An adjective name is an independent part of speech , denoting a non-procedural sign of a subject and answering the questions “what?”, “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “Whose?” And so on. In Russian, adjectives vary in gender , case and number , may have a short form . In a sentence, an adjective is most often a definition , but it can also be a predicate . It has the same case as the noun to which it refers.
Content
Discharges of adjectives
Discharge - the only permanent morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three categories of adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Qualitative adjectives
Indicate a sign that can be to a greater or lesser extent.
As a rule, have the following signs:
- combined with adverbs "very" (and its synonyms) and "too" ( very big , too beautiful , extremely clever ).
- from qualitative adjectives it is possible to form
- complex adjective by repetition ( tasty-tasty , big-big ).
- single-root adjective with the prefix non- ( intelligent , ugly ).
- have an antonym ( stupid - smart ).
Some qualitative adjectives do not satisfy all the above signs.
Most qualitative adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( smart , tasty ) and short ( smart , tasty ). The full form varies in numbers, gender, and case. Short form - only by gender and numbers. In the sentence, the short form is used as a predicate , and the full form is usually used as a definition . Some qualitative adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly , darling ) [1] . Others, on the contrary, do not have full form ( glad, much, should, need ) [2]
There are three degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives: positive ( beautiful ), comparative ( more beautiful ) and excellent ( beautiful ).
- a positive degree means that the object (group of objects) has a certain sign (a beautiful house )
- a comparative degree means that a sign in one object (objects) is more pronounced than in another object (objects) (a lion is bigger than a wolf ) or than in the same object (objects) at another time (“I will be smarter in the future”).
- a superlative degree means that an object (set of objects) has a certain sign to a greater degree than all other objects of the same group (the strongest player in our team ; the best surgeon in the country ).
The degree of comparison can be expressed not in one word, but in several ( smarter, most beautiful ). In this case, talking about the composite or analytical form . If the degree of comparison is expressed in one word, as in all the examples from the previous paragraph, the form is called simple or synthetic .
Adjectives that are not qualitative have no comparative or superlative degree.
Relative adjectives
Indicate a sign that can not be to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question "what?".
Express the relation of an object to another object ( door ), material ( iron ), property ( washing ), time ( January ), place ( Moscow ), unit of measure ( five-year, two-story, kilogram ). [3] , etc.
They do not have a short form , degrees of comparison, are not combined with adverbs “very” (and its synonyms) and “too”, do not have antonyms .
Possessive adjectives
Indicate the identity of the subject of a living being or person ( father , sister , fox ). Answer the question "whose?", "Whose?". Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) wool, hare (quality) soul, hare (relative) trace.
They do not have a short form , degrees of comparison, are not combined with adverbs “very” (and its synonyms) and “too”, do not have antonyms .
General information
The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical discharges of adjectives are mobile. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: a dog's tail (possessive), a dog's pack (relative), a dog's life (qualitative).
Declination of adjectives
Adjectives tend to change in cases and change in numbers, in the singular they also change in gender. The exception is the short adjectives and adjectives in a comparative degree: they do not lean. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people , khaki , gross weight .
The gender, case and number of the declining adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun, with which it is consistent . Non-decisive adjectives are usually located after a noun, their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically according to the characteristics of the corresponding noun: jackets beige .
There are three types of declensions of adjectives, depending on the basis :
- solid: red, red, red
- soft: blue, his , blue to him
- mixed: great, great, great, great for them .
Adjective education
Adjectives are most often formed in the suffix way: swamp - marsh. Adjectives can also be formed by prefix: small, and prefix-suffixed ways: underwater . Adjectives are also formed in a complex-suffix way: flax-seed cleaning. Adjectives can also be formed by the composition of two bases: pale pink , three-year-old .
Morphological analysis of the adjective
- Part of speech. General grammatical meaning.
- Initial form. The initial form of the adjective is considered to be the singular, nominative, masculine ( blue ).
- Constant signs: discharge (qualitative, relative or possessive).
- Non-permanent signs: used in short / full (only for qualitative ones); degree of comparison (only in quality); number, gender, case (blue - used in full form, singular)
- Syntactic role - definition or predicate
Transition to other parts of speech
Most often in the category of adjectives pass the participle . Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( there is no artist from it ).
Adjectives, in turn, can substantiveize , that is, go into the category of nouns : Russian, military .
Features of adjectives in other languages
- In English, adjectives do not change by gender and numbers: one tall boy and two little girls , as well many nouns become adjectives if they are preceded by a defined word: country division .
- In French, adjectives do not lean in cases, but change in numbers with the addition of the ending -s in the plural (basically the difference exists only in writing): une petite fille / des petites filles ); the feminine form is different from the masculine form by the addition of the ending - e , which can often change the pronunciation of the final dumb consonants, making them sound ( un petit garçon / une petite fille ). Some adjectives have an irregular feminine form, for example fou / folle . There are also immutable adjectives, for example abricot "apricot color".
- In Spanish and Portuguese , some adjectives vary in numbers and genders: bueno / buena / buenos / buenas , others only in numbers, having a general form for the masculine and feminine: feliz / felices , natal / natales .
- In German, adjectives tend in numbers, gender, and cases, and the declension paradigm depends on which pointing word is before the adjective ( definite or indefinite article , numerals , pronouns ).
- In Japanese, the adjective is immutable, has the time and determines the politeness of speech, conjugated by the addition of suffixes. Adjectives include primordial (“pure”) adjectives (for example: う れ し い happy); adjectives derived from nouns according to the “characterizing noun + の + characterizing noun” scheme (for example: a wooden table 木 の 卓 forms 木 tree + の “but” + 卓 table) and “noun + な” (for example: big 大 き な is formed by 大 き big things +な). [four]
- In Hebrew, adjectives vary in numbers and genders, but not in cases.