Ordinary ostrich , or German ostrich , or Ostrich feather , or Velamkuch , or ragweed , or Black fern [1] ( lat. Matteúccia struthiópteris ) - a perennial fern , a species of the genus Ostrich family of Onocleaceae .
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Matteuccia struthiopteris ( L. ) Tod. , 1866 | |||||||||||||||||||
Unpretentious shade-tolerant ornamental plant . It is included in the Red Books of a number of regions of Russia and Ukraine.
Content
Title
The species epithet - struthiopteris - is given according to the similarity of a vayya with an ostrich feather and comes from other Greek. στρουθίον - ostrich , sparrows (decreasing to στρουθός - ostrich , sparrow ) and πτέρις, πτέριδως - fern ; what ultimately means an ostrich fern [2] . N. I. Annenkov believed that the source word was πτερόν - wing [3] .
Annenkov, in addition, gave other Russian folk and dialect names for the ostrich: raven’s wing, klopovnik, kotomozhnik, large fern, black grass fern, river fern, black fern, paport, fern, sapwood, fern, kaparod, kaporko, ostrich grass feather , Schisandra, black grass [3] . These names well reflected plant characteristics such as leaf dimorphism, black stem color [2] , similarity of leaves to the raven wing, and seedlings to a cat (kochedyk - crooked awl used in wicker bast shoes), confined to forest rivers and streams ( river fad), the general view of the plant is a funnel-shaped compartment.
They also used the name “ostrich”, which did not take root and is now replaced by an ostrich [4] .
Distribution and habitat
Circumboreal Holarctic species, widespread in the forest zone and mountain forest belt [5] .
The Japanese botanists M. Kato and K. Iwatsuki, having studied the modern range of the common ostrich and analyzing the morphological similarities of different species of ostrich, have come to the conclusion that the common ostrich may originate from an ancestor in North America , and then settled everywhere in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere [6] .
Now in North America, the species is distributed mainly in the east, from Newfoundland in the north to Lake Erie in the south. In the west of the mainland, in the south of Alaska, only a few locations were noted [7] .
In Europe, it grows from Scandinavia in the north to Croatia and northern Italy in the south (in the 20th century it was found on the slopes of Etna in Sicily [4] ) and from Belgium in the west to the Baltic states , Belarus and Ukraine in the east. In Central Europe is rare.
In Asia, the species is found in the Caucasus ( Azerbaijan and Georgia ), in the north of Iran , in Northeast China ( Henan , Inner Mongolia , Shanxi , Sichuan , Yunnan ), on the Korean Peninsula and in Japan ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku ).
It is also distributed in Russia (the European part , the North Caucasus , Dagestan , Buryatia , Transbaikal and Krasnoyarsk Territories , Altai , Tyva , Irkutsk and Tyumen Regions , Amur and Primorye , Kamchatka and Sakhalin ) and neighboring countries.
It grows in moist places at the bottom of ravines, banks of forest rivers and streams, in floodplains almost throughout the forest zone. Mesophyte and hygrophyte . Mesotroph and eutroph .
Guard Status
It is included in the Red Books of Bryansk , Volgograd , Vologda, Voronezh , Kursk , Magadan , Murmansk , Samara , Saratov , Smolensk regions, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) , Moscow .
In Ukraine, it is protected in the Zhytomyr , Lviv , Rivne , Sumy and Kharkov regions.
Biological Description
Large fern with a thick vertical rhizome .
The leaves are dimorphic. Vegetative sterile photosynthetic leaves ( trophophylles ) up to one and a half (in Europe) or four meters (in Asia), double-divided, form a funnel, in the center of which are located the shorter once pinnate [8] fertile spore-bearing leaves ( sporophylls ) with cylindrical segments, inside of which soruses are hidden [9] . Sporophylls appear later than trophophylls; in appearance they resemble an ostrich feather (hence the Russian name) [10] . The edges of the spore-bearing leaf segments are folded up to the middle vein, which provides protection to rounded soruses located at the ends of the branches of the veins. The ostrich sporophylls are first light green, then turn dark brown, contrasting with their coloration with light green sterile leaves. In the fall, sterile leaves wither, and spore-bearing leaves remain to winter. Their dark brown tops can sometimes be seen sticking out over a snowy surface. In spring, spores are released, the edges of the leaves turn around [8] .
Propagated by spores and with the help of stolons . The spores are large, germinate in spring, when the greatest amount of rain falls, without a rest period [8] , immediately after dispersion [9] . Spores contain a significant number of chloroplasts and therefore have a green color [8] .
Classification
Some Canadian botanists isolated the population of the common ostrich in eastern North America as an independent species Matteuccia pensylvanica ( Willd. ) Raymond - Pencilville Ostrich [11] . Eric Hulten considered her only a special race of the common ostrich [5] .
Varieties
In North America , several varieties are distinguished:
- Matteuccia struthiopteris var. pensylvanica ( Willd. ) CVMorton , 1950
- Matteuccia struthiopteris var. pubescens ( Terry ) Clute , 1908
Synonyms
According to The Plant List for 2013 [12] , the synonymy of the species includes:
- Matteuccia nodulosa fernald
- Matteuccia pensylvanica ( Willd. ) Raymond
- Onoclea pensylvanica (Willd.) Sm.
- Pteretis pensylvanica (Willd.) Fernald
- Struthiopteris nodulosa Desv.
- Struthiopteris pensylvanica Willd.
Pathogenic Mushrooms
On the common ostrich, the parasitic marsupial fungus Taphrina hiratsukae from the genus Taphrina ( Taphrina ), causing leaf spotting, is found [13] .
Chemical Composition
The plant contains steroids , vitamins C , B 1 , niacin , riboflavin , higher fatty acids , lipids [14] .
Flavonoids were found in the aerial part, carbohydrates and related compounds were found in the leaves. Spores contain carotenoids [14] .
Economic Significance and Application
Cultivated for landscaping as an unpretentious shade-tolerant ornamental plant . Fertile leaves can be used for winter bouquets .
Finds application in traditional medicine for the preparation of decoctions of rhizomes . According to the information of N. I. Annenkov , it was used “from a communicable disease, from worms, from fever” (in the Kazan province), and in “from thinness” in Perm [3] .
Young shoots ( rachis ) in some countries are eaten [9] .
It was used to destroy bedbugs (in the Arkhangelsk province) [3] .
In medicine, rhizomes and leaves are used as antispasmodic , anticonvulsant , antiepileptic , rhizomes for malignant tumors , whites , menorrhagia , as a sedative , laxative , astringent , antitussive , antihypoxic . Shredded leaves and spores are used for burns, frostbite, and dermatoses [14] .
Nanai use leaves and spores as wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic (which is confirmed experimentally) [14] .
Insecticide [14] .
Toxic to livestock [14] .
Notes
- ↑ Matteuccia struthiopteris : information on a taxon in the Plantarium project (identifier of plants and an illustrated atlas of species).
- ↑ 1 2 N.N. Kaden, N.N. Terentyev. Etymological dictionary of Latin names of plants found in the vicinity of the agrobiostation of Moscow State University “Chashnikovo” / Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov; Biol. fact; Ed. Cand. filol. Sciences, Assoc. V.I. Miroshenkova. - M .: Publishing house Mosk. University, 1975 .-- S. 149.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Botanical Dictionary. A reference book for botanists, rural owners, gardeners, foresters, pharmacists, doctors, drogistov, travelers across Russia and rural residents in general / Compiled by N. Annenkov. - SPb. : Type of. Imp. Acad. Science, 1878. - S. 344-345.
- ↑ 1 2 K.V. Nekhlyudova, V.R. Filin. Common ostrich // Biological flora of the Moscow region; under the editorship of prof. V.N. Pavlova, Corr. RAS V.N. Tikhomirova. - M .: Publishing house Mosk. University, 1993. - Vol. 9. Part I. - S. 4-31 . - ISBN 5-211-02853-8 .
- ↑ 1 2 Hultén, Eric. The circumpolar plants. 1, Vascular cryptogams, conifers, monocotyledons (English) // Kungl. Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, Ser. 4. - Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1962. - Vol. 8. - No. 5 . - P. 1-125 .
- ↑ Kato M., Iwatsuki K. Phytogeographic relationships of pteridophytes between temperate North America and Japan (Eng.) // Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. - 1983. - Vol. 70, No. 4. - P. 724-733 .
- ↑ Prange RK, Aderkas P. von. The Biological Flora of Canada. 6. Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro, ostrich fern // Canadian Field-Naturalist. - 1985. - Vol. 99, No. 4. - S. 517-532 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Subfamily Kocheshyzhnikovye (Athyrioideae) // Plant Life: In six volumes / Ch. ed. Corr. USSR Academy of Sciences, prof. Al A. Fedorov; under the editorship of prof. I.V. Grushvitsky and Ph.D. biol. Sciences S. G. Zhilin. - M .: Enlightenment, 1978. - T. 4: Mosses, crowns, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms. - S. 232. - 447 p. - 300,000 copies.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Ostrichnik // Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. M.S. Gilyarov; Editorial: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin et al. - 2nd ed., Rev. - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986. - 150,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85270-002-9 .
- ↑ Ostrich // Biology. Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin. - M .: Rosman-Press, 2006 .-- 560 p. - (Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia). - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-353-02413-3 .
- ↑ Raymond M. Quelques entités mineured nouvelles de la flore du Québec. I (Fr.) // Natur. Canadien. - 1950. - Vol. 77, No. 1-2. - P. 55-71 .
- ↑ Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. is an accepted name . The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden (2013). Date of treatment February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Karatygin I.V. Orders Tafrin, Protomycium, Exobazidium, Microstromacy. - SPb. : “Science”, 2002. - S. 20. - (Key to mushrooms in Russia). - ISBN 5-02-026184-X .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Part I - Lycopodiaceae Families - Ephedraceae, Part II - Supplements to Volumes 1–7 // Plant Resources of Russia and Neighboring States / ed. ed. A. L. Budantsev; Bot. Institute of them. V. L. Komarova RAS. - SPb. : Peace and Family-95, 1996.- S. 37. - 571 p.
Literature
- Gubanov I.A. et al. 1. Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro - Common ostrich // Illustrated identifier of plants in Central Russia. In 3 t . - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, Institute of Technology. ISS., 2002. - T. 1. Ferns, horsetails, crowns, gymnosperms, angiosperms (monocotyledons). - S. 75. - ISBN 8-87317-091-6 .
Links
- Matteuccia struthiopteris : information on the taxon in the Plantarium project (identifier of plants and illustrated atlas of species). (Retrieved February 1, 2015)