Yomuds

In 1740, the Iranian Nadir Shah sent a letter to the governor of Khiva Ilbars Khan to come to ask for forgiveness. Nadir Shah’s envoys arrived in Ilbar’s camp with a letter, which was headed by 20 thousand horsemen, consisting of Yomuts, (other) Turkmens, Kazakhs and Uzbeks. The letter said: “Several times with the predatory tribe of Yomuts, with the purpose of robbery, you raided the surroundings of the holy Mashhad and each time you suffered misfortune and, having been defeated, were defeated, sent (back) to Khiva. Despite my peacefulness, three thousand people from the Yomut tribes arrived in Chardzhui with the aim of carrying out a night raid. Upon learning of this, the troops (Nadir Shah) destroyed them with one blow and scattered them like the stars of Ursa Major. Most of them were killed and captured and (only) a small number with a thousand disasters reached a safe place. This event caused the anger and indignation of Nadir Shah (towards Ilbars Khan). ”

It is said that at the end of the reign of Shahgazi Khan (c. 1181 g. - 1767), the Yomuts and Chaudors captured Khiva. As a result of attempts at resistance, the khan was overthrown from the throne.

In the same year, some of the dignitaries who were hostile to Muhammad Emin-Inak began a fight against him. For this reason, the inak went to the yomuts, (but) after 18 days, Abd-us-Sattar-bai was brought from there. At this time, the dominance of the Yomuts crossed all sorts of borders, and their cruelty and oppression to the extreme burdened the population (fukara).

As a result, Muhammad Emin-inak, Abd-us-Sattar-bai and Abd-ur-Ra-chem-mehter opposed the Yomuts, but were defeated in the battle of Arab Khan. Chasing them, the Yomuts stopped at Kara-tepe and began to prepare for a siege. Some (from Khiva) began to talk about peace; when the dignitaries (Umar) came out and met with the chiefs of the Yomuts, they were captured, and at the same time, the Yomuts, taking advantage of the fact that the city residents were persecuting the Teke and the Salyrs, captured the city of Khiva .

Yomuts with the help of the Aralites conquered Kungrad, (after which) power was in their hands.

At the head of the government they placed Khan Geldy-inak, who was an adherent and well-wisher of this (Turkmen) tribe, and with other dignitaries, starting with Muhammad Emin, they were not considered and even treated them with contempt. At that time, they themselves began to rob the people, stealing his property and women and insulting him in every possible way.

In 1770, Muhammad Amin-biy , the leader of the Uzbek Kungrat tribe, defeated the Yomuds and established his power in the khanate.

In 1779, by order of Muhammad Emin-inaka, an army of Yomuts came from the Khorasan and Gurgan Turkmens in the vicinity of Khiva. Let it be known that these yomuts belonged to two different genera (taifa): some were called bayram-shahli, and others were called choni-sheref, also known by the nickname kara-choka. Muhammad Emin-inak accepted them for service. After that, both of these troops entered the war with his enemies.

During the reign of the son and successor of the Inak Evezbiy (died March 13, 1804), the Yomuts, apparently, were not in openly hostile relations with him, judging by the fact that he fled to their territory in 1206. (1791 | 92 g.) Pahlavan-kuli-bye was issued by them to the Inak, due to the fact that they "were afraid of his anger and severity."

After the death of Evezbiy in 1219 (1804/05) the power in Khiva passed to his son Eltuser, who soon declared himself khan. From all over the country, the tribes of Turkmens, Kara-Kalpaks and Uzbeks came in whole groups to congratulate him, but the Yomuts, who, having lived in Urgench for 60 years, did not obey the Khiva khans, laughed at Eltuzer Khan and showed disobedience.

After ascending the khan’s throne, Eltuzer Khan handed over maintenance to the troops and set off to pogrom the Yomuts who lived on the edge of the desert towards Astrabad - the territory of Iran and Gürgen, located south of the city of Khiva. Some of them lived settled, most of them were nomads. There were approximately 12 thousand families (at the beginning of the 19th century). Each family exhibits two riders, they have thoroughbred horses and are well versed in lances and sabers. So, this tribe was divided into two parts. Some decided to obey, saying: “We cannot leave the homeland of our ancestors and how we can live in a foreign country!” Some of them refused to obey because Eltuzer Khan suggested to them: “If you give up your raids, disobedience and robberies and live like other subjects, paying taxes from sheep, camels and agriculture, then it’s good, otherwise leave our state ". After some time, Eltuzer Khan sent a messenger to Astromad with oaths and assurances to say: "Together with your families and clan, return back to the homeland of your ancestors, we will show you affection and love, you will participate in the use of our wealth." The yomuts, joyful and cheerful, began to come back. Eltuzer Khan again handed them their previous possessions, so that they would engage in agriculture.

After Eltuzer Khan in 1221 (1806) power passed into the hands of Muhammad Rahim Khan, to whom the Yomuts obeyed. ^[one]

The Yomuds raided the Astrabad and Mazanderan provinces of Persia and Khorasan to abduct the locals, whom they then sold into slavery, mainly to the Khiva khanate ^[2] .

In 1877, some Yomud leaders, in connection with the Tekin hostility, asked for Russian citizenship, but they were refused. The Yomuds became Russian subjects in 1881–84 ^[3] .

In the spring of 1918, the leader of the Turkmen Yomuds, Junaid Khan , seized power in Khiva. In November 1919, an uprising began under the leadership of the Communists. However, the rebel forces were not enough to defeat the government forces. Red Army troops from Russia were sent to help the rebels. By early February 1920, the army of Junaid Khan was completely defeated.

Yomuda Carpet

Yomuda carpet is a type of Turkmen handmade carpet .

Kushtdepdi Dance

In ancient times, dance was part of the ritual rite - the “dhikr,” the remembrance of God according to a special formula and in a special way, aloud or to oneself. Kushtdepi is preserved as a ritual and entertainment part of traditional festivals.

There are three varieties of kushtdepdi. This is “bir depim” - when the dance participants simultaneously with their right hand and right foot make a kind of half turn to the left side, then return to their original position and together continue to move in a circle. “Iki depim” - when the dancers make two half-turns in a row, and “uch depim” - three half-turns. It is important to maintain a uniform rhythm and synchronism of movements ^[4] .

Kushtdepdi dance at all holidays, celebrations or weddings. In the late 1990s, kushdepti dance began to dance throughout Turkmenistan and was equated with the national dance of the Turkmen people.

Equine

The tribe also supported a special local Yomud breed, just like the Akhal-Teke breed, is a descendant of ancient horses. It is bred in the southwestern part of Turkmenistan and the mountainous areas bordering Iran with herd keeping. By type of Yomudian horses approach the steppe, they are rougher than the Akhal-Teke horses. Being the addition and main use of a riding horse, yomuds are now used in harnesses. In terms of endurance, they are superior to the Akhal-Teke, inferior to the latter in agility at a gallop.

• TURKMEN OF THE YOMUD TREM
• From the report of the head of the expedition to the head of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the Yomut Turkmen and their relationship with Khiva and Iran
• Youmudis Documentary
• The gene pool of the Turkmen of Karakalpakstan in the context of Central Asia