Bagpipes

According to M. Fasemer , the Russian name comes from the Ukrainian historical region of Volyn , where the instrument came from Romania ^[3] .

Name in other languages: English Bagpipe , arm. Պարկապզուկ , брет. Binioù , Belor. Duda , Gelsk. Pìob , Polish Dudy , irl. Píobaí , cattle Bagpipe , ukr. Goat , Bolg. Gaida .

One of the tubes (melodic tube, chanter ) has side holes and serves to play a melody, and the other two ( burdon ) are bass, which are tuned to a clean fifth . Bourdon emphasizes the skeleton of the octave fret (modal scale), on the basis of which the melody is composed. The pitch of the drone tubes can be changed by the pistons in them.

The bagpipe is one of the oldest musical instruments known to mankind. Her story has more than one millennium. The reason for this is its uncomplicated and accessible device. Leather skins and wooden tube - all that is necessary for the simplest extraction of sound. The history of the instrument is based on an extensive historical material, including chronicles, frescoes, bas-reliefs, figurines, ancient manuscripts, right up to cheap popular prints depicting bagpipes at different periods of their development.

The remains of the first musical instrument, identified as bagpipes, were not found during excavations of the ancient city of Ur in the territory of the kingdom of Sumer , and date back to 3000 BC. er

One of the first images found bagpipes, dates back to 1300 BC. er It was found on the walls of the ruins of the Eyyuk Palace in the Hittite city of Sakchagözü in 1908 ^{[4] [5]} . The image of the first ensemble of musicians was found on the territory of Persia - a quartet among which bagpipers are clearly visible ^[6] . On the territory of the city of Susa , two terracotta figurines were found depicting bagpipers, more than 3000 years old ^[7] . The thousand-year history includes other musical instruments - prototypes of modern bagpipes, found in India, Syria, Egypt and a number of other African countries.

The first mentions of bagpipes in written sources are found in ancient Greek sources, starting in 400 BC. er So Aristophanes mentions bagpipes in his two comedies. In Lysistrata ^{[8], the} bagpipe (bag) is necessary for Spartan dance, and in Akharniany ^[9] , it is present as a musical instrument for the singing of Phoebe and it is noted that they blow the bag through a bone tube .

The bagpipe was popular in ancient Rome. Her mention can be found in written sources, as well as in preserved images in the form of frescoes and figurines. Judging by the mass character of such sources, the bagpipe was available to all segments of society, from the aristocracy to the poor. Particularly popular was the bagpipes during the reign of Emperor Nero . The reason for this is the Roman emperor himself - a lover of music and theater. He himself was not against practicing the bagpipe. Dia Chrysostom in the first century mentions Nero, who plays tibia utricularius with her hands, as if with lips, and adds that she relieves the flutists from their curse — red cheeks and bulging eyes. Suetonius in the II century claimed Nero as a talented bagpipe player.

Together with the Roman conquests, the bagpipes extend to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, the Balkans, the Volga region, the Caucasus, the countries of North Africa. It extends to England ^[10] , Scotland and Ireland. It was in Scotland that it received the greatest development and popularity, especially in the XVI-XIX centuries in the north-west of the country, becoming a truly national instrument - a symbol of the country. The bagpipe has become an indispensable element providing sound accompaniment of all important events in the life of Scots - from ritual and solemn dates to various household signals. In England, the bagpipe was recognized as a kind of weapon that serves to raise morale.

At the same time, in Rome itself, with its decline, the mention of the bagpipe itself disappears even until the 9th century. One of the first printed images of bagpipes was created by Durer in 1494. On the woodcut created by him, a piper was depicted neglecting the lute and harp. Woodcut was intended for the publication of Brant Ship of Fools ^[11] , and then published in the book of Johann Geiler " Navicula, sive Speculum fatuorum 1511 ^[12] .

Starting from the XIV century, the mention of bagpipes in Europe is widespread ^[13] , and its images become close to modern.

Some bagpipes are designed so that they are inflated not with the mouth, but with fur to force air, which is set in motion by the right hand. These bagpipes include Uilleann Bagpipe - Irish bagpipes.

Kazakh bagpipes

The Kazakh national instrument, called Zhelbuaz, looks like a leather skin jacket, made from goatskin. The neck of a zhelbuaz is closed by special obstruction. In order for the instrument to be worn around its neck, a durable leather cord is attached to it. Recently, the instrument is used in concerts of the Kazakh national orchestras and folklore ensembles. Found during archaeological excavations, stored in the museum of national musical instruments named after Ykylas Dukenov . Stable temperature maintained. So that the moth does not eat the exhibit, it is regularly washed with special gauze. The famous composer Nurgis Tlendiev for the first time used zhelbusz in concerts of the Otrar Sazy orchestra.

Armenian bagpipes

Armenian bagpipes ( Armenian Պարկապզուկ ) is a close relative of Irish bagpipes. Consists of two or more tongues with a tongue and a leather bag. The performer inflates the bag himself or with bellows. A bag is an air reservoir made from the skin or bladder of an animal, from which air is supplied to sounding tubules. One of the tubes is arranged as a flute - with holes. It is played on by pinching holes. The rest accompanying tubes emit only one tone. In rare cases, two melodic tubes are used. The scale is diatonic, the sound is strong and sharp. It is mainly used to accompany the dance. A bag of parkszuka is kept close at hand, and with its help, the air is forced by the elbow into the tubes. It is distributed among the Amschens (Armenian subethnos).

Lithuanian-Belarusian-Polish bagpipes

Duda ( Belor. Duda , lit. duda, dūdmaišis , Polish. Duda ） - Belarusian , Lithuanian and Polish folk instrument , a type of bagpipe.

The earliest historical evidence of the existence of on the territory of Belarus, Poland and Lithuania can be considered the image of a Dudar as part of buffoons from the 12th century Radziwill chronicle playing the bezburdonnoy bagpipe, like the Polish-German siersienki , the type of bagpipe, common throughout medieval Europe - However, the mentioned miniature cannot be fully probable evidence due to the lack of information about the origin of the artist himself. The first mention of the Duda in ancient Belarusian texts dates back to the 15th century. Until the middle of the XIX century, the duda was the most common instrument and was actively used in Belarusian, Lithuanian and Polish folk music. In the 21st century, the Dudar movement in Belarus, Poland and Lithuania is extremely popular, and new musical groups are gradually emerging that use bagpipes in their work.

Bulgarian bagpipes

Bulgarian bagpipes ( Bulgarian. Gaida ) consists of a waterskin (goatskin), in which a pipe is sewn into which the musician is blowing. The guide has two more pipes - bass (bourdon) and melodic, with holes. The bagpiper holds the waterskin under his arm and blows into the tube, pushing air through the burdon and melodic tube. A characteristic feature of the guide is a “flea hole” located at the top of the trunk of the melodic tube, making it possible to reproduce chromatics with a certain fingering.

Folk singers often sing to the accompaniment of kaba guides - big bagpipes with low sound. There are orchestras from 60-100 bagpipers - they are called a hundred kaba-guide. The Rhodope Mountains are considered the birthplace of the oldest trend in Bulgarian folk music. The central place in it is occupied by the guide - Bulgarian bagpipes.

Breton bagpipes

Breton bagpipes has several varieties. Biniu-goats ( bret. Binioù kozh - “old bagpipes”) - the old Breton bagpipes, used, as a rule, paired with a bombard. Biniu- braz ( bret. Binioù bras - "big bagpipes") - bagpipes made on the model of the Scottish at the end of the XIX century by the Breton master Dorig Le Voy, conceived by him as an analogue of the bagpipe. Wooze ( veuze ) is almost the same as bini-goats, but is used, unlike the latter, not as an auxiliary bagpipe, but as a basic instrument. ^[14]

Irish bagpipes

Irish bagpipes ( English uilleann pipes [ ˈɪlən paɪps ]) - Illien pipes, translated from the Irish - ulnar bagpipes - the Irish version of the bagpipes, finally formed by the end of the 18th century. The air is pumped into the bag with the help of bellows, and not a wind tube. Irish bagpipes, unlike all other bagpipes, has a range of two full octaves, and in its full version it can also play accompaniment with the help of knobs in addition to the melody.

Spanish bagpipes

Also referred to as “Gaita” (La gaita), it comes from Galicia , as well as Asturias and the eastern part of the province of León .

It consists of a double- reed chanter , the same as an oboe, one or two single- reed bass drums like a clarinet. The chanter has an internal conical channel, seven holes for the fingers and a hole for the left thumb of the back side. In addition, it is equipped with three non-closing holes located in the lower part of the socket.

Italian bagpipes

The pipes of this region can be divided into 2 types - North-Italian, similar in design to French and Spanish instruments, and South-Italian, known under the common name Zamponya ( Italian zampogna ) and differing in two melodic tubes in a common drain with two bourdon. Traditionally zamponya is used as an accompaniment to the ciaramella ( ital. Ciaramella ) - a small oboe-like instrument.

Mari's bagpipes

Mari's bagpipes ( shuvyr, shӱvyr, shyuvyur, shuvyur, shyuber ). It consists of fur (animal bubble) and 3 tubes - 1 for blowing air and 2 playing, melodic, located in a wooden bed and having a common bell socket made of cow horn. Their range is third and fifth, the number of playing holes: 2 and 4 (2-voice melodies are possible). Diatonic scale. The sound is strong, sharp, buzzing timbre. Known since antiquity. It is used as accompaniment to folk songs, dance melodies. Often used with the Mari drum (tӱmyr).

Mordovian bagpipes

In Mordovia, in the past, bagpipes were also a popular musical instrument. She had not only a musical, but also a ritual meaning: it was believed that playing on her protects those present from the evil eye, and can also appease good spirits.

Mordovian bagpipes had two varieties ^[15] , which have the same name: moksh. fam, ufam , erz. puvama

• The first variety - with an air tank of calfskin, a tube for blowing air and three voice tubes: one bourd, without holes, made of lime or birch , and two reed games, each with 3 voice holes. On one of the gaming tubes, a melody was played, the second was used to extract a drone, the height of which can be changed. Sometimes the gaming tubes were made removable so that they could be used as independent musical instruments.
• The second type of Mordovian bagpipe was made from bovine, bovine or pork bladder. In the Mordovian villages there was a custom to give the musicians the bubbles of sacrificial animals for making bagpipes. Two reed tubes with 3 voice holes each were inserted into the bubble. There was no air blowing tube, so the musician blew a bubble, took out the playing tubes, and played until the air supply ran out, after which the bubble blew again. Often, the bagpipers played together: while one performer played a melody, the second one blew up the tank of his bagpipe.

Ossetian bagpipes

Lalym-Oadnindz - It is a type of Caucasian bagpipe. The Ossetian name of the instrument consists of the combination of the names of two objects - “lalim” (waterskin, leather bag) and “uadindz” (reed pipe).

Lalim-uadinji has one melodic tube made from a dogrose stem that is inserted into a bag through a wooden cork. The gaps between the tube and the channel for it in the traffic jam are smeared with wax. On the gaming tube five holes. The leather bag was most often made from a single skin of a goat or a lamb. It was made by Laluya Uadındz as follows: killing the kid and cutting off the head, the entire skin is removed. After appropriate processing it with bran or alum, tightly closed with wooden plugs the holes from the hind legs and the neck. A hole in the wooden plug is inserted into the opening of the front left foot and coated with wax so that there is no air leakage, and a wooden tube is inserted into the opening of the front right foot to force air into the bag.

At the end of the tube, entering the inside of the bag, there is a tongue-hinge inserted into it, like that of the Uadindza, which extracts the sound under the action of air injected into the bag. During the game, the instrument is held under the arm, and as the air comes out of it, it is injected in the same way every time, without interrupting the game.

Portuguese bagpipes

In some historical provinces of Portugal there are different types of Gaite de Fole bagpipes ( port. Gaita-de-fole ): tranjmontana gate ( port. Gaita Transmontana ) or Mirande Gaite ( port. Gaita Mirandesa ) in Traz- Montes and Alto Douro , Galician Gaita ( port. Gaita Galega ) in Minho , other species are found in the provinces of Douro-Litoral , Beira-Litoral and Estremadura ^[16] .

Russian bagpipes

The bagpipe was once a very popular folk musical instrument in Russia ^[17] . It was made of lamb or raw cowhide, on top there was a tube for forcing air, from below - two bass pipes creating a uniform background, and a third small hole with holes, with which they played the main melody.

The highest circles of society bagpipe was ignored, since its melody was considered disharmonious, inexpressive and monotonous, it was usually considered a “low”, common folk instrument. Therefore, during the XIX century, the bagpipe was gradually superseded by more complex wind instruments such as accordion and bayan .

Information about this musical instrument is quite extensive in the iconographic and written cultural monuments of the Russian people , from the 16th century to the 19th century. The earliest image is in the Radzivilsky Chronicle (XV century) on the miniature "Igrishche Slavs Vyatichi" ^[18] .

In 2015, during excavations at the Pyatnitsky excavation site in Staraya Russa, a detail of a bagpipe chantra was found (melodic pipe). The find dates from the end of the 14th century and is the oldest and only in the territory of the Russian principalities ^{[19] [20] [21]}

Ukrainian bagpipes

In Ukraine, the bagpipe has the name " " - apparently, for the distinctive sound and production of goatskin. Moreover, the instrument is also endowed with an external resemblance to an animal: it is covered with goatskin, a clay goat is attached to the head, and the tubes are styled under the feet with hoofs. The goat was, in particular, an invariable attribute of festivities and carols. There are bagpipes with a goat's head, almost in all the Carpathian regions - Slovak, Polish, Czech, Lemkovsky, Bukovinsky - there is traditionally a goat's head, wooden, with horns.

French bagpipes

In France, there are many types of bagpipes - this is due to the large variety of musical traditions of the regions of the country. Here are just some of them:

• Central French bagpipes ( musette du center , cornemuse du Berry ), common in the Berry and Bourbonnay areas. It is a dual tool. Bourdon - big and small, small is located from the bottom, near the chanter, tuned to each other in an octave. Double cane chanter, bourdon - single; air is blown through the blower. The scale is chromatic, the range is 1.5 octaves, the fingering is half-closed. There are later versions of this tool with 3 Bourdon and bellows for air injection. Traditionally used in a duet with a wheel lyre .
• Cabrett (fr .: chabrette , overnsk. Occitan : cabreta ) is an elbow-type single-pipe bagpipe that appeared in the XIX century among Parisian Overnians and quickly spread in the province of Auvergne and in the surrounding regions of the Center of France, almost displacing local, more ancient ones from everyday life tool types, for example, limousin shabrettu ( chabreta limousina ).
• Bodega (Occitan .: bodega ) - bagpipes with fur from goatskin, blowing in and one bourdon, common in the southern Occitan speaking departments of France.
• Musette de Chur (fr .: musette de cour ) - “parlor” bagpipe, widely used in the XVII-XVIII centuries in court baroque music. This type of bagpipe is distinguished by two gaming tubes, a bubble barrel and fur for air injection.

Chuvash bagpipes

Shapar (shabr, shybyr, bubble). It consists of a bag (a bubble of a bull or a cow), a bone or metal tube for blowing air and 2 tin melodic tubes fixed on a wooden bed. На них надевали раструб из коровьего рога и иногда дополнительный — из бересты. Левая трубка имеет 2—3, правая 3—4 игровых отверстия (у неё внизу есть 3—7 небольших подстроечных отверстий). Трости обычно одинарные, хотя в Тетюшском районе (Татарстан) применяются и двойные. Звукоряды очень разные с использованием как хроматических, так и диатонических интервалов.

Сарнай . В отличие от шапара, мешок изготавливают не из пузыря, а из телячьей или козьей кожи. Имеет вдувник, 2 бурдона (чаще всего настроены в квинту) и одну мелодическую трубку с 6 игровыми отверстиями и углублениями для пальцев. Все трубки деревянные. Трости одинарные, сделанные из гусиного пера или тростника. Звукоряд обычно диатонический, но встречаются и пропуски ступеней, увеличенные или уменьшенные октавы и т. п. Играют обычно сидя, громко отбивая ритм ногами ^[22] .

Шотландская волынка

Бэгпайп ( англ. Great Highland bagpipe ) — старинный шотландский инструмент. Представляет собой резервуар из шкуры овцы или козы, вывернутой наизнанку ( goose ), к которому прикрепляются (привязываются) три бурдонные трубки ( drones ), одна трубка с восемью игровыми отверстиями ( chanter ) и специальная короткая трубка для вдувания воздуха. Имеет упрощённую подачу воздуха (через поддувную трубку), что обеспечивает свободу правой руке.

При игре волынщик наполняет воздухом резервуар и, нажимая на него локтем левой руки, заставляет звучать бурдонные и игровую трубки, в свою очередь снабжённые специальными язычками (тростями), причём, в бурдонных трубках используются одинарные, а в игровой трубке двойные трости, изготовленные из камыша.

Шотландская волынка — самая популярная и узнаваемая волынка в мире. Несмотря на то, что она с древности была широко известна во многих уголках Европы , в том числе в Англии и Ирландии , в Шотландии волынка настолько прочно вошла в культурную жизнь, что стала поистине национальным символом. Волынщики очень ценились кланами и имели привилегии по отношению к другим членам клана. Их профессия передавалась из поколения в поколение. Одни из самых известных наследственных волынщиков Хайленда , служившие клану Маклауд из , даже открыли на острове Скай собственный колледж , в котором обучали игре на волынке.

Шотландская волынка сегодня изготавливается в тональности си-бемоль мажор , лад — миксолидийский .

Мощность звукового давления в шотландской волынке составляет 108 дБ . В горах или на открытом пространстве дальность звучания может достигать 6 км . Строй современной шотландской волынки — 446 Гц , в отличие от всех классических музыкальных инструментов , которые настраиваются в 440 Гц. Тем не менее, некоторые мастера шотландской волынки изготавливают инструменты с аутентичным, низким строем в 440 Гц.

Расположение тональности шотландской волынки почти посередине между си - бемоль и си- бекар даёт ей ранг особой 25-й тональности, лежащей отдельно от известных 24 классических. Магия звучания шотландской волынки заключается в пронзительном тембре , громкости и постоянном сопровождении основной мелодии бурдонным тоном, который исходит из трёх труб, лежащих на плече исполнителя, и придает всему звучанию сильное магическое и завораживающее ощущение распевности. Все эти качества делают шотландскую волынку идеальным музыкальным инструментом для церемоний , парадов и создания торжественного настроения, равно как и для психической атаки .

Шотландская волынка приняла участие во всех военных кампаниях Британской армии за последние 300 лет. 18 июня 1815 года в битве при Ватерлоо в Бельгии , во время контратаки на корпус французского имперского маршала Даву , на шотландской волынке был впервые исполнен патриотический марш «Шотландия Храбрая» ( англ. «Scotland The Brave» , гэльск. «Alba an Aigh» ), ставший позднее неофициальным гимном Шотландии.

Эстонская волынка

Эстонская волынка ( эст. torupill ) изготовляется из желудка или мочевого пузыря крупного животного, такого как морской котик, имеет одну, две или (реже) три бурдонные трубки, флейту в качестве голосовой трубки и дополнительную трубку для вдувания воздуха ^[23] .

В мешок помещается специальный состав ( bag seasoning , bagpipe seasoning ), цель которого не только в том, чтобы предотвратить утечку воздуха из мешка. Он служит как покрытие, удерживающее воздух, но выпускающее воду. Мешок из цельной резины (встречается на непригодных для игры волынках, настенных сувенирах, которыми обманывают туристов) полностью заполнился бы водой за полчаса игры ^[24] . Вода из волынки выходит через намокающую кожу мешка.

Трости (и бурдонные, и чантерные) могут изготавливаться из тростника или из пластика. На пластиковых тростях легче играть, но звук лучше у натуральных, тростниковых тростей. Поведение натуральных тростей очень зависит от влажности воздуха, во влажном воздухе трости работают лучше. Если натуральная трость пересохла, в некоторых случаях помогает поместить её в воду (или облизать), вытащить и подождать некоторое время, при этом перемачивать тоже нельзя. (В пособиях для новичков часто встречается совет пытаться играть на волынке с пересохшими тростями час или несколько, до тех пор, пока трости не получат влагу из выдыхаемого воздуха. Возможно, когда-то этот рецепт был придуман как шутка или наказание за нерегулярность занятий.) С помощью определённых механических манипуляций трость можно сделать «легче» или «тяжелее», адаптировать её к большему или меньшему давлению. Независимо от материала, каждая отдельная трость имеет свой «характер», музыкант должен к нему приспособиться.

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  Болгарский исполнитель на

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  Шотландская Великая горная волынка играла в канадской военной функции

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  Музыкант с итальянским

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  Современный багет (сделанный в 2000 году Вальтером Бьелла) в Sol/G

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  Центрально- и южноитальянская

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  Лаз из Турции играет на

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  играет на ирландской волынке

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  Волынщик играет на гайде , Скопье

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  , южноиндийская волынка

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  Венгерская

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  Сербский волынщик

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  Польские волынщики

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  Lann Bihoué из французского флота

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  со съемными подножками и сильфонами

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  Уличный волынщик из Софии, Болгария

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  Эстонка-волынщица

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  Литовский волынщик

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  Современный немецкий

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  Литовская волынка ( лит. dūdmaišis )

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  Валлийская волынка (двухъярусный тип)

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  Кантабрийская группа волынщиков

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  Сирийский волынщик в Дамаске

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  Различные формы с греческих островов

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  Белорусский волынщик

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  Мальтийский

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  Человек играет на волынке на площади Дам , Амстердам

• Волынка, музыкальный инструмент // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Волынка — статья из энциклопедии «Кругосвет»
• Кашкуревич Т. А. Литовская дуда. Инструмент-миф
• Никифоров П. Н., Марийские народные музыкальные инструменты, Йошкар-Ола, 1959, с. 48—58
• Ремишевский К. И., Калацей В. В. Белорусская дуда в кинохронике 1930-х годов (по материалам киножурнала «Советское искусство» № 7, 1939 г.)
• Эшпай Я. А., Национальные музыкальные инструменты марийцев, Йошкар-Ола, 1940, с. 23—28
• Anthony Baines. Bagpipes. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960.
• Joshua Dickson. The Highland Bagpipe: Music, History, Traditon. — Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2009.
• Angus Cameron Robertson. The Bagpipes: History and Traditions. — McBeath & Company, 1930.

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