | 40 614 (3) | 24.10 (3) days | 0 + | |
| 235 Th | 90 | 145 | 235.047510 (50) | 44,260 (50) | 7.2 (1) min | 1/2 + # | |
| 236 Th | 90 | 146 | 236.049870 (210) # | 46,450 (200) # | 37.5 (2) min | 0 + | |
| 237 th | 90 | 147 | 237.053890 (390) # | 50,200 (360) # | 4.8 (5) min | 5/2 + # | |
| 238 Th | 90 | 148 | 238.056500 (300) # | 52,630 (280) # | 9.4 (20) min | 0 + | |
| 239 Th | 90 | 149 | |||||
Explanations for the table
- The prevalence of isotopes is given for most natural samples. For other sources, the values can vary greatly.
- The indices 'm', 'n', 'p' (next to the symbol) denote the excited isomeric states of the nuclide.
- The values marked with a lattice (#) were not obtained from experimental data alone, but (at least partially) were estimated from systematic trends in neighboring nuclides (with the same Z and N ratios). Uncertainly determined values of the spin and / or its parity are enclosed in brackets.
- The error is given as a number in brackets, expressed in units of the last significant digit, means one standard deviation (with the exception of the prevalence and standard atomic mass of the isotope according to IUPAC , for which a more complex error determination is used). Examples: 29770.6 (5) means 29770.6 ± 0.5; 21.48 (15) means 21.48 ± 0.15; −2200.2 (18) means −2200.2 ± 1.8.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Data are given for Audi G. , Wapstra AH , Thibault C. The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references (Eng.) // Nuclear Physics A. - 2003. - Vol. 729 - P. 337-676 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003 . - .
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Actinium isotopes Periodic table on the isotopes of elements Protactinium isotopes
| one H | 2 He | ||||||||||||||||
| 3 Li | four Be | five B | 6 C | 7 N | eight O | 9 F | ten Ne | ||||||||||
| eleven Na | 12 Mg | 13 Al | 14 Si | 15 P | sixteen S | 17 Cl | 18 Ar | ||||||||||
| nineteen K | 20 Ca | 21 Sc | 22 Ti | 23 V | 24 Cr | 25 Mn | 26 Fe | 27 Co | 28 Ni | 29 Cu | thirty Zn | 31 Ga | 32 Ge | 33 As | 34 Se | 35 Br | 36 Kr |
| 37 Rb | 38 Sr | 39 Y | 40 Zr | 41 Nb | 42 Mo | 43 Tc | 44 Ru | 45 Rh | 46 Pd | 47 Ag | 48 Cd | 49 In | 50 Sn | 51 Sb | 52 Te | 53 I | 54 Xe |
| 55 Cs | 56 Ba | * | 72 Hf | 73 Ta | 74 W | 75 Re | 76 Os | 77 Ir | 78 Pt | 79 Au | 80 Hg | 81 Tl | 82 Pb | 83 Bi | 84 Po | 85 At | 86 Rn |
| 87 Fr | 88 Ra | ** | 104 Rf | 105 Db | 106 Sg | 107 Bh | 108 Hs | 109 Mt | 110 Ds | 111 Rg | 112 Cn | 113 Nh | 114 Fl | 115 Mc | 116 Lv | 117 Ts | 118 Og |
| * | 57 La | 58 Ce | 59 Pr | 60 Nd | 61 Pm | 62 Sm | 63 Eu | 64 Gd | 65 Tb | 66 Dy | 67 Ho | 68 Er | 69 Tm | 70 Yb | 71 Lu |
| ** | 89 Ac | 90 Th | 91 Pa | 92 U | 93 Np | 94 Pu | 95 Am | 96 Cm | 97 Bk | 98 Cf | 99 Es | 100 Fm | 101 Md | 102 No | 103 Lr |