Reversible reactions - chemical reactions that occur simultaneously in two opposite directions (forward and reverse), for example:
- 3H 2 + N 2 β 2NH 3
- N 2 O 4 β 2NO 2
Pressure Effect
With increasing pressure, chemical equilibrium shifts towards the reaction, accompanied by a decrease in the total amount of gases. When lowered - on the contrary.
Effect of concentration of substances
With increasing concentrations of the starting materials, the equilibrium always shifts to the right, and when they decrease, to the left.
With increasing concentrations of final substances, the equilibrium always shifts to the left, and with decreasing - to the right.
Temperature Effects
When the temperature rises, the equilibrium shifts towards the endothermic reaction, and as the temperature decreases, towards the exothermic reaction.
Intercalation
Intercalation is the reversible inclusion (insertion) of a molecule or group between other molecules or groups.
Intercalation in lithium-ion batteries
The charge carrier in a lithium-ion battery is a positively charged lithium ion, which is embedded (intercalated) in the crystal lattice of other materials (for example, in graphite, oxides and metal salts) to form a chemical bond (for example, in graphite to form LiC6, oxides (LiMO2 ) and salt (LiMRON) metal).
Intercalation in Aluminum - Ion Battery
The aluminum-ion battery consists of a metal aluminum anode, a graphite cathode in the form of a foam, and a liquid ion non-flammable electrolyte. The battery works on the principle of electrochemical deposition: aluminum dissolves at the anode, then in the medium of liquid electrolyte the chloroaluminate anions are intercalated into graphite.
See also
- The principle of Le Chatelier - Brown
- Irreversible reactions
Literature
1. Chemistry (grade 10). Shimanovich, Vasilevskaya, Krasitsky, Sechko, Khvalyuk