Production risk assessment

One of the criteria for the effectiveness of the existing personnel health and industrial safety management system ( ZPiPB ) is its compliance with the requirements of the OHSAS 18001: 2007 specification and Russian GOST R 12.0.007-2009 “Occupational safety standards system. Occupational safety management system in the organization. General requirements for the development, application, evaluation and improvement. ”

Hazardous and harmful factors at the facility (workplace) are allocated in accordance with the requirements of PR. Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 302N

• participation in the production process or the possibility of the formation of hazardous chemicals (harmful, fire and explosion hazardous) during the process;
• high pressures;
• high temperatures;
• moving parts of equipment and mechanisms (including rotating and vibrating parts);
• hazardous voltage values;
• noise, vibration, etc.

When determining the degree of risk of injury, all stages of work are considered: in the preparation process, at the stages of completion and completion.

One of the criteria for the effectiveness of the existing personnel health and industrial safety management system (ZPiPB) is its compliance with the requirements of the OHSAS 18001-2007 specification and GOST 12.0.230-2007

These documents regulate only the general requirements for the created systems of labor protection and industrial safety in organizations, leaving the right to choose the specific and most convenient ways of their implementation to the teams implementing these systems.

The basis of the health and safety management system is the correct identification of hazards, risk assessment and the selection of effective ways to control it. In the OHSAS 18001-2007 edition, these requirements are formulated as follows.

The organization shall establish, implement and follow procedures for the continuous identification of hazards, risk assessment and the selection of appropriate control methods. Hazard identification and risk assessment procedures should consider:

• ordinary and special modes of activity;
• the activities of all persons with access to the workplace (including subcontractors and visitors);
• behavioral reactions, opportunities, and other human factors;
• identified hazards arising outside the work environment that could adversely affect the health and safety of persons in the workplace under the organization’s control;
• dangers created near the workplace associated with professional activities under the control of the organization (similar dangers can be considered in environmental terms);
• infrastructure, equipment and materials at the workplace provided by this or other organizations;
• changes that have occurred or are anticipated in the organization, its field of activity, or materials;
• Modifications in the management system of ZPiPB, including temporary changes, and their impact on operations, processes and business activities;
• any applicable legal obligations related to risk assessment and the implementation of necessary control measures;
• configuration of workplaces, processes, mechanisms, equipment and units, operating procedures and organization of work, including their adaptation to human capabilities.

An organization's methodology for hazard identification and risk assessment should:

• be determined taking into account the scale, nature and duration of the processes, providing a more precautionary than reactive approach;
• ensure identification, prioritization and documentation of risks, as well as the implementation of appropriate controls.

To manage changes, the organization must, in advance of their introduction, identify the dangers and risks of ZPiPB related to changes in the organization, ZPiPB management system or its activities.

The organization shall ensure that the results of such evaluations are taken into account in the development of control methods.

When determining control methods or considering changes in existing methods, one should strive to reduce risks in accordance with the following hierarchy:

• risk elimination;
• replacement;
• engineering controls;
• alarm / warning signs and / or administrative control;
• personal protective equipment.

Organizations that implement personnel health and safety management systems should choose the most productive “working” methods and approaches to meet the requirements of relevant standards and monitor the effectiveness of their implementation. The organization must establish risks that may be deemed unacceptable, and which will be used as a basis in the development of goals and objectives in the field of ZPiPB and related programs to improve working conditions. Risks can be most correctly determined using the methodology of quantitative risk analysis that is normatively used in the development, for example, of safety declarations (DB) of hazardous production facilities, safety data sheets of hazardous facilities, plans for the localization and elimination of emergency situations at chemical and technological facilities (in settlement and explanatory notes on risk analysis), plans for the localization and liquidation of emergency oil and oil product spills (in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia dated 12.28.04 No. 621). Satisfactory can be considered a risk assessment only from the effects of baric, thermal and toxic damaging factors.

One example of the implementation of safety requirements is the Methodology for hazard identification and risk assessment of injuries, occupational diseases and violations of working conditions at workplaces (during work operations), accidents and incidents (hereinafter referred to as the Methodology). The technique provides:

• semi-quantitative approach to risk assessment and management (compared with the often practiced method of recording the results of certification of workplaces by working conditions : certified, not certified, conditionally certified - the latter category has a clearly subjective implication);
• the possibility of probabilistic assessment, taking into account not only dangerous and harmful factors of the working environment, but also the history of injuries (occupational diseases) at the enterprise;
• the possibility of making an informed decision on the selection of corrective and preventive measures, the determination of quantitatively measured goals and objectives for labor protection.

The introduction (after adaptation) of the Methodology at enterprises will reduce the level of injuries and occupational diseases, facilitate the implementation and certification of the industrial safety and labor protection management system.

The main provisions of the Methodology in relation to oil and gas production enterprises are given below.

In the analysis of risks, typical levels of consequences and associated definitions are used (Table 1).

The risk of violations of working conditions (the degree of injury risk, the danger of occupational diseases) can be classified using a risk matrix (Table 2).

The risk of accidents (incidents) at a hazardous production facility can be classified on the basis of a risk matrix in three classes, taking into account the data presented in table. 3.

* Minimum wage - the minimum wage.

The technique allows you to identify the following risk classes:

• class 1 - unacceptable risk (must be reduced before performing or continuing to perform work, using a workplace, further operating a hazardous production facility);
• class 2 - unacceptable risk (an assessment of the appropriateness of risk reduction measures is necessary);
• class 3 - acceptable risk.

Experience shows that the Methodology fits well with the modern system of technical regulation and allows enterprises to assess the risks of injuries, accidents and incidents.

The ZPiPB system is part of the general enterprise management system and affects the efficiency of its operation (the less unscheduled losses associated with accidents and incidents, the more efficient the enterprise, ceteris paribus). In the general case, the criterion for the effective management of risks associated with unplanned losses can be expressed as follows: first of all, invest in an activity that per unit of invested funds allows you to get the maximum risk reduction , and after the implementation of this measure, you must again evaluate and choose the following most effective event. It is advisable to implement the ZPiPB improvement program according to the specified algorithm.

In the civilized world, it has long been established that in order to minimize labor protection costs and increase production efficiency, an OSH management system is required, which is part of the organization’s overall management system.

To solve the problems of ensuring health and safety in the process of labor activity in accordance with GOST 12.0.230-2007 "SSBT. OSH management systems. General requirements ”* it is recommended to use the OSHMS, which should ensure risk management in the field related to the organization’s activities, comply with the organization’s policies and rapidly improving management at all levels.

A systematic approach to safety and health management involves the identification, assessment and elimination or reduction of risk at each workplace and the continuous improvement of OSH. When making a risk assessment, it is necessary to clearly identify the object of protection. The risk can be professional (object of protection - worker), technical (object of protection - equipment, facilities), environmental (object of protection - environment).

There is a risk in almost every workplace. For example, in the workplace there is a danger - a moving conveyor belt or a rotating piece of equipment. We find out the possible reasons for the implementation of the hazard in undesirable events, which are usually:

• the absence of fencing, screens, locks that exclude accidental and intentional contact of workers with a source of risk;
• mismatch of safety, protective devices;
• insufficient response speed of protection mechanisms;
• inconvenient location and incorrect coloring of the control buttons;
• poor lighting;
• inappropriate microclimate;
• the presence of harmful chemicals, aerosols and dust;
• high speed conveyor;
• the location of equipment near other workplaces or the route of movement of workers;
• inappropriate personal protective equipment (hereinafter - PPE);
• other possible causes and inconsistencies.

The variety of activities of organizations necessitates the development of a clear algorithm for the analysis of professional risk, which has a single basis with the assessment of other technical risks. The World Health Organization defines occupational risk as a mathematical concept that reflects the expected severity and frequency of adverse reactions of the human body to a given exposure of a harmful factor in the work environment.

With this in mind, it is possible to develop an algorithm for assessing occupational risk, as a result of which the risk is recognized as acceptable or unacceptable, residual risk is acceptable.

According to Art. 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer is obliged to inform employees of the risk of health damage. It is the procedures for identifying risk, based on in-depth knowledge of the technology of work and processes, that identify sources of risk, all types of hazards at the workplace and provide a subsequent qualitative analysis of the effects of hazardous and harmful production factors originating from production processes. The risk identification procedure ends with the compilation of a list and a brief description of the dangers, taking into account the fact that the source of danger can be either an object or an activity. In the new version of OHSAS 18001-2007, behavioral, personality and other human factors are also included as elements considered in identifying hazards and developing control methods.

An occupational risk analysis algorithm for protecting personnel from accidents and occupational diseases at the workplace can be represented as follows:

• hazard identification (identification of harmful and dangerous factors of the working environment and the labor process);
• identification of possible causes leading to undesirable events;
• risk assessment (probability of occurrence of risk, determination of the scale of consequences of an undesirable event, taking into account the possible severity of the incident and harm to human health, a conclusion on the acceptability or unacceptability of the risk);
• selection and assessment of protection against each hazard;
• assessment of residual risk after the implementation of the protection system;
• assessment of the system for protecting the life and health of personnel as a whole in accordance with the class of working conditions.