Lazhechnikov, Ivan Ivanovich

His father, a commerce adviser and one of the richest Kolomna merchants, raised his son in the Krivyakino estate. He was distinguished by his love of education and, on the recommendation of N. I. Novikov , invited Beaulieu, a humane and enlightened man, to the son of the French emigrant. Under Emperor Paul I, Lazhechnikov-father, as a result of denunciation , was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress . He was soon released, but the material well-being of the family was undermined.

While serving in the Moscow archive of a foreign college (from the age of 12 ^[6] ), then in the office of the Moscow Governor General, Ivan Lazhechnikov took lessons from Professor P.V. Pobedonostsev and listened to private lectures by A.F. Merzlyakov . In 1812, Lazhechnikov, against the will of his parents, joined the militia ; participated in the case at Brienne and the capture of Paris ; later he was an adjutant under Count A.I. Osterman-Tolstoy . In 1814 he received the Order of St. Anne of the 4th degree.

In 1819, Lazhechnikov left military service and was promoted to director of schools in the Penza province ; for three years he headed the Penza men's gymnasium . Through his efforts, a school was opened in Chembar , from where in 1823 V. G. Belinsky came to Penza to continue his education. Then, since 1823, I. I. Lazhechnikov was the director of the Kazan gymnasium and the director of Kazan schools, the inspector of students at Kazan University .

Having retired in 1826, Lazhechnikov settled in Moscow and began collecting materials for his first historical novel, for which he traveled to Livonia .

For some time, in the late 1820s, I.I. Lazhechnikov was the manager of the estate of A.I. Osterman-Tolstoy Ilyinsky . In 1831, Lazhechnikov again entered the service and was appointed director of the schools of the Tver province ; On March 7, 1833, he was promoted to court adviser . From 1837 to 1843 he lived in the estate near Staritsa , in Konoplino’s own estate (now the residence of the governor of the Tver region ).

In 1842, he was approved by the Honorary Trustee of the Tver Gymnasium ^[7] , then transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1843-1854 he was 10 years vice-governor in Tver , then in Vitebsk . July 31, 1844 I. I. Lazhechnikov was included in the genealogy book of the Tver province. April 8, 1851 received the rank of state councilor . October 31, 1846 Lazhechnikov received the Order of St. Anne of the 2nd degree ^[8] , in 1851 - a distinction of the immaculate service.

In 1856-1858, due to material difficulties, he served as a censor in the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee . His last activity was very burdensome, although it coincided with a time of softening censorship.

He spent the end of his life in Moscow - he lived in Troekurovo , on Plyushchikha and Povarskaya .

On May 3, 1869, through the efforts of the Artistic Circle, the fiftieth anniversary of Lazhechnikov’s literary activity (the writer himself didn’t take part in the celebration) was solemnly celebrated by the efforts of the Artistic Circle, and on June 26 (July 8) of the same year he died, writing in his will: “to his wife and children I do not leave mine, except for an honest name, which I bequeathed to them to observe and keep in their purity. ”

He was buried on the territory of the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow (to the left of Smolensky Cathedral).

For 15 years, Lazhechnikov placed in “ Vestnik Evropy ” (part 36) “My Thoughts” (imitation of Labruyer ). At the age of 18, he wrote The War Song ( Russky Vestnik , 1808, No. 3), a series of poems in Aglaya in 1808, and the discourse On Carelessness (Herald of Europe, 1808, part 60).

In 1817, he published the First Experiments in Prose and Poetry, which he subsequently bought up and destroyed.

In the next work of Lazhechnikov, “ Campaign Notes of a Russian Officer ” ^[9] (St. Petersburg, 1820), there are many interesting details that testify to the author's observation. He praises the care of the Prussian government for public education and welfare; in some places there are direct statements against serfdom .

The Last Novik (St. Petersburg, 1831–1833) is the apotheosis of love for the motherland. Not only the main persons - Patkul and Novik - gave their whole lives to the good of the motherland, but also the secondary ones - Captain Wulf, blowing himself up in the air so as not to shame the honor of the Swedish banner, Prince Wadbolsky , Karl Sheremetev, Goliath Samsonych, Swiss exhausted from homesickness, Rosa’s father, a gallery of patriotic soldiers, finally Peter, Menshikov - everyone constantly thinks about the fatherland, pushing other interests into the background. Novik even serves as his homeland by espionage; Rosa, in order to penetrate the prisoner Patkul, takes caresses of the jailer.

Last Novik was a major success. Its shortcomings, like all Lazhechnikov’s novels in general, are fully explained by the tastes of the era. Now “The Last Novik” seems to be a largely stilted work and little real, but in those days it struck with its realism and desire for historical authenticity. The Last Novik gives Lazhechnikov the right to the name of a pioneer of a Russian historical novel. If M. N. Zagoskin and N. A. Polevoy made historical novels a little earlier, then we must not forget that the preparatory work of Lazhechnikov began in 1826. So V.G. Belinsky looked at him (Literary Dreams).

Lazhechnikov wrote his most famous novel, “The Ice House ” (Moscow, 1835), in Tver, where he was appointed in 1831. Subsequently, historical criticism debunked Volynsky and his alleged patriotism; and then Pushkin already found that Lazhechnikov idealizes his hero ^{[comm 2]} . But the character of Anna Ioannovna , the jesters, the ice house - all this is typical not only from an artistic, but also from a strictly historical point of view. The relationship between Volynsky and Marioritsa is a deeply truthful and touching story about the love of two hearts, whose happiness is hindered by living conditions.

In 1837, Lazhechnikov settled in his old mansion Konoplino and wrote "Basurman" there (Moscow, 1838). The main character - the healer Anton - has no typical features for the 15th century, but John III is outlined with remarkable artistic courage for the thirties. Lazhechnikov did not hide his egoism, cruelty in the treatment of prisoners and revenge; He managed to give life traits to Martha the posadnik .

The drama “The Oprichnik ” written by him in 1842 with white verses was banned (probably for trying to bring Ivan the Terrible to the stage), was published only in 1859 and was staged at the Maly Theater only in 1867 ( Russian Word , No. 11; Department M . , 1867). The opera of the same name by P. I. Tchaikovsky was created on it. In addition to dramas: “ Christian II and Gustav Waza ” (“ Domestic Notes ”, 1841, No. 3), “The Hunchback” (St. Petersburg, 1858), the vaudeville “Copied” (introduced in 1854) and small stories and passages, to Lazhechnikov belong also still interesting in their autobiographical respect, “Little Black, Belenky and Gray” (Russky Vestnik, 1856, No. 4).

His works of memoir character were appreciated: Notes for the Biography of V. G. Belinsky (Moscow Herald, 1859, No. 17; cordial apology of the famous critic); “Answer to Count Nadezhdin about his raid on my article about Belinsky” (ibid., No. 82); “Materials for the biography of A. P. Ermolov” (Russian Bulletin, 1864, No. 6); “As I Knew Magnitsky” (ibid., 1866, No. 1).

Lazhechnikov quietly lived his century in Moscow since 1858. Until his death, he was interested in new trends in literature and, with enthusiasm reaching naivety, reacted to a new era in the novel: “A few years ago” (St. Petersburg, 1862). In another novel, “The Granddaughter of an Armored Boyar” (“ World Labor ”, 1868, No. 1-4, and St. Petersburg , 1868), he is not free from the narrow hatred of the Poles. His last work was the drama "Mother Rivals" ("World Labor", 1868, No. 10).

Lazhechnikov’s novels have withstood many editions. Works were published in 1858 and 1884 (the last edition with a monograph by S. A. Vengerov about Lazhechnikov).

I. I. Lazhechnikov was married twice.

The first wife is Avdotya (Evdokia) Alekseevna, nee Shurunova (1803-1852), a pupil of Count A. I. Osterman-Tolstoy . There were no children in this marriage.

The second wife is Maria Ivanovna, nee Ozerova (1830? -1906). On the second of his wife, I. I. Lazhechnikov, wrote F. A. Koni :

You will be surprised if I tell you that I, a 60-year-old man, married a 22-year-old girl. This seems to be my last novel. What will be its end - God knows!

In the second marriage, three children were born:

• Ivan (1860-1895), journalist, poet.
• Zinaida (born July 28, 1859).
• Evdokia (born March 8, 1862) ^[11] .

1819 - the house of A.I. Osterman-Tolstoy - Galernaya street, 9.

• Kartsov V.S. Lazhechnikov, Ivan Ivanovich // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• F. Livanov, “L. Anniversary” (Modern Izvestia, 1869, No. 100);
• his "Obituary L." (ib., No. 174);
• M. Longinov , “For the biography of Lazhechnikov” (“Russian Archive”, 1869);
• L. Nelyubov, “Yves. L. ”(Russian Bulletin, 1869, No. 10).
• B. L. Modzalevsky. Pushkin and Lazhechnikov
• Gracheva I. V. "Much has been said about the year 1812 ..." // Moscow Journal. - 2012. - No. 8 . - S. 2-7 .

• Ivan Ivanovich Lazhechnikov in the library of Maxim Moshkov
• Ivan Ivanovich Lazhechnikov at the Aldebaran Library
• Lazhechnikovs in the Tver province