Hindu architecture - temple architecture, monasteries, mausoleums and other architectural religious buildings of Hinduism . Traditional canons for construction and design are contained in a special class of Hindu literature - Vastu-sastra (" Manasara " and others), associated with them are Shilpa-sastras dedicated to issues related to construction (sculpture, painting) [1] [2] [3] . It is rooted in the days of Indian civilization , however, the key elements of Hindu art and architecture originate only in the Vedic period . The oldest religious buildings in India were built of brick and wood. Presumably, stone became the main building material much later. The temples marked the transition from the Vedic religion , which was characterized by fiery sacrifices , to the religion of bhakti - love and devotion to the personal God . Grandiose cult buildings with a complex planning structure appear. Over time, various styles of temple architecture are formed in different regions of India. A particularly large difference can be traced between the North Indian (Nagara) and South Indian (Dravidian) styles, which formed in the first centuries of AD. e.
Content
Temples (Mandirs)
Temples (mandirs) are built in strict accordance with religious regulations and are decorated with exquisite stone sculptures and bas-reliefs. A small Hindu temple, as a rule, consists of a central sanctuary called garbhagriha , which houses the main deity of the temple. The sanctuary is crowned with a tower-shaped shikhara . The Garbhagriha adjoins the assembly hall of the faithful ( mandapa ), an entrance hall and a portico. In addition to the main building, the temple may include additional mandapas - pavilions for pilgrims, used for dance performances of devadasis , wedding rituals, placement of statues of gods, etc. [4] There are examples of special dance pavilions (nata mandirs), as in the Sun Temple in Konarak . A part of the temple is also a swimming pool (kunda) for ablutions [5] .
Gopur
In fact, an independent architectural structure is such a visually dominant element of South Indian temple complexes as gopuram - a gate tower, often reaching colossal heights and decorated with stucco molding and statues of deities [6] .
Monasteries (Maths)
Hindu monasteries- maths and hermitages ( ashrams ) are architectural complexes of temples, monastic cells and auxiliary premises [7] . In some currents of Hinduism, bhajana-kutirs , the abode of holy ascetics, became places of pilgrimage.
Tombs (Samadhi)
Samadhi (tomb) - a mausoleum and other memorial structure with the ashes of a saint or a great man in Nduism [8] . Often, more than one samadhi is erected in memory of a person, since the dust can be divided into parts, and, for example, flowers are laid in the pushpa-samadhi from the farewell ceremony.
Raths
Ratha is a traditional Indian monumental , monolithic structure with niches for sculptures, in shape resembling a wagon. Externally reproduces the oldest carts on which during the festive processions they moved the statue of the deity [9] [10] .
Torany (arches)
Torana - A stand-alone ornamented arch in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain architecture. They are installed in front of temples, monasteries and other objects, sometimes as an independent structure [11] [12] .
Istanbul (columns)
Istanbul is an element of Hindu and Jain architecture, inheriting the practice of the Vedic era in establishing sacrificial pillars (UP), in the form of a monumental stone column crowned with a lotus-shaped capital . The Indian treatise on the architecture of “Manasara” contains a description of various stambhs that had different purposes, the main types are: “Brahma-kanta” - a quadrangular column, “Vishnu-kanta” - an octagonal, “Rudra-kanta” - having 16 sides or round, “ Shiva-kanta ”is a pentagonal and“ Skanda-kanta ”is a hexagonal [13] [14] . An example is the Vijay Stambha dedicated to Vishnu stambha at Chittorgarh Fort ( Rajasthan ).
At the entrance to the temples you can see " dhvaja-stambhi ”- flagpole columns, often with the image of a lingam at the top.
Chatri
Chatri - a characteristic decorative element of Indian architecture, especially the Hindu architecture of Northwest India, are round, square or multifaceted small arbors with four or more supporting pillars under the dome. Chatri stand on the ground or roof.
Ghats
Ghat is a stone step descent to a reservoir, serving for the ritual bathing of Hindus and / or as a place of cremation. Ghats are located on the banks of all the sacred rivers and lakes of India [15] .
Goshals
Goshala - a pen for cows in the form of a special building with gates (usually not far from the temple) to take care of old and sick sacred animals [16] .
Gallery
Kailasanatha Cave Temple ( Ellora , Maharashtra)
Lingaraja Temple ( Bhubaneswar , Orissa)
Temple of Chennakeshava ( Belur , Karnataka)
Lalji Temple ( Vishnupur , West Bengal)
Kandaswami Temple (Nallur, Sri Lanka )
Lakshmi Narayan Temple ( New Delhi )
Kali Temple and Ghat in Dakshineshwar ( Calcutta )
Nata Mandir of the Temple of the Sun in Konarak (Orissa)
Gopuram of Meenakshi Temple ( Madurai , Tamil Nadu)
Gopuram of Ranganatha Temple ( Srirangam , Tamil Nadu)
Advaita Vedanta Monastery ( Sringeri , Karnataka)
Parakala Matha ( Mysore , Karnataka)
Balmiki Ashram ( Punjab (India) )
Samadhi Apayi Dikshitara ( Nagapattinam , Tamil Nadu)
Samadhi Rani Rashmoni at the Kali Temple in Dakshineshwar ( Calcutta )
Samadhi Bhaktipragyan Kesava (Devananda Gaudiya Math, Nabadwip )
Samadhi with Chatri Prabhupada ( Mayapur , West Bengal)
Rathi ( Mahabalipuram , Tamil Nadu)
Ratha (Garuda Sanctuary) ( Hampi , Karnataka)
Torana of Sahastra Bahu Temple (Nagda, Rajasthan )
Torana of Mukteswar Temple ( Bhubaneswar , Orissa)
Torana Devananda Gaudiya Math ( Nabadwip , West Bengal)
Heliodor column ( Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh)
Istanbul “Pillar of Victories” ( Chittorgarh , Rajasthan)
Dhwaja-stambha of the temple of Srimukhalingkhshvara (Mukhalingam, Andhra Pradesh )
Dhwaja-stambha of the temple of Tirunakkar Sri Mahadeva ( Kottayam , Kerala)
Mandapa and Stambha of Chennakeshava Temple ( Belur , Karnataka)
Chatri ( Pushkar , Rajasthan)
Chatri and Ghats ( Pushkar , Rajasthan)
Ghat in Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
Ghats on the Narmada River ( Maheshwar , Madhya Pradesh)
Ghat on the Narmada River ( Maheshwar , Madhya Pradesh)
Goshala in Guntur (Andhra Pradesh)
Goshala at the Krishna Temple in Udipi (Karnataka)
See also
- Hindu temple
- Indian architecture
Notes
- ↑ Korotskaya, 1964 , p. 25-27.
- ↑ Acharya, 1927 .
- ↑ Shukla, 1993 .
- ↑ Dubyansky, 1996 .
- ↑ Acharya, 2010 , p. 74.
- ↑ Gopura . Encyclopædia Britannica. Date of treatment January 20, 2008.
- ↑ Sears, 2014 , pp. 4-9.
- ↑ Glushkova, 2014 , p. 116.
- ↑ Zhukovsky, Koptseva, 2005 , p. 302.
- ↑ Harle, 1994 , p. 153.
- ↑ Toraṇa | Grove Art . doi : 10.1093 / gao / 9781884446054.001.0001 / oao-9781884446054-e-7000085631 . Date of treatment August 8, 2018.
- ↑ Dhar, 2010 .
- ↑ Acharya, 2010 , p. 533.
- ↑ Batorevich, Kozhiceva, 2005 , p. 527.
- ↑ Kotin, 1996 , p. 156.
- ↑ 300 cattle head for goshala everyday . Times Of India (August 17, 2011). Date of treatment February 6, 2013.
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