List of rulers of Saxony

The original duchy of Saxony was located on the territory occupied by the Saxon tribes in the northwestern part of modern Germany. It included the modern federal state of Lower Saxony , Westphalia , as well as the western part of the state of Saxony-Anhalt .

Saxon tribal leaders

• Hadugato (d. After 531)
• Bertoald (d. After 626)
• Theodorich (d. After 743/744)
• Widukind (c. 755-810)
• Abbio (d. Approx. 811)

In 804, Saxony was finally subordinated to Charlemagne and became part of his empire.

Margraves of Saxony ( Hattonids )

• 838 - 840 : Banzleib (d. After 840), Count of Maine 832, Count and Margrave of Saxony 838-840

Ludolphings

• OK. 850 - 864/866 : Ludolf (c. 805–864 / 866), duke in East Saxony from c. 850
• 864/866 - 880 : Bruno (d. 880), Duke of Saxony from 864/866, son of the previous
• 880 - 912 : Otto I the Radiant (d. 912), Duke of Saxony from 880, Count of Thuringia from 908, brother of the previous
• 912 - 936 : Henry I the Birds (c. 876–936), Duke of Saxony from 912, king of the East Frankish Kingdom from 919, son of the previous
• 936 - 961 : Otto II the Great (912–973), king of the East Frankish kingdom (Otto I) from 936, 1st emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Otton I) from 962, duke of Saxony 936–961, son of the previous

In 953, Otton appointed Margrave German Billung as his viceroy in Saxony, who gradually strengthened his power. He is often called the Duke of Saxony, but in his lifetime documents he is never called the Duke. The duke is named his son, Bernhard I.

Billungs

• 961 - 973 : Herman (c. 905/910 - 973), margrave of the Billung brand from 936, count in Wetigau at 940, in Bardengau, Marstengau and Tilitigau in 955, governor of the king in Saxony from 953, duke of Saxony from 961
• 973 - 1011 : Bernhard I (d. 1011), Duke of Saxony from 973, son of the previous
• 1011-1059: Bernhard II (after 990-1059), Duke of Saxony from 1011, son of the previous
• 1059-1072 : Ordulf (c. 1020-1072), Duke of Saxony from 1059, son of the previous
• 1072 - 1106 : Magnus (c. 1045-1106), Duke of Saxony from 1072, son of the previous

After the death of the Duke Magnus, who left only his daughters, Emperor Henry V transferred the title of the Duke of Saxony to the Earl of Supplingburg, bypassing the husbands of the two daughters of Magnus.

Supplinburg Dynasty

• 1106 - 1137 : Lothar (1075–1137), German king from 1125, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Lothar II) from 1133, duke of Saxony from 1106, count of Suplinburg

After the death of Emperor Lothar, his widow passed Saxony to her son-in-law, the Duke of Bavaria, Heinrich Proud . However, in 1138, Conrad III , elected by King, handed over Saxony to Margrave Albrecht the Bear , however, Albrecht could not keep it. In 1142, Saxony was transferred to Heinrich Leo , son of Heinrich the Proud.

Welsh

• 1137 - 1139 : Henry II the Proud (c. 1108–1139), Duke of Bavaria (Henry X) from 1126, Duke of Saxony from 1137, Margrave of Tuscany from 1137, grandson of Magnus, Duke of Saxony, and son-in-law of Emperor Lothar II

Askania

• 1138 - 1142 : Albrecht the Bear (c. 1100–1170), Count of Ballenstedt from 1123, Margrave of the Luzhitsky Mark 1123–1131, Count of Weimar-Orlamunde from c. 1134, Margrave of the Northern Mark 1134–1157, Margrave of Brandenburg from 1137, Duke of Saxony 1138–1142

Welsh

• 1142–1180: Henry III Leo (1129–1195), Duke of Saxony 1142–1180, Duke of Bavaria (Henry XII) 1156–1180, son of Heinrich the Proud

In 1180, Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa after suppressing the uprisings of Heinrich Leo divided Saxony into several principalities. The name "Duchy of Saxony" received small possessions on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Elbe , inherited by Bernhard , Count of Anhalt , one of the sons of Albrecht the Bear.

Askania

• 1180 - 1212 : Bernhard III (I) (1140-1212), Count of Anhalt from 1170, Duke of Saxony from 1180
• 1212 - 1260 : Albrecht I (d. 1260), Duke of Saxony from 1212, son of the previous
• 1260–1282: Johann I (1246–1286), Duke of Saxony 1260–1282 (with brother Albrecht II), son of the previous
• 1260 - 1296 : Albrecht II (c. 1250 - 1298), Duke of Saxony 1260-1296 (until 1282 together with brother Johann I, from 1282 together with nephews, Albrecht III, Eric I and Johann III), Count von Bren from 1290, Count von Gommern from 1295, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg from 1296, brother of the previous
• 1282–1296: Johann II (d. 1322), Duke of Saxony 1282–1296 (together with brothers and uncle Albrecht II), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1296–1303 (together with brothers), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1303, Duke of Bergedorf 1303 -1321, Duke of Ratzeburg c 1308, son of Johann I
• 1282–1296: Albrecht III (d. 1308), Duke of Saxony 1282–1296 (together with brothers and uncle Albrecht II), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1296 (together with brothers), son of Johann I
• 1282–1296: Erich I (d. 1359), Duke of Saxony 1282–1296 (with brothers and uncle Albrecht II), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1296–1303 (with brothers), son of Johann I

As a result of several sections (1269, 1272 and 1282) and the final section in 1296, Saxony was divided into 2 duchies: Saxe-Wittenberg and Saxe-Lauenburg. Their rulers until 1356 argued over the title of Elector of Saxony, when he was not approved for the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg by the Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV .

Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg

Askania , Saxe-Lauenburg line

• 1296-1303: Johann II (d. 1322), Duke of Saxony 1282–1296 (together with brothers and uncle Albrecht II), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1296–1303 (together with brothers), Duke of Saxe-Möln 1303-1321, Duke of Saxe -Bergerdorf-Möln since 1321, son of Johann I
• 1296-1303: Albrecht III (d.1308), Duke of Saxony 1282-1296 (together with brothers and uncle Albrecht II), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1296-1303 (together with brothers), Duke of Saxe-Raceburg from 1303, son of Johann I
• 1296–1330 : Erich I (d. 1359), Duke of Saxony 1282–1296 (together with brothers and uncle Albrecht II), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1296–1303 (together with brothers), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1303–1321, Duke of Bergedorf 1303-1321, Duke of Ratzeburg 1308-1321, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg 1321-1338, son of Johann I

Dukes of Saxe-Bergerdorf-Möln

Askania , Saxe-Bergerdorf-Möln line

• 1303–1322 : Johann II (d. 1322), Duke of Saxony 1282–1296 (together with brothers and uncle Albrecht II), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1296–1303 (together with brothers), Duke of Saxe-Möln 1303-1321, Duke of Saxe -Bergerdorf-Möln since 1321, son of Johann I
• 1322 - 1344 : Albrecht IV (1315–1344), Duke of Saxe-Bergerdorf-Möln from 1322, son of the previous
• 1344 - 1354/1356: Johann III (d. 1354/1356), Duke of Saxe-Bergerdorf-Möln from 1344, son of the previous
• 1354/1356 - 1367 : Albrecht V (d. 1367), Duke of Saxe-Bergerdorf-Möln from 1354/1356, brother of the previous
• 1367 - 1401 : Erich III (d. 1367), canon, Duke of Saxe-Bergerdorf-Möln from 1367, brother of the previous

After the death of childless Erich III, his possessions passed to the dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg.

Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg

Askania , line Saxe-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg

• 1303–1338 : Erich I (d. 1359), Duke of Saxony 1282–1296 (together with brothers and uncle Albrecht II), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1296–1303 (together with brothers), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1303–1321, Duke of Bergedorf 1303-1321, Duke of Ratzeburg 1308-1321, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg 1321-1338, son of Johann I
• 1338 - 1368 : Erich II (d. 1368), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg from 1338, son of the previous
• 1368 - 1411 : Erich IV (1354-1411), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg from 1368, Duke of Saxe-Bergerdorf-Möln from 1401, son of the previous

Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg

Askania , line Saxe-Lauenburg-Ratzeburg

• 1411 - 1435 : Erich V (1354-1411), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1411 (until 1414 together with Brother Johann IV, from 1426 together with Brother Bernhard II), son of Erich IV
• 1411 - 1414 : Johann IV (d. 1414), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1411 (together with brother Erich V), son of Erich IV
• 1426 - 1463 : Bernhard II (1354-1411), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1426 (until 1435 with brother Erich V), son of Erich IV
• 1463 - 1507 : Johann V (1439-1507), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1463, son of the previous
• 1507 - 1543 : Magnus I (1488-1543), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1507, son of the previous
• 1543-1571: Franz I (1510-1581), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1543-1571, 1573-1581, son of the previous
• 1571 - 1573 : Magnus II (1443-1603), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1571-1573, son of the previous
• 1573 - 1581 : Franz I (second)
• 1585 - 1619 : Franz II (1547-1619), regent of the duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg 1578-1581, administrator of the duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg 1581-1585, duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1585, son of the previous
• 1619 - 1656 : Augustus (1577-1656), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1619, son of the previous
• 1656 - 1665 : Julius Henry (1586–1665), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1656, brother of the previous
• 1665 - 1666 : Franz Erdmann (1629-1666), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1665, son of the previous
• 1666 - 1689 : Julius Franz (1641–1689), Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1666, brother of the previous

After the death in 1689 of the Duke Julius Franz, who did not leave his sons, his two surviving (of three) daughters - Anna Maria Francis and Sibylla Augusta - began to fight among themselves for the inheritance. This took advantage of the Duke George Wilhelm from the Principality of Luneburg-Celle , which was part of neighboring Braunschweig-Luneburg , who occupied Saxe-Lauenburg, preventing the accession to the throne of the rightful heiress of Anna Maria Francis. In 1693, his rights were recognized by the King of Denmark, and in 1728, Emperor Charles VI recognized the rights to Saxe-Lauenburg for George II , King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover .

Welsh , Braunschweig-Luneburg-Celle branch

• 1689 - 1705 : Georg Wilhelm (1624–1705), Duke of Braunschweig-Kallenberg from 1648, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Celle from 1665, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (de facto) from 1689

Welsh , Hanover branch

• 1705 - 1727 : George I Ludwig (1660-1727), Elector of Hanover from 1698, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (de facto) from 1705, King of Great Britain from 1714, son-in-law of the previous
• 1727 - 1760 : George II Augustus (1683-1760), King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover from 1727, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg from 1727 (de jure from 1728), son of the previous
• 1760 - 1805 : George III (1738-1820), King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover from 1760, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1760-1814, grandson of the previous

In 1803-1805, Saxe-Lauenburg was occupied by France and until 1815 the duchy was practically abolished, and France and Prussia argued over its territory. After the defeat of France in 1815, the Vienna Congress restored the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, which became a member of the German Union and, as a result of a series of exchanges, became a member of Denmark as a personal union.

Oldenburg Dynasty , Danish Line

• 1815 - 1839 : Frederick I (1768–1839), King of Denmark (Frederick VI) from 1808, King of Norway 1808–1814, Duke of Schleswig and Holstein from 1808, Duke of Saxe-Luneburg from 1815
• 1839 - 1848 : Christian I (1786-1848), King of Denmark (Christian VIII) since 1839, King of Norway 1814, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Luneburg from 1839, son of the previous
• 1848 - 1863 : Frederick II (1808-1863), King of Denmark (Frederick VII) since 1848, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Luneburg from 1848, son of the previous

Oldenburg Dynasty , Glucksburg Line

• 1863 - 1864 : Christian II (1786-1848), King of Denmark (Christian IX) since 1863, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1863-1864

In 1864, Saxe-Lauenburg was occupied by Prussia during the Danish-Prussian war . In 1865, the king of Prussia became the duke of Saxe-Lauenburg as a personal union.

Hohenzollerns

• 1865 - 1876 : William I (1797–1888), King of Prussia from 1861, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1865–1876, Emperor of Germany from 1871

In 1876, the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg was disbanded, and its territory became part of the province of Schleswig-Holstein as the district “ Duchy of Lauenburg ”.

Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg

Askania , Saxe-Wittenberg branch

• 1296 - 1298 : Albrecht II (c. 1250 - 1298), Duke of Saxony 1260–1296 (until 1282 together with brother Johann I, from 1282 together with nephews, Albrecht III, Eric I and Johann III), Count von Bren from 1290, Count von Gommern from 1295, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg from 1296
• 1298 - 1356 : Rudolph I (d. 1356), Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg from 1298, son of the previous

According to the Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV , the rights of the electors of Saxony were approved for the dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg.

Askania , Saxe-Wittenberg branch

• 1356 - 1370 : Rudolph II (d. 1370), Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg from 1356, Elector of Saxony from 1356, son of Rudolph I
• 1370 - 1388 : Wenzel (d. 1388), Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and Elector of Saxony from 1370, brother of the previous
• 1388 - 1419 : Rudolph III (d. 1419), Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and Elector of Saxony from 1388, son of the previous
• 1419 - 1422 : Albrecht III (d. 1422), Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and Elector of Saxony from 1419, brother of the previous

After the death of Elector Albrecht III, who did not leave direct heirs, Emperor Sigismund transferred in 1423 the vacant duchy and the title of Elector of Saxony to one of his supporters, Margrave Meissen Frederick IV.

Vettins

• 1423 - 1428 : Frederick I the Warlike (1370-1428), Margrave Meissen (Frederick IV) from 1407, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and Elector of Saxony from 1423
• 1428-1464 : Frederick II Krotkiy (1412-1464), Margrave Meissen (Frederick V) and Elector of Saxony from 1428, Landgrave of Thuringia (Frederick V) 1440-1445, son of the previous
• 1464 - 1486 : Ernst (1441-1486), Elector of Saxony from 1464, Margrave of Meissen (with his brother) 1464-1485, Landgrave of Thuringia from 1482

In 1485, Ernst shared ownership with his brother Albrecht . Ernest, who became the founder of the Ernestine line , retained Thuringia and the title of Elector. Behind Albrecht, who became the founder of the Albertine line - Meissen.

Wettins , Ernestine line

• 1486 - 1525 : Frederick III the Wise (1463-1525), Elector of Saxony from 1486, son of Ernst
• 1525 - 1532 : Johann the Hard (1467-1532), Elector of Saxony from 1525, brother of the previous
• 1532 - 1547 : Johann Frederick I the Magnanimous (1503-1554), Elector of Saxony 1532-1547, son of the previous

In 1547, Johann Frederick I was deprived of possessions, and the title was transferred to the head of the Albertine line, the Duke of Moritz . His son for a short time, in 1554-56, regained the title of elector.

• 1554 - 1556 : Johann Frederick II the Middle (1529-1595), Elector of Saxony 1554-1556, Duke of Saxe-Gotha 1554-1566, son of the previous

Wettins , Albertina line

• 1547 - 1553 : Moritz (1521-1553), Duke of Saxony from 1541, Elector of Saxony from 1547
• 1553 - 1586 : Augustus (1526-1586), Elector of Saxony from 1553, brother of the previous
• 1586 - 1591 : Christian I (1560-1591), Elector of Saxony from 1586, son of the previous
• 1591 - 1611 : Christian II (1583-1611), Elector of Saxony from 1591, son of the previous
• 1611 - 1656 : Johann George I (1585-1656), Elector of Saxony from 1611, brother of the previous
• 1656 - 1680 : Johann George II (1613-1680), Elector of Saxony from 1656, son of the previous
• 1680 - 1691 : Johann George III (1647–1691), Elector of Saxony from 1680, son of the previous
• 1691 - 1694 : Johann George IV (1668–1694), Elector of Saxony from 1691, son of the previous
• 1694 - 1733 : Frederick Augustus I the Strong (1670-1733), Elector of Saxony from 1694, King of the Commonwealth (August II) 1697-1704, 1709-1733, brother of the previous
• 1733 - 1763 : Frederick Augustus II (1696-1763), Elector of Saxony from 1733, King of the Commonwealth (August III) from 1733, son of the previous
• 1763 - 1763 : Friedrich Christian (1722-1763), Elector of Saxony from 1763, son of the previous
• 1763 - 1806 : Friedrich August III (1750-1827), Elector of Saxony (Friedrich August III) 1763-1806, King of Saxony (Friedrich August I) from 1806, Duke of Warsaw (Friedrich August) 1807-1815, son of the previous

In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist and the title of Elector was abolished. In return, Frederick Augustus III received the title of King of Saxony.

Dukes of Saxony from the Albertine line

• 1486 - 1500 : Albrecht III the Bold (1443-1500), Margrave Meissen (before 1485 with his brother) from 1464, Duke of Saxony from 1485, brother of Elector Ernst
• 1500 - 1539 : George the Bearded (1471-1539), Duke of Saxony from 1485, son of the previous
• 1539 - 1541 : Henry the Pious (1473-1541), Duke of Saxony from 1539, brother of the previous
• 1541 - 1553 : Moritz (1521-1553), Duke of Saxony from 1541, Elector of Saxony from 1547, son of the previous

In 1547, Emperor Charles V transferred Moritz the title of Elector of Saxony.

• 1806 - 1827 : Frederick Augustus I (1750-1827), Elector of Saxony (Frederick Augustus III) 1763-1806, King of Saxony (Frederick Augustus I) since 1806, Duke of Warsaw (Frederick Augustus) 1807-1815
• 1827 - 1836 : Anton the Good (1755-1837), king of Saxony from 1827, brother of the previous
• 1836 - 1854 : Frederick Augustus II (1797-1854), king of Saxony from 1836, nephew of the previous one, son of Prince Maximilian of Saxony
• 1854 - 1873 : Johann (1801-1873), king of Saxony from 1854, brother of the previous
• 1873 - 1902 : Albert (1828-1902), king of Saxony from 1873, son of the previous
• 1902 - 1904 : Georg (1832-1904), king of Saxony since 1902, brother of the previous
• 1904 - 1918 : Frederick Augustus III (1865-1932), king of Saxony 1904-1918, son of the previous

Saxon House Heads

• 1918 - 1932 : Frederick Augustus III (1865-1932), king of Saxony 1904-1918, head of the Saxon house from 1918
• 1932 - 1968 : Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen (1893-1968), head of the Saxon House from 1932, son of the previous
• 1968 - 2012 : Maria Emmanuel, Margrave Meissen (1926-2012), head of the Saxon House from 1968, son of the previous
• 2012 : Albert, Margrave Meissen (1934-2012), head of the Saxon House in 2012 (July — October)

Dukes of Saxe-Altenburg

Dukes of Saxe-Weimar

Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Dukes of Saxe-Weissenfels

• August ( August 13, 1614 - June 4, 1680), administrator of the Magdeburg Archbishopric of 1638–1648, duke of Saxe-Weissenfels from 1656, son of the Elector of Saxony Johann George I
• Johann Adolf I (November 2, 1649 - May 24, 1697), Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels and Count of Querfurt from 1680, son of Augustus
• Johann Georg (July 13, 1677 - May 16, 1712), Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels and Count of Querfurt from 1697, son of Johann Adolf I
• Christian (February 23, 1682 - June 18, 1736), Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels and Count of Querfurt from 1712, son of Johann Adolf I
• Johann Adolf II (September 4, 1685 - May 16, 1746), Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels and Count of Querfurt from 1736, son of Johann Adolf I

Dukes of Saxe-Weissenfels-Barbie (younger line of dukes of Saxe-Weissenfels)

• Henry (September 29, 1657 - February 16, 1728), Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels-Barbie from 1680, son of Duke Augustus of Saxe-Weissenfelsky
• Georg Albrecht (April 19, 1695 - June 12, 1739), Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels-Barbie from 1728, son of Henry

Dukes of Saxe-Gotha

Dukes of Saxe-Yen

Dukes of Saxe-Coburg

Dukes of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

Dukes of Saxe-Meiningen

Dukes of Saxe-Merseburg

• Christian I (October 27, 1615 - October 18, 1691), Duke of Saxe-Merseburg from 1657, son of Elector of Saxony Johann George I
• Christian II (November 19, 1653 - October 20, 1694), Duke of Saxe-Merseburg from 1691, son of Christian I
• Christian III Moritz (November 7, 1680 - November 14, 1694), Duke of Saxe-Merseburg from 1694, son of Christian II
• Moritz Wilhelm (February 5, 1688 - April 21, 1731), Duke of Saxe-Merseburg from 1694, son of Christian II
• Henry (September 2, 1661 - July 28, 1738), Duke of Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg from 1691, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg from 1731, son of Christian I

Dukes of Saxe-Römhild

• Heinrich Saxe-Römhild (1650-1710)

Dukes of Saxe-Hildburghausen

Dukes of Saxe-Zeitz

Dukes of Saxe-Eisenberg

• Christian Saxe-Eisenberg (1653-1707)

Dukes of Saxe-Eisenach

• Saxony (Duchy)
• Saxony (Elector)
• Saxony (kingdom)
• Saxe-Wittenberg
• Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg
• Saxe Weimar
• Saxe-Eisenach
• Saxe-Coburg
• Saxe-Gotha
• Saxe-Meiningen
• Saxe-Altenburg
• Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

• Genealogical tables on the history of European states / Compiled by G. Shafrov, M. - Seventh revised and amended edition (541 tables). - Moscow - Yekaterinburg - Tashkent, 2014.
• Semenov I. S. European dynasties: A complete genealogical guide / Scientific editor E. I. Kareva, O. N. Naumov. Introductory article by O. N. Naumov. - M .: LLC Encyclopedia Publishing House, INFRA-M Publishing House LLC, 2006. - 1104 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-94802-014-2 . , ISBN 5-16-002720-3

• HERZÖGE DES HERZOGTUMS SACHSEN (German) . Mittelalterliche Genealogie im Deutschen Reich bis zum Ende der Staufer. Date of treatment December 18, 2011. Archived on April 26, 2012.
• SAXONY, dukes & electors . Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. Date of treatment December 18, 2011.