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Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich

Count (1811), Serene Highness Prince (1812) Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov ( September 5 [16], 1745 , St. Petersburg - April 16 [28], 1813 , Bunzlau ) - Russian commander, statesman and diplomat, field marshal of the kind Golenishchev-Kutuzov , participant in the Russian-Turkish wars, commander in chief of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812 . Kazan , Vyatka and Lithuanian Governor-General , St. Petersburg and Kiev Military Governor . Plenipotentiary Ambassador in Turkey . The first full holder of the Order of St. George . Since 1812 it was called the Most Holy Prince Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky .

Mikhail Illarionovich
Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky
Kutuzov by Volkov.jpg
Portrait of M.I. Kutuzov. R. M. Volkov , between 1812 and 1830
NicknameOld fox of the North
( French Le vieux renard du Nord )
Date of BirthSeptember 5 (16), 1745 ( 1745-09-16 )
Place of BirthSaint Petersburg , Russian Empire
Date of deathApril 16 (28), 1813 ( 1813-04-28 ) (67 years old)
Place of deathBunzlau , Silesia , Prussia (now Boleslawiec , Poland )
Affiliation Russian empire
Type of army
Years of service1759 - 1813
RankField Marshal
Commanded

Lugansk pike regiment ,
Mariupol light-regiment ,
Bug Jaeger Corps ,
Director of the Imperial land gentry cadet corps ,
Kazan Governor General
Vyatka Governor General
Lithuanian Governor General ,
St. Petersburg Military Governor
Kiev Military Governor
Danube army

Russian army
Battles / wars

Battle of the Pockmarked Graves
Battle of Larg
The Battle of Cahul
Kinburn battle
Storm Ochakova ,
The assault of Ishmael
Machinsky battle
The Battle of Krems
Battle of Austerlitz
Battle of Ruschuk ,
Battle of Slobodzee
Battle of Borodino ,
Tarutin battle
The battle of Maloyaroslavets ,

Battle of Red
Awards and prizes
Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called with diamond signs
RUS Imperial Order of Saint George ribbon.svgOrder of St. George II degreeOrder of St. George III degreeOrder of St. George IV degree
RUS Imperial Order of Saint Vladimir ribbon.svgRUS Imperial Order of Saint Vladimir ribbon.svgRUS Imperial Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky ribbon.svgOrder of St. Anne of I degree
RUS Order of Saint John of Jerusalem ribbon.svgGold weapon decorated with diamonds

Foreign:

Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria TheresaOrder of the Black Eagle - Ribbon bar.svgOrder of the Red Eagle, 1st degree
AutographKutuzov Mikhail autograph.svg

Pupil and associate of A.V. Suvorov .

Start of Service

The son of Lieutenant General Illarion Matveyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1717-1784) and his wife Anna Illarionovna, born in 1728. According to archival documents, her father was a retired captain Bedrinsky [1] .

Until recently, the year of birth of Kutuzov was considered to be 1745, as indicated on his grave. But the data contained in a number of formulary lists of 1769, 1785, 1791 and in private letters indicate the possibility of attributing his birth to 1747 [2] [3] . It is 1747 that is indicated as the year of birth of M. I. Kutuzov in his later biographies [4] [5] .

From the age of seven, Mikhail studied at home, and in July 1759 he was sent to the Artillery and Engineering Noble School , where his father taught artillery sciences. Already in December of the same year, Kutuzov received the rank of conductor of the 1st class with swearing and salary. A capable young man was involved in training officers.

In February 1761, Mikhail graduated from high school and, on the recommendation of Count Shuvalov, with the rank of ensign engineer, was left with her to teach pupils mathematics [6] . Five months later he became the adjutant wing of the Revel Governor-General of Prince Holstein-Bek .

Quickly managing the office of Holstein-Beksky, he managed to quickly earn the rank of captain in 1762. In the same year he was appointed company commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment , which at that time was commanded by Colonel A.V. Suvorov .

Since 1764, was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant-General I.I. Weimarn , commanded the small detachments operating against the Polish Confederates .

In 1767 he was involved in the work of the “ Commission on the compilation of a new Code ”, an important legal and philosophical document of the 18th century that enshrined the foundations of an “ enlightened monarchy ”. Apparently, Mikhail Kutuzov was involved as a secretary-translator. , as his certificate states that he “speaks and translates French and German very well, he means the author in Latin ”.

In 1770 he was transferred to the first army of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev , located in the south, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.

Russian-Turkish Wars

Of great importance in the formation of Kutuzov as a military leader was the combat experience accumulated by him during the Russian-Turkish wars of the 2nd half of the 18th century under the leadership of generals P. A. Rumyantsev and A. V. Suvorov . During the Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Kutuzov took part in the battles at the Ryaboy Grave ( June 17 (28), 1770 ), Larg ( July 7 (18), 1770 ) and Cahul ( July 21 ( August 1 ) 1770 ). For the difference in battles was promoted to prime majors . In the post of chief quartermaster (chief of staff) of the corps, he was an assistant commander and for success in the battle at Popesty in December 1771 he received the rank of lieutenant colonel .

In 1772, a case occurred that, according to contemporaries, had a great influence on the character of Kutuzov. In a close comradely circle, the 25-year-old Kutuzov allowed himself to imitate the commander-in-chief Rumyantsev. The field marshal found out about this, and Kutuzov was sent to the 2nd Crimean Army under the command of Prince V. M. Dolgorukov . Apparently, from that time he developed considerable restraint and caution, he learned to hide thoughts and feelings, that is, acquired the qualities that became characteristic of his future commander’s activity. According to another version, the reason for Kutuzov’s transfer to the 2nd army was the words of Catherine II repeated by him about His Grace Prince G. A. Potemkin , that the prince was brave not with his mind, but with his heart.

In July 1774, Haji Ali Bey landed with troops in Alushta , but the Turks were not allowed to go deep into the Crimea . On July 24 ( August 4 ), 1774 , a three-thousand-strong Russian detachment knocked out Turkish troops, which strengthened in Alushta and near the village of Shuma [7] . Kutuzov, who commanded the Grenadier Battalion of the Moscow Legion , was badly wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and left his right eye, which "squandered", but his vision remained, contrary to popular belief. The Commander-in-Chief of the Crimean Army, General-General Chef V.M. Dolgorukov, in a report on victory in that battle, wrote:

... Wounded: of the Moscow Legion, Lieutenant Colonel Golenishchev-Kutuzov, who brought his grenadier battalion, consisting of new and young people, to such perfection that he was superior to the old soldiers in dealing with the enemy. This head officer received a wound by a bullet which, having struck between the eye and the temple, entered the passage in the same place on the other side of the face.

- Report of the Commander-in-Chief of the Crimean Army, General-General Chef V. M. Dolgorukov, Catherine II of July 28, 1774 [8]

According to the head of neurosurgical research at the Barrow Neurological Institute, Mark Prel, the frontal lobe of the brain was injured in Kutuzov as a result of a wound in the Crimea. The French surgeon Jean Massot, who, according to Prela, was one of the pioneers of neurosurgery and managed to use methods that are used by neurosurgeons today, was able to save the life of the colonel and preserve his vision and mind. According to researchers, this wound in many respects predetermined the military leadership glory of Kutuzov and his non-standard ways of thinking [9] . In memory of this wound in the Crimea there is a monument - Kutuzovsky fountain .

The empress awarded Kutuzov the Order of St. George 4th grade and sent for treatment to Austria , taking on all the costs of the trip. Kutuzov used two years of treatment to supplement his military education. During his stay in Regensburg in 1776 he joined the Masonic lodge “To the Three Keys” [10] . Upon returning to Russia in 1776, Kutuzov was again in military service. At first he formed parts of the light cavalry, in 1777 he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Lugansk pike regiment , with which he was in Azov . He was transferred to the Crimea in 1783 with the rank of brigadier with the appointment of the commander of the Mariupol light-regiment .

 
Portrait of M. I. Kutuzov in the uniform of Colonel Lugansk Pike Regiment . C. 1777

In November 1784 he received the rank of Major General after the successful suppression of the uprising in the Crimea. Since 1785 he was the commander of the same formed Bug Jaeger Corps . Commanding the corps and training the rangers, he developed new tactics for them and set them out in a special instruction. He covered the border along the Bug with the corps when the second war broke out with Turkey in 1787. On October 1 (12), 1787 , he took part under the command of Suvorov in the battle of Kinburn [11] , when the 5,000th Turkish landing was almost completely destroyed.

In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakovo , where in August he was secondarily seriously wounded in the head [12] . This time, the bullet went almost along the old channel. “One must think that Providence saves this man for something unusual, because he was healed of two wounds, of which each is fatal,” wrote Prince de Lin, who was in the Russian army. Mikhail Illarionovich survived and in 1789 took a separate corps, which he fought at Causeni ( September 13 (24), 1789 ), took Ackerman ( September 28 ( October 9 ) 1789 ) and Bender ( November 3 (14) 1789 ) [13] .

On December 11 (22), 1790 , he distinguished himself during the assault and capture of Ishmael , where he commanded the 6th convoy marching on the attack. A.V. Suvorov described the actions of General Kutuzov in the report:

By showing himself a personal example of courage and fearlessness, he overcame under the strong fire of the enemy all the difficulties he encountered; jumped through the palisade, warned the desire of the Turks, quickly took off on the fortress shaft, took possession of the bastion and many batteries ... General Kutuzov was walking on my left wing; but was right with my hand.

According to legend, when Kutuzov sent a messenger to Suvorov with a report about the impossibility to stay on the rampart, he received a response from Suvorov that a messenger had already been sent to Petersburg with the news of Empress Catherine II about the capture of Ishmael.

After the capture of Izmail Kutuzov was promoted to lieutenant general, awarded with George the 3rd degree and appointed commandant of the fortress. Reflecting the Turks' attempts to seize Ishmael, on June 4 (15), 1791, with a sudden blow, he defeated the 23-thousandth army of Seraskir Ahmet Pasha at Babadag [11] . In the battle of Machinsky on June 28 ( July 9 ), 1791 under the command of N. V. Repnin, Kutuzov dealt a crushing blow to the right flank of the Turkish troops. For the victory near Machin, Kutuzov was awarded the Order of George of the 2nd degree.

Late 18th Century

In 1792, Kutuzov, commanding the corps, took part in the Russian-Polish war and the next year he was sent as ambassador to Turkey, where he decided a number of important issues in favor of Russia and significantly improved Russian-Turkish relations. While in Constantinople , he visited the Sultan's harem, a visit to which men was punishable by death. Sultan Selim III preferred not to notice the insolence of the ambassador of the mighty Catherine II [14] .

Upon returning to Russia, Kutuzov managed to gain confidence in the all-powerful at that time favorite P. A. Zubov . Referring to the skills acquired in Turkey, he came to Zubov an hour before his awakening, in a special way to brew coffee for him, which he then attributed to the favorite in full view of many visitors [15] . This apparently played a role in the appointment of Kutuzov in 1795 as the commander in chief of all the ground forces, flotilla and fortresses in Finland , simultaneously, the Kazan and Vyatka governor-general and director of the Imperial land gentry cadet corps .

Kutuzov did much to improve the training of officers: he taught tactics, military history and other disciplines. Catherine II daily invited him to her company, he spent with her the last evening before her death.

Unlike many close associates of the empress, Kutuzov managed to stay under the new emperor Paul I and remained with him until the last day of his life (including having dinner with him on the eve of the murder ) [16] . In 1798 he was promoted to general from infantry . He successfully completed a diplomatic mission in Prussia : during his two months in Berlin, he managed to draw her to the side of Russia in the fight against France . September 27, 1799, Paul I was appointed commander of the expeditionary force in the Netherlands instead of the infantry general I.I. German , who was defeated by the French under Bergen and captured. He was awarded the Order of St. John of Jerusalem . On the way to Holland he was recalled to Russia. In 1799-1801 he was the Governor-General of Lithuania . September 8, 1800, on the day of the end of military maneuvers in the vicinity of Gatchina , Emperor Paul I personally handed Kutuzov the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called [11] . Upon the accession of Alexander I, he was appointed the St. Petersburg and Vyborg military governor, as well as the manager of the civilian unit in these provinces and the inspector of the Finnish Inspectorate.

In 1802, having fallen into disgrace to Tsar Alexander I , Kutuzov was removed from his posts and sent to live in his estate in Goroshki (now Khoroshev , Ukraine, Zhytomyr Region), while continuing to be assigned to the active military service as the chief of the Pskov Musketeer Regiment .

War with Napoleon 1805

 
Portrait of Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov . D. Dow , 1829

In 1804, Russia joined the coalition to fight Napoleon , and in 1805 the Russian government sent two armies to Austria; Kutuzov was appointed commander in chief of one of them. In August 1805, the 50,000th Russian army under his command moved to Austria. The Austrian army, which did not have time to unite with Russian troops, was defeated by Napoleon in October 1805 near Ulm . Kutuzov’s army was one on one with the enemy, who had significant superiority in forces.

Preserving troops, Kutuzov in October 1805 made a retreat marching maneuver 425 km long from Braunau to Olmütz and defeating I. Murat near Amstetten ( October 24 ( November 5 ) 1805 ) and E. Mortier near Krems ( October 30 ( November 11 ) 1805 ), withdrew its troops from the threat of the environment. This march went down in the history of military art as a wonderful example of strategic maneuver. From Olmutz (now Olomouc ), Kutuzov proposed to withdraw the army to the Russian border, so that, after the approach of Russian reinforcements and the Austrian army from Northern Italy , go over to the counteroffensive.

Contrary to the opinion of Kutuzov, and at the insistence of the emperors Alexander I and the Austrian Franz II , inspired by the small but still numerical superiority over the French, the allied armies went on the offensive. On November 20 ( December 2 ), 1805 , the Battle of Austerlitz took place , ending in a crushing defeat for the Russians and Austrians. Kutuzov was wounded by a splinter in the cheek, and also lost his son-in-law, Count Tiesenhausen . Alexander I did not publicly blame Kutuzov and even awarded him in February 1806 the Order of St. Vladimir of the 1st degree. But he did not forgive him for the defeat, believing that Kutuzov thereby put the king in his place. In a letter to his sister dated September 18, 1812, Alexander I, expressing his attitude to the commander, noted: “ according to the memory, it happened during Austerlitz because of a lie Kutuzov’s character . ”

Third War with Turkey

 
M.I. Kutuzov. D. Hopwood, 1813

In September 1806, Kutuzov was appointed Kiev Military Governor . In March 1809 he was sent by the corps commander to the Danube Army. However, due to disagreements regarding the further conduct of the war with the Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal A. A. Prozorovsky , in July Kutuzov was appointed Lithuanian Governor-General . In 1811, when the war with Turkey came to a standstill, and the foreign policy situation required effective action, Alexander I appointed Kutuzov commander in chief of the Danube army instead of the deceased Kamensky . In early April 1811, Kutuzov arrived in Bucharest and took command of the army, weakened by the recall of divisions to defend the western border. He found in the entire space of conquered lands less than thirty thousand troops with which he had to defeat one hundred thousand Turks located in the Balkan Mountains.

В Рущукском сражении 22 июня ( 4 июля ) 1811 года (15—20 тысяч русских войск против 60 тысяч турок) он нанёс противнику сокрушительное поражение, положившее начало разгрому турецкой армии. Кутузов отвёл свою армию на левый берег Дуная , заставив противника в преследовании оторваться от своих баз. Он блокировал переправившуюся через Дунай под Слободзеей часть турецкой армии, а сам в начале октября послал корпус генерала Маркова через Дунай, чтобы тот напал на оставшихся на южном берегу турок. Марков обрушился на неприятельскую базу, овладел ею и взял под обстрел захваченных турецких пушек главный лагерь великого визиря Ахмеда-ага за рекой. Скоро в окружённом лагере начались голод и болезни. Ахмед-ага скрытно покинул армию, оставив вместо себя пашу Чабан-оглу. Ещё до капитуляции турок именным Высочайшим указом, от 29 октября ( 10 ноября ) 1811 года главнокомандующий Дунайской армией, генерал от инфантерии Михаил Илларионович Голенищев-Кутузов был возведён, с нисходящим его потомством, в графское Российской империи достоинство. 23 ноября ( 5 декабря ) 1811 года Чабан-оглу сдал графу Голенищеву-Кутузову 35-тысячную армию с 56 орудиями. Турция была вынуждена вступить в переговоры о мире.

Стягивая к русским границам свои корпуса, Наполеон рассчитывал, что союз с султаном, который он заключил весной 1812 года, скуёт силы русских на юге. Но 16 (28) мая 1812 в Бухаресте Кутузов заключил мир, по которому Бессарабия с частью Молдавии переходила к России ( Бухарестский мирный договор 1812 года ). Это была крупная военная и дипломатическая победа России, сместившая в лучшую для нее сторону стратегическую обстановку к началу Отечественной войны . По заключении мира Дунайскую армию возглавил адмирал Чичагов , а Кутузов был отозван в Санкт-Петербург, где по решению чрезвычайного комитета министров был назначен командующим войсками для обороны Петербурга.

Отечественная война 1812 года и Заграничный поход

 
Военный совет в Филях. А. Д. Кившенко , 1880 г.

В июле, то есть в самом начале Отечественной войны 1812 года, Кутузов был избран начальником Петербургского, а затем Московского ополчения. На первом этапе Отечественной войны 1-я и 2-я Западные русские армии отступали под натиском превосходящих сил Наполеона. Неудачный ход войны побуждал дворянство требовать назначения командующего, который бы пользовался доверием в обществе.

Ещё до оставления русскими войсками Смоленска Александр I назначил генерала от инфантерии Кутузова главнокомандующим всеми русскими армиями и ополчениями. За 10 дней до назначения именным Высочайшим указом, от 29 июля ( 10 августа ) 1812 года граф Михаил Илларионович Голенищев-Кутузов был возведён, с нисходящим его потомством, в княжеское Российской империи достоинство, с титулом светлости.

Назначение Кутузова вызвало патриотический подъём в народе и в армии. Сам Кутузов, как и в 1805 году, не был настроен на безоглядные сражения с Наполеоном. Так, по одному свидетельству, он сказал: « Мы Наполеона не победим. Мы его обманем. » [17]

17 (29) августа Кутузов принял армию от Барклая-де-Толли в селе Царёво-Займище Смоленской губернии . Значительное превосходство противника в силах и отсутствие резервов вынуждали Кутузова отступать в глубь страны, что напоминало стратегию его предшественника.

 
Кутузов перед битвой при Бородино. Литография Н. С. Самокиша . 1912

Получив незначительные подкрепления, Кутузов решил дать Наполеону генеральное сражение, первое и единственное Бородинское сражение . Одна из крупнейших битв XIX века произошла 26 августа ( 7 сентября ) 1812 года.

За день боя русская армия нанесла тяжёлые потери наступавшим французским войскам, но при этом потеряла до 30 % личного состава. Ожидалось, что сражение продолжится 27 августа, но выяснилось, что для продолжения боя потери обеих сторон были слишком велики.

Кутузов принял решение отойти с бородинской позиции. Хотя поле боя оставалось, тем самым, за врагом, но, как показали дальнейшие события, именно с Бородина начинается поражение агрессора, выразившееся в его скором бегстве из России. Имея это в виду, Бородинское сражение означало победу русской армии. Это и утверждал Кутузов.

После совещания в Филях (ныне район Москвы) русская армия оставила Москву. Тем не менее, 30 августа ( 11 сентября ) Кутузов был произведён в генерал-фельдмаршалы .

А. С. Пушкин

Перед гробницею святой
Стою с поникшею главой...
Все спит кругом; одни лампады
Во мраке храма золотят
Столпов гранитные громады
И их знамен нависший ряд.

Под ними спит сей властелин,
Сей идол северных дружин,
Маститый страж страны державной,
Смиритель всех её врагов,
Сей остальной из стаи славной
Екатерининских орлов.

В твоем гробу восторг живёт!
Он русский глас нам издаёт;
Он нам твердит о той године,
Когда народной веры глас
Воззвал к святой твоей седине:
«Иди, спасай!» Ты встал — и спас...

Внемли ж и днесь наш верный глас,
Встань и спасай царя и нас,
О старец грозный! На мгновенье
Явись у двери гробовой,
Явись, вдохни восторг и рвенье
Полкам, оставленным тобой!

Явись и дланию своей
Нам укажи в толпе вождей,
Кто твой наследник, твой избранный!
Но храм — в молчанье погружен,
И тих твоей могилы бранной
Невозмутимый, вечный сон...

1831

После ухода из Москвы Кутузов к началу октября скрытно совершил фланговый Тарутинский манёвр , выведя армию к селу Тарутино . Русская армия, оказавшись южнее и западнее французской армии, закрыла ей пути в южные районы России, незатронутые войной.

Потерпев неудачу в заключении мира с Александром I и убедившись в прогрессирующем развале своей армии, Наполеон 7 (19) октября начал уход из Москвы. Он пытался вывести армию в Смоленск южным путём через Калугу , где имелись запасы продовольствия и фуража , но 12 (24) октября в сражении за Малоярославец был остановлен русскими войсками и стал отступать по разорённой Смоленской дороге. Русские войска фактически перешли в контрнаступление, хотя Кутузов избегал фронтальных сражений с использованием больших масс войск. Все более беспорядочно откатывавшаяся армия Наполеона оказалась беспомощной перед многочисленными фланговыми ударами регулярных и партизанских отрядов. Благодаря стратегии Кутузова огромная наполеоновская армия была практически полностью уничтожена.

Кутузов не раз подвергался критике за его предпочтение иметь верную победу с сравнительно малыми потерями — в ущерб громкой славе. По отзывам современников и историков, он ни с кем не делился своими замыслами, его слова нередко расходились с приказами по армии, так что истинные побудительные причины действий прославленного полководца дают возможность различных толкований.

Высочайшим указом от 6 ( 18 ) декабря 1812 года «генерал-фельдмаршалу светлейшему князю Михаилу Илларионовичу Голенищеву-Кутузову» было пожаловано наименование «Смоленский». Кутузов был удостоен ордена Св. Георгия 1-й степени, став первым в истории ордена полным кавалером.

Наполеон часто презрительно высказывался о противостоящих ему полководцах, при этом не стесняясь в выражениях. Характерно, что он избегал давать публичныe оценки командованию Кутузова в Отечественной войне, предпочитая возлагать вину за полное уничтожение своей армии на «суровую русскую зиму» . Отношение Наполеона к Кутузову просматривается в личном письме, написанном Наполеоном из Москвы 3 октября 1812 с целью начала мирных переговоров:

«Посылаю к Вам одного из Моих генерал-адъютантов для переговоров о многих важных делах. Хочу, чтоб Ваша Светлость поверили тому, что он Вам скажет, особенно, когда он выразит Вам чувства уважения и особого внимания, которые Я с давних пор питаю к Вам. Не имея сказать ничего другого этим письмом, молю Всевышнего, чтобы он хранил Вас, князь Кутузов, под своим священным и благим покровом». [18]

 
Похороны М. И. Кутузова. Гравюра М. Н. Воробьёва, 1814 г.
 
Место захоронения М.И. Кутузова в Казанском соборе Санкт-Петербурга

В январе 1813 года русские войска перешли границу — начался Заграничный поход русской армии 1813—1814 годов . Кутузов продолжал оставаться главнокомандующим, хотя и был против продолжения войны на территории Европы и свержения Наполеона [11] , не желая усиливать Англию, так как он считал её будущим врагом. К концу февраля русские войска достигли Одера . К апрелю 1813 войска вышли к Эльбе . 4—6 апреля главнокомандующий простудился и слёг в небольшом силезском городке Бунцлау (Пруссия, ныне территория Польши). По преданию, опровергнутому историками [11] [19] , Александр I прибыл проститься с очень ослабевшим фельдмаршалом. За ширмами около постели, на которой лежал Кутузов, находился состоявший при нём чиновник Крупенников. Последний диалог Кутузова, якобы подслушанный Крупенниковым и переданный гофмейстером Толстым: « Прости меня, Михаил Илларионович! » — « Я прощаю, государь, но Россия вам этого никогда не простит » [20] . На следующий день, 16 (28) апреля 1813 , князя Кутузова не стало. Тело его было забальзамировано и отправлено в Санкт-Петербург. Путь был дальний — через Познань, Ригу, Нарву — и занял больше месяца. Несмотря на такой запас времени, сразу по прибытии похоронить фельдмаршала в русской столице не получилось: всё необходимое для погребения в Казанском соборе должным образом подготовить не успели. Поэтому прославленного полководца отправили «на временное хранение» — гроб с телом 18 суток простоял посреди церкви в Троице-Сергиевой пу́стыни в нескольких верстах от Петербурга. Похороны в Казанском соборе состоялись в пятницу 13 ( 25 ) июня 1813 [21] .

Император сохранил за женой Кутузова полное содержание мужа, а в 1814 году велел министру финансов Гурьеву выдать более 300 тысяч рублей на погашение долгов семьи полководца.

Участие в масонстве

Посвящён в 1779 году в немецкой масонской ложе «Три ключа» ( Ратисбонн ). Член московских лож «Сфинкс» и «Трёх знамён». Также принимал участие в собраниях масонских лож Петербурга, Франкфурта, Берлина. Имел высшие степени посвящения в Шведской системе . В масонстве имел имя — «Вечнозеленеющий лавр» [22] .

Criticism

« По своим стратегическим и тактическим дарованиям… не равен Суворову и подавно не равен Наполеону », — характеризовал Кутузова историк Е. Тарле [11] [23] .

Суворов о Кутузове сказал: « Умён, умён, хитёр, хитёр… Никто его не обманет ». Военный талант Кутузова ставился под сомнение после аустерлицкого разгрома, а во время войны 1812 года его обвиняли в стремлении построить Наполеону « золотой мост » для выхода из России с остатками армии [10] . Критические отзывы о Кутузове-полководце принадлежат не только его известному сопернику и недоброжелателю Беннигсену , но и другим предводителям русской армии в 1812 году — Н. Н. Раевскому , А. П. Ермолову , П. И. Багратиону : « Хорош и сей гусь, который назван и князем и вождём! Теперь пойдут у вождя нашего сплетни бабьи и интриги », — так отреагировал Багратион на известие о назначении Кутузова главнокомандующим [11] [24] . « Кунктаторство » Кутузова фактически стало продолжением стратегической линии, избранной в начале войны Барклаем-де-Толли : « Я ввёз колесницу на гору, а с горы она скатится сама при малейшем руководстве », — бросил, уезжая из армии, Барклай [25] .

Что до личных качеств Кутузова, то еще при жизни его критиковали за угодливость, проявлявшуюся в подобострастном отношении к царским фаворитам [26] , за чрезмерное пристрастие к женскому полу.

Семья и род

 
Свадебный портрет жены полководца (1777)

Дворянский род Голенищевых-Кутузовых ведёт своё происхождение от «мужа честна» Гавриила, по сказаниям древних родословцев, выехавшего «из Прус» в Новгород в княжение Александра Невского в 1-й половине XIII века.

Правнук его — Александр Прокшич (по прозванию Кутуз) — стал родоначальником Кутузовых, а внук Кутуза — Василий Ананиевич (прозванием Голенище) — был новгородским посадником в 1471 году и родоначальником Голенищевых-Кутузовых. Сын его Иван Васильевич был воеводою московского великого княжества (1506). В XVII веке Голенищевы-Кутузовы служили стольниками, стряпчими, дворянами московскими и бывали на второстепенных воеводствах.

Дед М. И. Кутузова дослужился до капитана, отец до генерал-поручика, а Михаил Илларионович заслужил потомственное княжеское достоинство. Илларион Матвеевич похоронен в деревне Теребени Опочецкого района в особом склепе. Сейчас на месте захоронения стоит церковь, в подвальных помещениях которой в XX веке обнаружен склеп. Экспедиция телепроекта «Искатели» выяснила, что тело Иллариона Матвеевича мумифицировалось и благодаря этому хорошо сохранилось. [27]

Кутузов венчался в Петербурге 27 апреля 1778 года в соборе Св. Исаакия Далматского , поручителями его были А. И. Воейков и И. Л. Голенищев-Кутузов [28] . Супруга его Екатерина Ильинична (1754—1824) была дочерью генерал-поручика Ильи Александровича Бибикова и родной сестрой А. И. Бибикова , крупного государственного и военного деятеля, маршала Уложенной комиссии , главнокомандующего в борьбе с польскими конфедератами и при подавлении Пугачёвского бунта , друга А. Суворова [29] . Родила в счастливом браке пятерых дочерей (единственный сын Николай умер от оспы в младенчестве, похоронен в Елисаветграде (сейчас Кропивницкий ) на территории Собора Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы ). Их дочери:

  • Прасковья ( 1777 — 1844 ), супруга Матвея Фёдоровича Толстого (1772—1815);
  • Анна ( 1782 — 1846 ), супруга Николая Захаровича Хитрово ( 1779 — 1827 );
  • Елизавета ( 1783 — 1839 ), в первом браке супруга Фёдора Ивановича Тизенгаузена ( 1782 — 1805 ); во втором — Николая Хитрово (1771—1819);
  • Екатерина ( 1787 — 1826 ) — супруга князя Николая Даниловича Кудашева (1786—1813); во втором — Ильи Степановича Сарочинского (1788/89—1854);
  • Дарья ( 1788 — 1854 ), супруга Фёдора Петровича Опочинина (1779—1852).
  •  

    Прасковья

  •  

    Anna

  •  

    Elizabeth

  •  

    Daria

У Лизы первый муж погиб, сражаясь под командованием Кутузова, у Кати первый муж также погиб в сражении. Так как фельдмаршал не оставил потомства по мужской линии, фамилия Голенищева-Кутузова в 1859 г. была передана его внуку генерал-майору П. М. Толстому , сыну Прасковьи.

Породнился Кутузов и с императорским домом: его правнучка Дарья Константиновна Опочинина ( 1844 — 1870 ) стала женой Евгения Максимилиановича Лейхтенбергского .

Военные чины и звания

  • Фурьер в Инженерной школе (1759)
  • Капрал (10.10.1759)
  • Каптенармус (20.10.1759)
  • Инженер -кондуктор (10.12.1759)
  • Инженер - прапорщик (01.01.1761)
  • Captain (08.21.1762)
  • Prime Minister for distinction under Larg (07/07/1770)
  • Lieutenant Colonel for honoring Popesty (12/08/1771)
  • Colonel (06.28.1777)
  • Foreman (06/28/1782)
  • Major General (11.24.1784)
  • Lieutenant General for the capture of Ishmael (03.25.1791)
  • General from Infantry (04.01.1798)
  • Field Marshal for the distinction at Borodino 08/26/1812 (08/30/1812)

Rewards

 
The last lifetime portrait of M.I. Kutuzov, depicted with a ribbon of the Order of St. George, 1st degree. R. M. Volkov, 1813
  • M.I. Kutuzov became the first of four full St. George cavaliers in the history of the order.
    • Order of St. George 4th class (11.26.1775, No. 222) - “For the courage and courage shown in the attack of the Turkish troops, who made an landing on the Crimean coast at Alushta . Being harnessed to take possession of an enemy retrangement, to which he led his battalion with such fearlessness that a large enemy fled, where he received a very dangerous wound ”
    • Order of St. George 3rd class (03.25.1791, No. 77) - “ In respect of the diligent service and excellent courage shown by the seizure of the city and fortress of Ishmael with the extermination of the former Turkish army there ”
    • Order of St. George of the 2nd class (03/18/792, No. 28) - “ In respect of diligent service, the brave and courageous feats with which he distinguished himself in the battle of Machin and the defeat by Russian troops under the command of General Prince N. V. Repnin, a large Turkish army
    • Order of St. George 1st class (12.12.1812, No. 10) - “ For the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from the borders of Russia in 1812 ”
  • Order of St. Anne of the 1st degree - for distinction in the battles near Ochakov (04/21/1789) [11]
  • Order of St. Vladimir , 2nd class - for the successful formation of the Bug Jaeger Corps (06.1789)
  • Order of St. Alexander Nevsky - for battles with the Turks near Babadag (07.27.1791) [11]
  • Order of St. John of Jerusalem , Grand Commander's Cross (10/04/1799)
  • Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (09/08/1800) [11]
  • Order of St. Vladimir , 1st degree - for battles with the French in 1805 (02.24.1806)
  • Portrait of Emperor Alexander I with diamonds for wearing on his chest (07/18/1811)
  • Golden sword with diamonds and laurels - for the battle of Tarutino (10.16.1812)
  • Diamond signs to the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (12.12.1812)

Foreign:

  • Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa 1st degree (02.11.1805)
  • Prussian Order of the Black Eagle (1813)
  • Prussian Order of the Red Eagle 1st degree (1813)

Memory

 
Kutuzov’s house on the Neva embankment in St. Petersburg , from which he left for the army in 1812 (30, Kutuzov emb. - belonged to his daughter)
 
Obelisk of Kutuzov on the Borodino field, architect P. A. Vorontsov-Veliaminov
  • During the Great Patriotic War , the Order of Kutuzov of the 1st, 2nd (July 29, 1942) and 3rd (February 8, 1943) degrees was established in the USSR . He was awarded about 7 thousand people and entire military units. In modern Russia, there is also the Kutuzov Order , in a similar design, but to the same degree.
  • In honor of M. I. Kutuzov was named one of the cruisers of the Navy of the USSR.
  • The asteroid 2492 Kutuzov is named after M.I. Kutuzov .
  • A.S. Pushkin in 1831 dedicated the poem “Before the Holy Sepulcher” to the commander, writing it in a letter to Kutuzov’s daughter Elizabeth. In honor of Kutuzov, poems by G. R. Derzhavin , V. A. Zhukovsky and other poets were created.
  • The famous fabulist I. A. Krylov, during the life of the commander, composed the fable “The Wolf at the Doghouse”, where in an allegorical form depicted Kutuzov’s struggle with Napoleon.
  • In Moscow there are Kutuzovsky Prospekt (laid in 1957-1963, including Novodorogomilovskaya Street, part of Mozhaiskoye Highway and Kutuzovskaya Sloboda Street), Kutuzovsky Lane and Kutuzovsky Proezd (named in 1912), Kutuzovo Station (opened in 1908) at Moscow Okruzhna railway, metro station " Kutuzovskaya " (opened in 1958), Kutuzova street (preserved from the former city of Kuntsev).
  • In St. Petersburg there is a Kutuzov embankment (named in 1945), on which there is house 30, which belonged to the Kutuzov family at the beginning of the 19th century (at that time - part of the Palace Embankment ).
  • In many cities of Russia, as well as in other former republics of the USSR (for example, in the Ukrainian Izmail , Moldavian Tiraspol ) there are streets named after M.I. Kutuzov.
  • Since February 2018, the name of Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov has been bearing one of the control rooms of the National Defense Management Center of the Russian Federation .

Monuments

In memory of the glorious victories of Russian weapons over Napoleon’s army, M. I. Kutuzov erected the following monuments:

  • 1815 - in Bunzlau , at the direction of the King of Prussia.
  • 1824 - The Kutuzov Fountain - a monument fountain to M. I. Kutuzov, is located near Alushta , near the place where Kutuzov was wounded ( Shumy village), during the reflection of the Turkish landing. Initially, the fountain was built in 1804 with the permission of the Tauride Governor D. B. Mertvago, the son of a Turkish officer Ismail-Agi who died in the Battle of Shumsky in memory of his father. It was renamed Kutuzovsky during the construction of the road on the South Coast of Crimea (1824-1826) in memory of the victory of Russian troops in the last battle of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774.
  • 1837 - a monument to Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly in St. Petersburg , in front of the Kazan Cathedral, sculptor B. I. Orlovsky .
  • 1862 - in Veliky Novgorod, on the Monument to the 1000th Anniversary of Russia, among 129 figures of the most outstanding personalities in Russian history, there is a figure of M. I. Kutuzov.
  • 1912 - obelisk on the Borodino field , near the village of Gorki , architect P. A. Vorontsov-Veliaminov .
  • 1953 - in Kaliningrad , sculptor Y. Lukashevich (in 1997 he was transferred to Pravdinsk (formerly Friedland), Kaliningrad Region); in 1995, a new monument to M. I. Kutuzov by the sculptor M. Anikushin was erected in Kaliningrad.
  • 1954 - in Smolensk , at the foot of Cathedral Hill; Authors: sculptor G.I. Motovilov , architect L.M. Polyakov .
  • 1964 - in the rural settlement of Borodino near the State Borodino military-historical museum-reserve ; author: sculptor N.V. Tomsky. The monument (bust) disappeared during the reconstruction of the museum territory in preparation for the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino .
  • 1973 - in Moscow near the panorama museum "Battle of Borodino" , sculptor - N.V. Tomsky .
  • 1997 - in Tiraspol , on Borodino Square in front of the House of Officers of the Russian Army [30] .
  • 2009 - in Bendery , on the territory of the Bendery fortress , in the capture of which Kutuzov took part in 1770 and 1789 .
  • 2012 - in Krasnaya Pakhra , where the headquarters of M. I. Kutuzov was located [31] (on the 200th anniversary of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812).
  • A small monument to Kutuzov was erected in 1959 in the village of Khoroshev ( Zhytomyr Region , Ukraine ), where Kutuzov’s estate was located. The ancient park in which the monument is located also bears the name of M. I. Kutuzov.
  • 2012 - the bust of Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov was installed in Novosibirsk at the garrison House of Officers [32] .
  • There is a small monument to Kutuzov in the city of Brody. Lviv region Ukraine, during the " Euromaidan " it was, by decision of the local city council [33] , dismantled and transferred to the farm [34] .

Monuments in Russia

  •  

    Monument to Kutuzov in Moscow. Sculptor - N.V. Tomsky

  •  

    Monument to Kutuzov in St. Petersburg . Sculptor - B.I. Orlovsky , casting - V.P. Ekimov , architect - K.A. Ton

  •  

    M. I. Kutuzov at the Monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod

Plaques

  • On November 3, 2012, a memorial plaque was installed in Kiev to M. I. Kutuzov [35] (Governor-General of Kiev 1806-1810 [36] ).

In the literature

  • The novel " War and Peace " by L. N. Tolstoy
  • The novel "Kutuzov" (1960) - author L. I. Rakovsky

In philately

  •  

    Artmarks of the Stargorod Zemstvo, 1912

  •  

    Postage stamp USSR, 1962

  •  

    Envelope of the first day dedicated to the 220th anniversary of the exchange of ambassadors on the Dniester

In Numismatics

 
Gold commemorative coin 50 rubles of the Central Bank of Russia in 2012
  • In 2012, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a coin (2 rubles, steel with a nickel plating) from the series “ Generals and Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 ” with a portrait of Field Marshal Kutuzov on the reverse [37] .
  • In 2012, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a gold coin of 50 rubles from the series “ 200th Anniversary of the Victory of Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 ” with the image of Field Marshal Kutuzov on the reverse [38] .

Films

Perhaps the most “textbook” image of Kutuzov on the movie screen was created by Igor Ilyinsky in the film “The Hussar Ballad ” by Eldar Ryazanov , shot for the 150th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812 [39] . As a result, the notion that Kutuzov wore a blindfold on his right eye was widespread, although this is not so [40] .

Kutuzov was played by the following actors:

  • G. Novikov (?) ( War and Peace , Russian Empire, 1915).
  • ?? ( Suvorov , USSR, 1940).
  • Alexey Dikiy ( Kutuzov , USSR, 1943).
  • Oscar Homolka ( War and Peace , USA-Italy, 1956).
  • Polycarp Pavlov (The Battle of Austerlitz , France-Italy-Yugoslavia, 1960).
  • Igor Ilyinsky (The Hussar Ballad , USSR, 1962).
  • Boris Zakhava ( War and Peace , USSR, 1967).
  • Frank Middlemass ( War and Peace , Great Britain, 1972).
  • Evgeny Lebedev (“ Squadron of the Hussars of the Volatile, ” USSR, 1980).
  • Mikhail Kuznetsov ( Bagration , USSR, 1985).
  • Dmitry Suponin ( Adjutants of Love , Russia, 2005).
  • Alexander Novikov ( Favorite , 2005).
  • Vladimir Ilyin ( War and Peace , Russia-France-Germany-Italy-Poland, 2007).
  • Vladimir Simonov (“ Rzhevsky vs. Napoleon ”, Russia-Ukraine, 2012).
  • Sergey Zhuravel ( Ulan Ballad , Russia, 2012).
  • Vladimir Matveev ( Vasilisa , Russia, 2014).
  • Brian Cox ( War and Peace , UK, 2016).

Notes

  1. ↑ This was established on the basis of a study of archival data by L.N. Makeenko, a researcher at the Pskov Museum of History and Art.
  2. ↑ Historians: Kutuzov was born two years later than is commonly believed (October 27, 2015). Date of treatment November 9, 2015.
  3. ↑ Certificate of M.I. Kutuzov for 1761
  4. ↑ Abramov E.P. Biography of M.I. Kutuzov Archived copy of January 25, 2009 on the Wayback Machine .
  5. ↑ II. Golenishchev-Kutuzov and their relatives . Opochka.
  6. ↑ Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky, Mikhail Illarionovich // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 vol.] / Ed. V.F. Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
  7. ↑ Buturlin D.P. Picture of the wars of Russia with Turkey during the reign of Empress Catherine II and Emperor Alexander I: At 2 a.m. - SPb., 1829. - T. I. - P. 97.
  8. ↑ Gerasimov V.E. Tkachenko V.V. Intelligence in the area of ​​the "field of the Battle of Shumsky in 1774" on the territory of the Izobilinsky village council of the Alushta city council of the ARC. (unspecified) .
  9. ↑ Hindu: A wound to the head helped to cope with Napoleon Kutuzov (Russian)
  10. ↑ 1 2 Domestic history: encyclopedia. / Ed. V.L. Yanina . - T. 3. - M .: BDT, 2000 .-- S. 247.
  11. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Troitsky, N. A. Field Marshal Kutuzov: myths and facts. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2002.
  12. ↑ Gankevich, V. Yu. Prince Victor Amadeus Anhalt-Bernburg-Scheimburg-Hoym ally and teacher of Russian commanders - heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 // Russian Empire in Historical Retrospective: Issue. Viii. - Belgorod: GiK, 2013. - S. 34-35.
  13. ↑ Ivchenko L. L. Kutuzov. ZHZL. - M .: Young Guard, 2012.
  14. ↑ The episode is described in the novel by L. Rakovsky “Kutuzov”, its historical authenticity needs to be clarified.
  15. ↑ Geisman P.A. Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky, Mikhail Illarionovich // Russian Biographical Dictionary : in 25 volumes. - SPb. - M. , 1896-1918.
  16. ↑ He also attended his mother’s last supper. A. F. Langeron quotes Kutuzov’s recollection that before leaving the hall, the emperor went to the mirror and said: “What a strange curved mirror: I see myself with a collapsed neck.” See: Kondratenko, A. Life of Rostopchin. - M., 2002 .-- S. 224.
  17. ↑ E.V. Tarle "Napoleon's Invasion of Russia"
  18. ↑ Napoleon - to M.I. Kutuzov. Archived November 12, 2007 on Wayback Machine Letter dated October 3, 1812 from Moscow.
  19. ↑ Alexander I left Bunzlau on April 7, even before the onset of the deadly illness of Kutuzov, and on April 12 he was already in Dresden , where he remained until April 17.
  20. ↑ E.V. Tarle , "Napoleon's Invasion of Russia"
  21. ↑ Bochkov E.A. “The body of the late Field Marshal, His Grace Prince M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov Smolensky for honor to put in the Kazan Cathedral. " (unspecified) .
  22. ↑ S.P. Karpachev Guide to Masonic secrets. 174 pages. - Moscow: Center for Humanitarian Education (TSGO), 2003. ISBN 5-7662-0143-5 .
  23. ↑ http://www.ras.ru/FStorage/download.aspx?Id=78abd6d3-9dea-4691-bc89-72b95a4605cd
  24. ↑ World War II in letters of contemporaries. State Public Historical Library of Russia, 2006.P. 100.
  25. ↑ Troitsky, N.A. Alexander I and Napoleon. Higher School, 1994.S. 207.
  26. ↑ About the notorious coffeepot Zubova was mentioned by Pushkin in “ Notes on Russian History of the 18th Century ”.
  27. ↑ "Searchers", the program "Russian Mummy"
  28. ↑ TsGIA SPb. f.19. Op. 111. d.84. p.15. Metric books of St. Isaac the Dalmatian Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
  29. ↑ See, for example, Usov P., “History of Suvorov”, St. Petersburg, 1900, p. 9
  30. ↑ Monuments of Tiraspol (neopr.) . tv.pgtrk.ru. Date of treatment August 7, 2017.
  31. ↑ Monument to Kutuzov in Krasnaya Pakhra
  32. ↑ Bust of Kutuzov consecrated in Novosibirsk / news.ngs.ru, September 7, 2012
  33. ↑ The monument to Kutuzov in Brody was dismantled under the cries of “Glory to Ukraine!” “News” of 02.25.14.
  34. ↑ “Monuments continue to be demolished in Ukraine,” Radio Liberty , February 25, 2014.
  35. ↑ On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Victory in the Patriotic War of 1812, a memorial plaque to M. I. Kutuzov (unopened) was installed in Kiev (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment November 3, 2012. Archived October 10, 2013.
  36. ↑ KYIV RESPECT HEROES OF THE DOMESTIC WAR 1812 (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment November 3, 2012. Archived February 1, 2014.
  37. ↑ Series: Generals and Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812
  38. ↑ Series: 200th anniversary of the victory of Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812
  39. ↑ Radio ECHO of Moscow :: Not so, 10.13.2012 14:12 Kutuzov: Alexey Kuznetsov
  40. ↑ Public Council for the celebration of the anniversary of 1812

Literature

  • M.I. Kutuzov. Letters, notes. M .: Military Publishing, 1989 (Warrior Glory of the Fatherland).
  • Kutuzov-Golenishchev, Mikhail Illarionovich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
  • Ivchenko L.L. M.I. Kutuzov in Russian historiography. Problems of studying the biography of the commander // French Yearbook 2012: 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812. M., 2012 ..
  • Ivchenko L.L. M.I. Kutuzov. - M .: Young Guard, 2012. - 494 [2] with: silt. (The life of wonderful people: ser. Biogr .; issue 1372).
  • Shishov A. Kutuzov. M: Veche, 2012 .-- 464 p., Ill. - (Great historical figures). - 3000 copies, ISBN 978-5-9533-4653-5

Links

  • M. I. Kutuzov: books, manuscripts, maps, images
  • Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. Traveler and diplomat.
  • Unknown Kutuzov
  • Generals of Russia. Mikhail Kutuzov (Documentary).

Biographies

  • B. G. Kipnis, Role of M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov in the Austerlitz operation
  • Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov - commander and diplomat , article by E.V. Tarle at www.museum.ru.
  • Mikhail Bragin. Kutuzov ( ZhZL series)
  • L. I. Rakovsky, Kutuzov - biography of M. I. Kutuzov: Lenizdat, 1971
  • Bantysh-Kamensky, D.N. 40th Field Marshal Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky // Biographies of Russian Generalissimo and Field Marshal. In 4 parts. Reprint reproduction of the 1840 edition. - M .: Culture , 1991.
  • V. Tkachenko, A. Tkachenko, Kutuzov Fountain. The history of the myth - the wound of M.I. Kutuzov in the Crimea during the battle at der. Noise (Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774).

Bibliography

  • Dictionary of Russian generals, participants in the hostilities against the army of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812-1815. // Russian archive. The history of the Fatherland in the evidence and documents of the XVIII — XX centuries. : Collection. - M .: TRITE studio N. Mikhalkova , 1996. - T. VII . - S. 362-363 . - ISSN 0869-20011 . (Comm. A. A. Podmazo )
  • Glinka V.M. , Pomarnatsky A.V. Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich // Military Gallery of the Winter Palace. - 3rd ed. - L .: Art , 1981. - S. 77-82.
  • Letters of M. I. Kutuzov (reprints) : Russian Antiquity magazine, 1870-1872; same, in the form of electronic text, see ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7. )
  • Report of M.I. Kutuzov to Alexander I about the battle of Borodin
  • Shishkov N. The memory of Prince Smolensky M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov // Russian Archive, 1866. - Issue. 3. - St. 460-474.
  • “The Field Marshal, His Grace Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky and his grave”
  • Golenishchev-Kutuzov , biography on hrono.ru with a selection of historical documents
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Кутузов,_Михаил_Илларионович&oldid=101191819


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