Distribution ( English distribution ), in the economy - the division of wealth between economic actors. Primary distribution usually takes place on the basis of the realization of the right of ownership in the process of creating a material good, including taking into account the division of labor . Redistribution occurs when the transfer of money or other benefits from one person to another through social mechanisms such as taxation , charity , social security , utilities , land relations, monetary policy , confiscation , family law . The term usually refers to distribution in the economy as a whole, and not between individuals.
Content
Distribution
The need for distribution arises from the division of labor - the qualitative differentiation of labor activity in the process of the development of society, leading to the isolation and interaction of its various types. To “divide” work means to preliminarily distribute among the performers means and objects of labor ; only after that you can start production:
“Before distribution becomes a distribution of products, it is 1) the distribution of the instruments of production and 2) ... the distribution of members of society according to different types of production (summarizing individuals under certain production relations)” [1] |
According to the fulfillment of the production task (completion of the production cycle), the results of individually-isolated labor must be distributed among the workers. Each of them produced something in an amount many times greater than its individual consumption; however, it was not he who produced the bulk of the products he consumed , but others. Hence, in this cycle, another distribution procedure is required, but this time the finished product, the results of labor, becomes the object of the “sharing”.
Distribution Proportions
The proportions in which the result of labor will be distributed are predetermined by the proportions in which the roles of the participants in the whole process were assigned before work began:
“The distribution of products is the result of the distribution that is assumed by the production process itself and to which its organization is predetermined.”
At the same time, on the one hand,
"Distribution sets the proportion in which each individual takes part in the produced ...",
and on the other
“Distribution determines the ratio (quantity) in which products are delivered to individuals” [2]
Distribution Theories
can be used to describe a known range of observations in the relevant economy. It is used as input in theories explaining the distribution of income that has already taken place, for example. in the theory of " human capital " and in theories of economic discrimination (Becker, 1993, 1971).
Classical political economy
Views on economics - The laws of creation, distribution of wealth. The name of science is Political Economy. The essence of wealth is the labor of all those engaged in material production. Sources of wealth are the division of labor, the accumulation of money, money. The role of the state is economic liberalism.
Marxist political economy
Distribution is one of the phases of the process of social reproduction, a link between production and exchange.
Austrian School of Economics
The Austrian School of Economics considered it important to establish the proportions of the distribution of production results among the factors of production (land, labor, capital).
Neoclassical theory
In neoclassical theories, the point of intersection of supply and demand in the markets of each of the factors of production determines the equilibrium output, income, and income distribution. The demand for factors, in turn, implies an extremely productive ratio for this factor in the market [3] [4] [5] [6] . This analysis applies not only to capital and land, but also to income distribution in labor markets [7] .
Notes
- ↑ K. Marx , “Introduction to the“ Critique of Political Economy ”” Marx, K., Engels, F. Soch., 2nd ed. v.12, p.713
- ↑ K. Marks , "Introduction to the" Critique of Political Economy "" Marx, K., Engels, F. Soch., 2nd ed., Vol.12, p.715
- ↑ John Bates Clark (1902). The Distribution of Wealth . Analytical Table of Contents).
- ↑ Philip H. Wicksteed (1914). "The Scope and the Marginal Theory of Value and Distribution," Economic Journal, 24 (94), pp. 1-23
- ↑ George J. Stigler (1941). Production and Distribution Theories: The analytical year of economics from about 1870 to 1910. New York: Macmillan. Chapter-preview links.
- ↑ CE Ferguson (1969). The Neoclassical Theory of Production and Distribution . Cambridge. Description & review excerpt.
- ↑ JR Hicks (1932, 2nd ed., 1963). "Theory of Wages" ( en: The Theory of Wages ). London: Macmillan.
Literature
- Distribution / G. D. Gloveli // The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 t.] / Ch. ed. Yu. S. Osipov . - M .: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.