The climate of Akhtubinsk is temperate , sharply continental .
Climate Akhtubinsk | |
---|---|
Air temperature | |
The average annual temperature, ° C | 10.1 |
Maximum, ° C | 43 |
Min, ° C | -34 |
Precipitation | |
Rainfall, mm | 249 |
Snow cover , months | 1.5-2 |
Other characteristics | |
Average wind speed, m / s | 4.4 |
Air humidity ,% | 70 |
Sunshine hours | 2682 |
Content
Characteristics of the seasons
Summer
Summer is the longest season of the year - 4.5 months.
It begins in the first days of May from a steady transition of the air temperature through 15 ° C upwards and ends in the first half of September , when the temperature drops to 15 ° C.
In the summer months there are 40-50% of days with an average daily temperature above 25 ° C, and on some days up to +35 ° C.
In the first half of June , the flood ends. There is a low-flow period. The water in the rivers warms up to 24 ° C, and in the ilmenite - up to 25-27 ° C. Often in the atmosphere there is a kind of thunderstorm: the wind is blowing clouds, the sky is pierced with lightning, thunder is heard, but moisture does not reach the ground, evaporating in the heated layers of air. This phenomenon is called “dry rain”.
The hottest month is July with an average monthly air temperature of 24-25 ° C.
Despite the fact that summer is dry, precipitation in summer falls more than in other seasons. Precipitation has a storm character. Dry air, high temperature and a large number of sunny days cause high evaporation, exceeding the amount of precipitation by 6-10 times. Monthly during the summer are 11-25 days with dry winds , with a maximum in July .
Autumn
The beginning of autumn falls in the middle of September , when the temperature passes through a mark of +15 ° C downwards. It sets warm, dry, sunny weather with moderately high temperatures during the day and relatively low at night.
In the second half of October , frosts begin.
Autumn lasts until the end of November . Quite cloudy weather gives way to cloudy and rainy, but there are also dry periods.
In the autumn, the temperature quickly drops and at the end of November the average daily temperature goes to negative values. The number of cloudy days is gradually increasing. A characteristic feature is the strengthening of the wind.
Winter
Winter begins in the second half of November and lasts until the end of March.
During this period, the softening influence of the Caspian Sea is almost not felt, since the northern part of it freezes. Therefore, the temperature of the winter months is lower here than it should be at this latitude.
A characteristic feature of the winter period is a large number of cloudy days, but because of the dryness of the air, precipitation falls rarely, there is no steady snow cover.
Winter is characterized by unstable weather: clear, cold days are replaced by cloudy, thaws. The coldest month is January with an average monthly temperature of minus 10 ° C.
The first snow appears in late November - early December . Its thickness is small — only about 5–12 cm. On rivers and lakes, steady ice cover is formed in December.
Spring
Spring is the shortest period of the year (one and a half months), from mid-March to early May. This period is characterized by a rapid increase in heat. From mid- April to mid- May, the average temperature rises by 10-15 degrees.
The transition of the average temperature to positive values occurs in the second half of March, that is, somewhat later than in Ukraine at the same latitudes, but May is warmer here than on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus .
East winds in the spring cause arid, hot weather, occasionally with dust storms. Spring dry winds can sometimes raise the air temperature in May to + 30-35 ° C.
The spring flood begins on average at the end of March , with a maximum at the end of May. Flood duration is 90-140 days.
The maximum levels of the spring flood on the river Akhtuba in the alignment of the water station at s. Peter and Paul make up:
- 1% of provision - −9.57 m. BS
- 10% of provision - −10.21 m. BS.
Level elevations on the Gerasimovka River are 6–7 m above the meantime.
In the second half of April the birds return from the south. In the delta, on the ilmens, the nests of swans, herons, and other waterfowl are landscaping. Fish spawns, including the famous Astrakhan roach .
General Features
The average July temperature: 25.3 ° C. Absolute maximum temperature : +43 ° C
The average January temperature is −6.8 ° C. Absolute minimum temperature : −34 ° C.
A certain role in the formation of the climate of the territory belongs to the relief. The activity of the processes of photosynthesis and decomposition and the amount of air polluting chemicals is largely determined by the amount of solar radiation received by a given territory.
Maximum solar radiation is observed at noon in summer , decreasing in the second half of the day due to an increase in the dustiness of the atmosphere, absolute humidity and an increase in vertical convection.
Duration of sunshine in Akhtubinsk reaches 2682 hours / year. The number of days without sun per year is 62. In the period from June to August there are no days without sun. The existing radiation regime determines the comfort of the territory by ultraviolet radiation. In summer, the territory belongs to the subzone with excessive ultraviolet irradiation.
Temperature and Humidity Regime
The wind regime is caused both by the general circulation of the atmosphere and by local processes. Under the influence of the Asian anticyclone, the winds of the eastern direction prevail throughout the year, especially in the cold period. In the warm period, there is an increase in the winds of the western directions, as well as the southern and northern ones (valley effect).
The average annual wind speed is 4.4 m / s. Moderate and strong winds in the spring and summer often cause dust storms (about 15 days with a dust storm for the year).
Calms, especially long ones, are rare and are observed mainly in the summer or in the winter in severe frosts. In the summer, at high temperatures with low air humidity and in calm conditions, the phenomenon of “dry heat” occurs, which is especially difficult to tolerate in humans.
Atmospheric phenomena
Strong winds with a speed of 15 m / s and more are observed on average 30 days a year with a maximum in April. In direction, strong winds coincide with the prevailing eastward direction.
Dust storms occur on average six times a year. Their duration ranges from an hour to 6 - 7 hours or more. Dust storms form in the period from April to October at temperatures close to July. Relative humidity is less than 30% and at a wind speed of more than 10 m / s. The greatest number of dust storms occurs from 11 to 17 hours.
Hot winds - a typical phenomenon. During the dry winds, the prevailing wind direction is southeast, speed - 8 m / s and more. Dry-air masses have a high dust content, since their maximum frequency of occurrence is observed in May, when there is no reliable grass cover, and in July-August, when the grass cover is completely burned out.
Fogs are observed throughout the year with the highest frequency during the cold period (37-39 days). In the warm period, on average, there is 4-7 days with fog .
Blizzards are rare, as snow cover is very unstable.
Surface water resources
The city of Akhtubinsk is located in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain , whose width ranges from 12 to 50 km. The hydrographic network is represented on the territory of the city. Akhtuboy , the duct Gerasimovka, which within the city is also named Vladimirovka and Kalmynka. There are small rivers.
The width of the river Akhtuba is 150–200 m, the greatest - 800 m; Gerasimovka channel width - 500-700 m.
Depths in r. Akhtuba 4-6 m, in some places up to 12 m, on shallows in summer, the river dries up; depths in the Gerasimovka channel - up to 11 m; current velocities at low temperatures of 0.8-1.2 m / s, in floods - up to 1.5 m / s.
After the construction of the Volgograd dam, the source of the Akhtuba river remained in the upstream of the reservoir, and a canal was built to feed the river in the downstream of the reservoir. Currently, the channel of the channel is well developed.
The water regime of watercourses is completely dependent on the work of the Volga Hydroelectric Power Station and the releases to the downstream of the Volgograd reservoir, which, as part of a cascade, provides long-term flow control.
The discharges of the Volgograd Hydroelectric Station in spring determine the highest levels of flood and the flooding of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain. Flooding of the floodplain begins when the discharge costs 12,000-14,000 m 3 / s. Water reaches the floodplain through water courses, as well as through a network of numerous eriks.
Since the stretch of the river below Volgograd has no tributaries, all these changes in the water regime also affected the watercourses in the city - the maximum levels when regulated are 1–1.5 m lower than the natural levels, and 0.4–1.0 m higher during the low water.
The summer-autumn low flow period, occurring after the flood, passes until the beginning of ice phenomena and is interrupted by rain floods, during which the level rises are insignificant.
River drainage characteristics also depend on releases from the Volgograd reservoir and are :
- annual average - p. Akhtuba - 99.3 m3 / s −16.0 m3 / s, p. Gerasimovka - 6500-8000 m3 / s,
- minimum - p. Akhtuba - 0 m3 / s, p. Gerasimovka - 1800-2500 m3 / s.
In the summer, p. Akhtuba dries out on a number of shoals and is a chain of lakes, elongated.
The temperature of the water repeats mainly the course of air temperature with a slight lag. Spring warming begins at the end of March by passing the temperature through 4.0º. The period with a water temperature of more than 16º is about 100 days.
The self-purification capacity of rivers, depending on the length of the period with a water temperature of more than 16º, when the biochemical processes are most intense, and on the runoff characteristics of the river, is estimated for r. Akhtuby - "low" for r. Gerasimovka - “high”.
Ice phenomena begin in late November with the appearance of the coast. Autumn drift does not happen. Ice growth is set on average in the second half of December and the average freezing period is 80-90 days, the ice thickness is 40-50 cm.
There are cases when on the river. During warm periods in winter, the Akhtuba freeze-up is destroyed, and with the onset of cold weather it forms again. Spring break-up begins in the second decade of March and lasts 8-20 days.
The total surface water resources for the city are average annual in the dry year - about 193 million cubic meters. Almost all of these resources are concentrated in the r. Gerasimovka. Minimum water flow in the river. Gerasimovke can provide any need for surface water.
In accordance with the Water Code of the Russian Federation in force since January 1, 2006, water protection zones on the Akhtuba and Gerasimovka rivers should be set 200 m wide, the coastal zone 40-50 m, and the OZ should be 50 m.
In accordance with the Water Code of the Russian Federation in water protection zones it is prohibited:
- placement of disposal sites for production and consumption waste, radioactive, chemical, explosive, toxic, toxic and poisonous substances;
- movement and parking of vehicles, with the exception of their movement on roads and parking on roads and in specially equipped places with a hard surface [1] .
See also
- Astrakhan climate
Links
Note
- ↑ http://www.adm-akhtubinsk.ru/index.php/ogorode/klimat.html “Geography and Climate”, the site of the administration of the municipal administration “Akhtubinsk City”