Sergey P. Korolev ( December 30, 1906 [ January 12, 1907 ], Zhytomyr - January 14, 1966 , Moscow ) - Soviet scientist, designer of rocket and space systems [1] , chairman of the Council of Chief Designers of the USSR (1950–1966). Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958).
Sergey Pavlovich Korolev | |||||||||||
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Predecessor | position established | ||||||||||
Successor | Vasily Pavlovich Mishin | ||||||||||
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Predecessor | position established | ||||||||||
Successor | Mishin, Vasily Pavlovich | ||||||||||
Birth | January 12, 1907 Zhytomyr , Volyn province , Russian Empire | ||||||||||
Death | January 14, 1966 (59 years old) Moscow , RSFSR , USSR | ||||||||||
Burial place | Necropolis at the Kremlin wall , Moscow | ||||||||||
Father | Korolev Pavel Yakovlevich (1877–1929) | ||||||||||
Mother | Moskalenko (Balanina) Maria Nikolaevna (1888-1980) | ||||||||||
Spouse | 1st: (1930–1948) Vincentini Ksenia Maximilianovna (1907–1991), 2nd: (1949–1966) Nina Koroleva (1920–1999) | ||||||||||
Children | (1st marriage) daughter Natalia (1935) | ||||||||||
The consignment | CPSU (since 1953) | ||||||||||
Education | Kiev Polytechnic Institute , Moscow Higher Technical School | ||||||||||
Academic title | Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( 1958 ) | ||||||||||
Activity | |||||||||||
Autograph | |||||||||||
Awards | |||||||||||
Type of army | |||||||||||
Rank | |||||||||||
Scientific activity | |||||||||||
Scientific field | rocket science | ||||||||||
Place of work | OKB-1 | ||||||||||
Known as | The founder of the Soviet cosmonautics | ||||||||||
Sergei Korolev is one of the main creators of the Soviet rocket and space technology, which provided strategic parity and made the USSR an advanced rocket and space power, and a key figure in human exploration of space, the founder of practical cosmonautics. Under his leadership, the first artificial Earth satellite and the first cosmonaut of the planet, Yuri Gagarin, were launched and organized.
Twice Hero of Socialist Labor , winner of the Lenin Prize . Member of the CPSU since July 1953 [2] .
He died on January 14, 1966 in Moscow, buried in a necropolis near the Kremlin wall .
Content
Biography
Sergey Korolev was born on December 30, 1906 ( January 12, 1907 ) in the city of Zhytomyr in the family of Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev, a teacher of Russian literature (1877–1929), born in Mogilyov , and the daughter of the Nizhinsky merchant, Maria Nikolaevna Moskalenko (Balanina) (1888–1980) [ 3] . They baptized him in the Sofia church.
In the summer of 1908, the Korolev family with little Sergei moved to Kiev , where Pavel Yakovlevich got a job as a teacher of Russian language and literature at the Fifth Male Gymnasium . In Kiev, sad news waited for them: Pavel Yakovlevich’s father died in Mogilev and all the worries about his family, his mother (Domna Nikolaevna) and two minor children of his twin sisters (Nadya and Vera) lay on his shoulders. After moving from Mogilev of the Korolev family to Kiev, Pavel Yakovlevich rented two apartments in the outbuildings of house No. 31 (now at No. 35) on Turgenevskaya Street .
Sergey Korolev was about three years old when the family broke up. The mother went to her sister, and then to higher female courses, and little Seryozha was sent to Nizhyn to grandmother Maria Matveyevna (1867-1936) and grandfather Nikolai Yakovlevich Moskalenko (1859-1921). Pavel Yakovlevich was beside himself, filed an application to the Nezhinsky Court to give him a son. The court refused. The official divorce Pavel Yakovlevich gave only 1916 .
In 1915 he entered the preparatory classes of the gymnasium in Kiev , in 1917 he went to the first class of the gymnasium in Odessa , where his mother, Maria Nikolaevna Balanina, and his stepfather , Grigory Balanin (1881–1963), moved ( 4) .
He did not study in the gymnasium for long, as it was closed; then there were four months of a single labor school. Then he received education at home - his mother and stepfather were teachers, and his stepfather, in addition to teaching, had an engineering education [5] . During his school years, Sergei was interested in new aviation technology and showed exceptional ability to it. In 1922-1924 he studied at the construction vocational school, engaged in many circles and at different courses.
In 1921, he became acquainted with the pilots of the Odessa hydraulic detachment and actively participated in aviation public life: from 16 years old - as a lecturer on the elimination of airborne illiteracy, and from 17 years - as the author of the project of the K-5 motorless aircraft officially protected before a competent commission and recommended for construction.
Enrolling in Kiev Polytechnic Institute in 1924 on the profile of aviation equipment, in two years Korolev mastered general engineering disciplines in it and became a glider athlete. In the autumn of 1926, he transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU) named after N. E. Bauman.
During his studies at MVTU, S. P. Korolev had already gained fame as a young capable aircraft designer and an experienced glider pilot. On November 2, 1929, Korolyov passed the examinations for the “pilot-parity” title on the “Firebird” glider designed by M. K. Tikhonravov , and in December of the same year, under the guidance of Andrey Nikolayevich Tupolev, defended his thesis - the SK-4 aircraft project. The aircraft designed by him and built — Koktebel, Krasnaya Zvezda gliders and the SK-4 light aircraft, designed to achieve a record flight distance — showed Korolev's extraordinary abilities as an aircraft designer . Thus, for the first time in the USSR, the SK-3 “Krasnaya Zvezda” glider was specially designed to perform aerobatic maneuvers and, in particular, the dead loop , which was successfully demonstrated by pilot A. A. Stepanchonk during the VII All-Union glider rally in Koktebel on October 28 1930. However, especially after meeting with K.E. Tsiolkovsky , Korolev was fascinated by thoughts about flying into the stratosphere and the principles of jet propulsion.
In September 1931, S. P. Korolyov and a talented enthusiast in the field of rocket engines, F. A. Zander, achieved the creation in Moscow with the help of Osoaviakhim of a public organization - the Jet Propulsion Study Group (GIRD) [6] [7] ; in April 1932, it became essentially a state research and development laboratory for the development of rocket aircraft, in which the first Soviet liquid-ballistic missiles (BR) GIRD-09 and GIRD-10 were created and launched.
On August 17, 1933, the first successful launch of the GIRD rocket was carried out.
In 1933, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council, on the basis of the Moscow GIRD and the Leningrad Gas-Dynamic Laboratory (GDL), the Jet Research Institute of the NC ViMD of the USSR was established under the leadership of I. T. Kleymyonov . Korolev was first appointed his deputy, but in early 1934 he was dismissed from this post. In 1935, he became head of the rocket flying department; in 1936, he was able to bring cruise missiles to testing: an anti - aircraft one — 217 with a powder rocket engine and a long-range missile engine — 212 . In his department, by 1938, projects were developed for liquid cruise and ballistic long -range missiles, aircraft missiles for firing at air and ground targets and anti - aircraft solid - fuel missiles. However, differences in views on the prospects for the development of rocket technology forced Korolev to leave the post of deputy director, and he was appointed to the position of head of the sector [8] .
Military ranks
Korolev was given the military rank of lieutenant of the Air Force (Air Force) of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA), and later on the military rank of senior lieutenant of the Red Army air force. [9] When appointed to the post of deputy chief of the Scientific Research Institute for Scientific Work on November 9, 1933, he was assigned the service category K-11 - a division engineer of the aviation engineering service; Thus, at the age of 26 Korolev was given the rank of general. He was dismissed at the beginning of 1934 and on January 11, 1934 by order of the personnel of the Red Army was dismissed from active military service in the reserve. [9]
Soon after the war, the British demonstrated the launch of the German V-2 rocket (the launch was carried out by German specialists). At the direction of the leadership, Korolev arrived at this launch under an alien name in the form of the artillery captain of the Soviet Army. At the same time, they forgot to provide him with front-line awards, which caused an increased interest of British intelligence . [ten]
In 1946 - the colonel [11] .
Arrest and work in closed KBs
Korolev was arrested on June 27, 1938 , after the arrest of Ivan Terentyevich Kleymyonov and other employees of the Rocket Institute . The arrest of Korolev was sanctioned by M. Yu. Raginsky - Deputy Prosecutor General A.Ya. Vyshinsky . The arrest warrant for Korolev was written by Zhukovsky. Grounds for the arrest: the testimony of I. T. Kleymyonov (shot), G. E. Langemak (shot), V. P. Glushko - all three called S. P. Korolev an accomplice of a counter-revolutionary Trotskyist organization inside the RNII, “aiming at weakening the defense power in favor of fascism. " The investigation was conducted by lieutenants, operatives of the NKVD, Mikhail Nikolayevich Shestakov [12] and Bykov [13] .
He was charged under article 58, for two of her points: 58-7 - “Undermining state industry ..., perpetrated for counterrevolutionary purposes by appropriately using state institutions and enterprises, or opposing their normal activities” - and 58-11 - “All kinds of organizational activities aimed at preparing or committing the crimes provided for in this chapter ... ”. Korolev was accused of that since 1935 he had carried out criminal work to disrupt the development and commissioning of new types of weapons by the Red Army.
According to some reports, he was tortured - his jaw was broken. Journalist Ya. K. Golovanov in his books [13] [14] emphasizes that this is only a version:
In February 1988, I spoke with the correspondent member of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.N. Efuni . Sergei Naumovich told me about the operation in 1966, during which Sergei Pavlovich died. Efuni himself took part in it only at a certain stage, but, being at that time the leading anesthesiologist of the 4th Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Public Health, he knew all the details of this tragic event.
“Anesthesiologist Yuri Ilich Savinov was faced with an unforeseen circumstance,” said Sergey Naumovich. - In order to give anesthesia, it was necessary to enter the tube, and Korolev could not open his mouth wide. He had broken two jaws ...
- Did Sergey Pavlovich have broken jaws? - I asked Korolev's wife, Nina Ivanovna.
“He never mentioned it,” she replied thoughtfully. - He really could not open his mouth wide, and I recall: when he had to go to the dentist, he was always nervous ...
Korolev writes clearly: “the investigators Shestakov and Bykov subjected me to physical repression and bullying”. But I cannot prove that Nikolai Shestakov broke his jaws to Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Unfortunately, no one will be able to prove it. Even to prove that hit - you can not. What just pushed. I repeat: I can not prove anything, there is no such evidence in nature. I can only try to see. There are no other evidences confirming that during the interrogations of Korolev the jaw was broken.
However, Korolev’s daughter confirms that her father’s jaw was broken during interrogation by the NKVD.
September 25, 1938 Korolev was included in the list of persons subject to trial by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR . In the list he went on the first (firing) category [15] [16] . The list was endorsed by Stalin , Molotov , Voroshilov and Kaganovich [17] .
Korolev was convicted by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 27, 1938, accusation: Art. 58-7, 11 . Verdict: 10 years ITL , 5 years of defeat in the rights . On June 13, 1939, the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR canceled the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, and the investigation of the case against Korolev was transferred to a new investigation during which Korolev showed that his testimony at the investigation in 1938 does not correspond to reality and is false:
"APPROVED"
REPAIR START CHAPTER. EKOHOM. UPR NKVD USSR
ST. MAJOR STATE SECURITY
/ NASCAD /
May 29, 1940
CLOSING INDICTMENT
Investigation case No. 19908 on the charge of Sergey Korolev under Art. 58-7; 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.
On June 28, 1938, the NKVD of the USSR for belonging to a Trotskyist, sabotage organization operating in Research Institute No. 3 (NKB of the USSR) arrested Korolev Sergei Pavlovich, a former engineer of this institution, was arrested and brought to criminal liability.
During the investigation, Korolyov found himself guilty that he was brought to the Trotsky pest organization in 1935 by the former technical director of the research institute No. 3 Langemak (convicted).
On the instructions of the anti-Soviet organization, Korolyov conducted sabotage work on disrupting the working out and putting into service of the Red Army new weapons (ld 21-35, 53-55; 66-67, 238-239).
By decision of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of September 27, 1938, Korolev was sentenced to 10 years in prison.
On June 13, 1939, the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR overturned the sentence of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, and the investigative case for Korolev was transferred to a new investigation (see the separate file of the court proceedings).
In the process of re-investigation, Korolev showed that the testimony given by him during the investigation in 1938 does not correspond to reality and is false (case report ld 153-156).
However, Korolyov denounces the available investigation materials and documentary data in that:
In 1936 he led the development of powder winged torpedoes; knowing in advance that the main parts of this torpedo - devices with photocells - for controlling the torpedoes and targeting it to the target, cannot be manufactured by the central wired communication laboratory, Korolev stormed the development of the missile part of this torpedo in 2 versions in order to load the institute .
As a result of this test, four torpedoes built by Korolev showed their complete unsuitability, which caused damage to the state in the amount of 120,000 rubles and delayed the development of other, more relevant topics (ld 250-251).
In 1937, during the development of the lateral compartment of the torpedo (winged), he made a sabotage calculation, as a result of which research work on the creation of a torpedo was disrupted (ps 23-24, 256).
Artificially delayed the time of manufacture and testing of defense facilities (object 212) (ld 21, 54, 255).
Based on the above accused
KOROLEV SERGEY PAVLOVICH, born in 1906,
harvest mountains Zhytomyr, Russian, USSR, non-partisan,
before arrest - engineer NII-3 of the NKB of the USSR,
in that:
Since 1935, he has been a member of the Trotsky sabotage organization, on whose instructions he carried out criminal work at NII-3 in disrupting the development and commissioning of new types of weapons by the Red Army, i.e. in crimes of art. 58-7, 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.
He pleaded guilty, but subsequently refused his testimony.
Exposes testimony: Kleimenova, Langemak, Glushko; the testimony of witnesses; Smirnov, Rokhmachev, Kostikova, Shitov, Efremov, Bukin, Dushkin and acts of expert commissions.
The case of the accusation of Korolev to the Office of the Prosecutor of the USSR on jurisdiction.
The indictment was drawn up on May 28, 1940 in the mountains. Moscow
STUDYER OF THE STUDY OF THE NKVD USSR
ML LIEUTENANT STATE SECURITY / ROSABOV /
POM START NEXT PES NKVD CCCP
CT. LIEUTENANT STATE SECURITY / LIBENSON /
“AGREES” START. SLEDCHESTI GEM NKVD USSR
MAJOR STATE SECURITY
/ VLODZIMIRSKY / "
On June 10, 1940, the term was reduced to 8 years for the ITL, and was released in 1944.
According to his application to the Military Prosecutor’s Office of May 30, 1955, he was rehabilitated “for lack of corpus delicti” on April 18, 1957 [18] [19] .
Sergey Korolev passed Butyrka in Moscow, a transfer prison in Novocherkassk [20] .
April 21, 1939 came to Kolyma , where, from August 3, he was at the gold mine Maldyak of the Western Mining Administration and was engaged in the so-called "common work" [21] .
His mother M.N. Balanina was the first to start fighting for a review of the case of S. P. Korolev, with the support of the deputies of the USSR Supreme Soviet M. M. Gromov and V. S. Grizodubova . The sentence of September 27, 1938 was canceled and the case was transferred to a new trial [21] . As a result, on September 23, 1939, S. P. Korolyov was sent from the mine site Maldyak to Vladlaga [19] [22] and then to Moscow for a review of the case. On the way from the mine, S. P. Korolev fell ill and ended up in the infirmary. He was late in Magadan on the last steamer "Indigirka" before closing the navigation. This saved Sergei Pavlovich from death - the steamer sank along with the crew and passengers in the Sea of Japan during a storm, killing about 700 people.
He arrived in Moscow on March 2, 1940 , where four months later he was convicted for the second time by a Special Meeting , sentenced to 8 years in prison and sent to the Moscow special prison NKVD TsKB-29 , where, under the direction of A. N. Tupolev , also a prisoner, he took an active part in creating Pe-2 and Tu-2 bombers and at the same time initiatively developed projects of guided aerotorpeda and a new version of a missile interceptor .
This was the reason for the transfer of S. P. Korolev in 1942 to another prison-type design bureau - OKB-16 at the Kazan Aviation Plant No. 16 (now the Open Joint-Stock Company Kazan Motor-Building Production Association / KMPO OJSC). engines of new types for the purpose of their application in aircraft. Here S. P. Korolev, with his characteristic enthusiasm, devotes himself to the practical use of rocket engines for the advancement of aviation: reducing the run-up length of an aircraft during takeoff and increasing the speed and dynamic characteristics of aircraft during air combat.
In early 1943, he was appointed chief designer of a group of jet plants. He was engaged in improving the technical characteristics of the Pe-2 dive bomber, the first flight of which with a rocket launcher in force took place in October 1943.
According to the memoirs of L. L. Kerber , S. P. Korolev was a skeptic , a cynic and a pessimist , who looked absolutely grim for the future. “ Slam without obituary ,” was his favorite phrase [23] . At the same time, there is a statement by cosmonaut Alexei Leonov regarding S. P. Korolev: “He was never embittered ... He never complained, he cursed no one, he did not scold. He had no time for this. He understood that bitterness is not a creative impulse, but oppression ” [24] .
In July 1944, S. P. Korolyov was early released from prison with the removal of a criminal conviction, but without rehabilitation (minutes dated July 27, 1944 of the meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR) on the personal instructions of I. V. Stalin, after which he spent another year in Kazan . On January 12, 2007, the high relief of S. P. Korolev by sculptor M. M. Gasimov [25] was solemnly opened on the building (entrance) of KMPO OJSC .
S.P. Korolev was one of the first teachers at the jet engine department of the Kazan Aviation Institute , which at that time was unique and the only one of its kind among all Soviet universities.
Development of ballistic missiles
On September 8, 1945, S. P. Korolev flew to Berlin to participate in the study of trophy rocket technology in the Soviet occupation zone (in Thuringia ). In 1946 a new Soviet-German Nordhausen rocket institute was created there, and SP Korolev was appointed as its chief engineer.
At the end of 1945, the Special Design Bureau for Rocket Technology (SKB RT) was organized at the end of 1945 to study and reproduce the FAU-2 missiles at the large artillery plant near Moscow N 88. When representatives of the SKB RT arrived at the Nordhausen Institute to familiarize themselves with the FAA-2, it was decided to appoint Korolev as the head of manufacturing the copy of the FAA-2. [9]
In 1946, he was appointed head of department No. 3 of NII-88 . At the same time, the position of Chief Designer of the SKB RT was replaced with the position of chief and the positions of chief designers for each rocket were introduced. As a result, Korolev became the Chief Designer. [9]
Speaking about the design of the Soviet missiles that followed the R-1 , it is difficult to distinguish between temporary periods for their creation. So, Korolev thought about the P-2 back in Germany , when the P-1 project was not yet discussed, the P-5 was developed by him even before the P-2 was delivered , and even earlier work began on the P-11 small mobile rocket and the first calculations on intercontinental rocket R-7 .
In 1948, S. P. Korolyov began flight tests of a ballistic missile R-1 (Fau-2 analogue) and in 1950 successfully put it into service.
By order of the USSR Government of 04/24/1950, the OKB-1 NII-88 MV USSR was created, and Korolev became its chief and chief designer. [9]
During 1954 alone , Korolev simultaneously worked on various modifications of the R-1 rocket (R-1A, R-1B, R-1B, R-1D, R-1E), completed work on the R-5 and outlined five different modifications of it. , completed the difficult and responsible work on the R-5M missile - with a nuclear warhead. There was work on the R-11 and its sea version of the R-11FM, and the intercontinental R-7 acquired more and more clear features.
In 1956, under the leadership of S. P. Korolyov, a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile R-7 was created with a detachable warhead weighing 3 tons and a flight range of 8 thousand km. The rocket was successfully tested in 1957 at the test site No. 5 built for this purpose in Kazakhstan (the current Baikonur cosmodrome ). For combat duty of these missiles in 1958-1959, a combat launch station was built (the Angara object) in the area of the settlement of Plesetsk ( Arkhangelsk Oblast , the current Plesetsk cosmodrome ). A modification of the R-7A missile with a range increased to 11,000 km was in service with the USSR Strategic Missile Forces from 1960 to 1968.
In 1957, Sergei Pavlovich created the first ballistic missiles on stable fuel components. [ what? ] (mobile land and sea-based); He became a pioneer in these new and important directions of development of rocket weapons.
Earth's first artificial satellite
In 1955 (long before the flight tests of the R-7 rocket) S. P. Korolev, M. V. Keldysh , M. K. Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial Earth satellite using the R-7 rocket ) . The government supported this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 left NII-88 and became an independent organization, the main designer and director of which was SP Korolev.
For the implementation of manned flights and launches of automatic space stations, S. P. Korolev developed a family of perfect three- and four-stage carriers on the basis of a combat missile.
On October 4, 1957, the first artificial satellite in the history of mankind was launched into Earth orbit. The launch of the satellite highly raised the international authority of the USSR as a country of advanced science and technology.
“It was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but its ringing call signs spread throughout the continents and among all nations as an embodiment of the bold dream of mankind,” said S.P. Korolev later.
Other satellites and spacecraft launch to the moon
In parallel with the preparation for manned flights, work was carried out on satellites for scientific, national economic and defense purposes. In 1958, the Geophysical Satellite-3 was developed and launched into space, and then the Electron pair of satellites for the study of the Earth’s radiation belts . In 1959, three automatic stations for the Moon were created and launched: the Luna-1 flew near the moon, first registering the solar wind , the Luna-2 flew from Earth to another space body for the first time in the world, delivering the pennants of the Soviet Union to the Moon, " Luna-3 " for the first time took photographs of the reverse (invisible from the Earth) side of the Moon , about 70% of the reverse side of the Moon was filmed. Subsequently, S. P. Korolyov began the development of a more advanced lunar apparatus for soft landing on the lunar surface , photographing and transmitting to the Earth a lunar panorama (object E-6).
Man in space
April 12, 1961 S. Korolev again struck the world community. Having created the first manned spacecraft " Vostok-1 ", he implemented the world's first manned space flight - a citizen of the USSR, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin - in near-earth orbit. Sergei Pavlovich was not in a hurry to solve the problem of the mastery of outer space by man. The first spacecraft made only one turn: no one knew how a person would feel during such a prolonged weightlessness, what psychological loads would act on him during an unusual and unexplored space travel.
For the preparation of the first manned space flight, SP Korolev was again awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labor (the Decree was not published).
Following the first flight of Yu.A. Gagarin on August 6, 1961, German Stepanovic Titov on the Vostok-2 spacecraft made a second space flight that lasted one day. Again - a rigorous analysis of the influence of flight conditions on the functioning of the body. Then the joint flight of the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonauts A.G. Nikolayev and P.R. Popovich , from 11 to 12 August 1962 ; between astronauts was established direct radio communication. The following year, the joint flight of cosmonauts V. F. Bykovsky and V. V. Tereshkova on the Vostok-5 and Vostok-6 spacecraft from 14 to 16 June 1963: the possibility of a flight into space by a woman is being studied. After the flight, S. Korolyov told his wife that there was no place for women in space [14] .
From October 12 to October 13, 1964, in a more complex space ship " Voskhod " in space there was a crew of three people of different specialties: the ship's commander, flight engineer and doctor.
The first in the world spacewalk took place on March 18, 1965 during the flight of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft with a crew of two people. Astronaut A. A. Leonov in a spacesuit went through the airlock and was out of the ship for about 20 minutes.
Mars Exploration Project
S. P. Korolev has priority in the practical beginning of work on manned flights to Mars. According to American sources [26] , in 1959, S. P. Korolev persuaded the Soviet leadership to support the development of a project to send the rover to Mars. The team of S. P. Korolev began the development of a super-heavy interplanetary rocket with the code name TMK - Heavy interplanetary ship . The rocket was supposed to be launched by a super-heavy class H-1 launch vehicle. On April 12, 1960, S. P. Korolev informed the Soviet leadership about changing the plan and adding the mission of landing astronauts to the surface of Mars when 3 or 4 spacecraft simultaneously fly to the Red Planet. Although this initiative did not receive approval from the Kremlin, this was not the end of the program to send people to Mars. The ideas of research of other planets with the help of manned stations continued to develop and gained more and more support among scientists and engineers of space programs.
Orbital Station Project
Continuing to develop the program of manned near-Earth flights, Sergei Pavlovich began to implement his ideas about the development of manned DOS (long-term orbital station ). Its prototype was a fundamentally new, more sophisticated than the previous, the Soyuz spacecraft. The composition of this ship was a household compartment, where astronauts could stay for a long time without space suits and conduct scientific research. The flight also provided for automatic docking in orbit of two Soyuz spacecraft and the transfer of astronauts from one spacecraft to another through outer space in spacesuits. Sergei Pavlovich did not live to realize his ideas in the Soyuz spacecraft.
Lunar Project
Back in the mid-1950s, Korolev had ideas for launching a man on the moon. The corresponding space program was developed with the support of N. S. Khrushchev . However, this program was never implemented during the life of Sergei Pavlovich due to the lack of unity of command (the program was developed under the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Defense , in which Korolev did not work), disagreements with the chief designer of rocket engines V. P. Glushko , and Leonid Brezhnev did not attach to the lunar program such importance as Khrushchev. After the death of Sergei Pavlovich, the astronaut launch program on the moon was gradually phased out. The Soviet program for the exploration of the moon was later carried out with the help of unmanned spacecraft .
Case History and Death
Sergei Pavlovich was operated by the Minister of Health of the USSR , full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences , Professor B. V. Petrovsky , and assisted by Petrovsky, Head of the Surgery Department, Associate Professor, Candidate of Medical Sciences DF Blagovidov. In the middle of the operation, Professor A. A. Vishnevsky was urgently called in as a consultant.
During the operation, Korolev had bleeding . It was not possible to stop it by removing the polyps. It was decided to open the abdominal cavity . This was not part of the original plan of the operation and was not prepared in advance by the anesthesiologists. No one could say how the patient's heart would react to general anesthesia: the Queen never had an ECG at the hospital. When they began to approach the bleeding site, they found a tumor the size of a fist. It was a sarcoma - a malignant tumor . Petrovsky decided to remove the sarcoma. At the same time made part of the rectum removed. We had to bring the rest through the peritoneum. Due to the untreated trauma received in the link (according to the version above, the investigator broke Korolev’s jaw, hitting Sergei Pavlovich with a carafe by the cheekbone; . He could not properly enter the breathing tube into the trachea [27] . Cardiac arrest occurred 30 minutes after the end of the operation, still on the operating table.
The official medical report was published on January 16, 1966 in the newspaper Pravda . 1966. No. 16 (17333).
Medical report on the disease and the cause of death of Comrade Korolev Sergey Pavlovich :
Tov. S.P. Korolev was sick with rectal sarcoma . In addition, he had: atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, sclerosis of cerebral arteries, pulmonary emphysema and metabolic disorders. S. P. Korolev underwent a tumor removal operation with extirpation of the rectum and part of the sigmoid colon . Death Comrade. S.P. Korolev came from heart failure (acute myocardial ischemia).
- Minister of Health of the USSR, member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Professor B. V. Petrovsky ; Full Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Professor A. A. Vishnevsky ; the head of the surgical department of the hospital, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences DF Blagovidov; Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Professor A. I. Strukov ; Head of the Fourth Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Public Health, Honored Scientist, Professor A. M. Markov [28] .
Funeral
The coffin with the body of the deceased was installed in the Hall of Columns. For the farewell to the deceased, access was opened on January 17, 1966 from 12 noon to 8 pm. The funeral with state honors took place on Red Square in Moscow on January 18 at 13 o'clock. The urn with the ashes of S. P. Korolev was buried in the Kremlin wall .
Family
- Mother - Maria Nikolaevna Balanina (1888-1980).
- The first wife was Ksenia Maximilianovna Vincentini (1907–1991) [29] , a surgeon at the Botkin Hospital [30] .
- Daughter Natalia Sergeevna (1935) [31] , Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Hospital Surgery at the 1st MSMU named after IM Sechenov , laureate of the State Prize (1982) [30] , honorary citizen of the city of Korolev [32] .
- Grandson Andrey Vadimovich (1962), MD, specialist in orthopedic surgery and sports traumatology.
- Daughter Natalia Sergeevna (1935) [31] , Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Hospital Surgery at the 1st MSMU named after IM Sechenov , laureate of the State Prize (1982) [30] , honorary citizen of the city of Korolev [32] .
- The second wife is Nina Ivanovna (10/20/1920–25.4.1999) [33] .
Awards and titles
- Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (04/20/1956; 06/17/1961).
- Awarded three orders of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor and medals.
- Winner of the Lenin Prize .
- Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
- Freeman of the cities of Korolev , Kaluga and Baikonur [34] .
Bibliography
- Korolev S.P. Rocket flight in the stratosphere . - M .: State. military publishing house, 1934. - 108 p. [35]
Memory
House Museums
In 1970, the house-museum of S. P. Korolev was opened in Zhytomyr , in the house where Korolev was born.
In 1975 in Moscow , in the house where Korolev lived and worked his last years of life, the Memorial Museum-Museum of Academician S. P. Korolev was opened.
In 1987, the Sergei Pavlovich Korolev Cosmonautics Museum was opened in Zhytomyr .
Monuments
List of monuments to Sergey Korolev:
In Russia
- Monument in the city of Korolev ( Moscow region ) on Korolev Avenue.
- Monument in Moscow .
- Monument to Korolev and Yuri Gagarin in Taganrog .
- Monument to Korolev and Gagarin in the city of Korolev on the central square [36] .
- Monument-bust in Samara, near the Korolev National Research University.
- Monument in Cheboksary [37] .
- Monument-bust on Korolev Avenue in St. Petersburg on the territory of a sports school (04/04/2017) [38] [39] .
- The monument near the educational and laboratory building MGTU them. N. E. Bauman .
- Monument to the Queen opened in August 2016 in Omsk to the 300th anniversary of the city in front of the DC Chemist on Korolev Avenue.
- Monument in the building faculty SM MGTU them. N. E. Bauman.
- Bust in the courtyard of the school named after S. Korolev in the city of Togliatti (opened on May 29, 2017)
In other countries:
- Monument in Baikonur (Kazakhstan);
- The monument is installed on the Museum Square of the National Technical University of Ukraine (KPI) in Kiev ;
- Monument in Zhytomyr (Ukraine).
- Monument in Madrid (Spain) [40]
Named in honor of S. P. Korolev
City
- Korolev ( Moscow region ).
Streets and other urban sites
- Korolev Avenue in different locations.
- Street Academician Korolev in different locations.
- Korolev Street in different locations.
- Korolev Boulevard in Togliatti .
- Korolev microdistrict in the city of Stary Oskol .
- Korolev Square in Zhytomyr .
- Korolevsky district in Zhytomyr .
Space bodies
- Crater on Mars .
- Crater on the back of the moon .
- Asteroid 1855 Korolev .
Institutions
- Rocket and Space Corporation (RKK) "Energy" them. S. P. Korolev .
- Samara National Research University named after academician S. P. Korolev (Samara University) . In 2011, a bust of Sergey Korolev was installed near the university [41] .
- Zhytomyr Military Institute named after SP Korolev .
- Research vessel " Akademik Sergey Korolev " [42] [43] .
- Open Joint Stock Company "Meridian" them. S.P. Korolev - successor of the Kiev plant "Radiopribor" them. S.P. Korolev in Kiev .
- House of Culture named after S. P. Korolev in Kiev .
- Secondary school number 20 named. S.P. Korolev Cheryomushkinsky district of Moscow (now transformed). The school also operated a small museum Korolev.
- School named after academician S. P. Korolev, Togliatti (2016).
Objects
- Airbus A321 (VQ-BEI) airliner “S. Korolev "airline Aeroflot .
- Station monorail in Moscow " Street Academician Korolev ."
Awards and badges
- The gold medal named after SP Korolev , awarded from 1967 to 1991 by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , from 1991 - RAS .
- Medal named after S.P. Korolyov , awarded by the Federation of Cosmonautics of Russia.
- The sign of Korolev is a departmental award of the Federal Space Agency .
In philately
Korolev's date of birth is different on postage stamps — sometimes in the old style, sometimes in the new.
Memorial cancellation dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Korolev
Mail envelope USSR, 1987
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1982
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1977
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1969
Postage stamp of the USSR
Research vessel " Akademik Sergey Korolev "
Research vessel "Akademik Sergey Korolev"
On a postage stamp of Russia
On a postage stamp of Ukraine, 1998
On a postage stamp of Ukraine, 2002
On a postage stamp of Ukraine with V. P. Glushko , 2007
On a postage stamp of Kazakhstan
In Numismatics
Commemorative silver coin of the Bank of Russia, dedicated to Korolev (face value 2 rubles., 2007 )
Commemorative commemorative coin of the National Bank of Ukraine, dedicated to Korolev (face value 2 UAH, 2007 )
Movies
Art and Television
- “I'm going to look for”, 1966 (“Gusarov” - George Zhzhyonov )
- “ The Taming of the Fire ”, 1972 (in the role of Bashkirtsev - Kirill Lavrov )
- "Run" - about the youth of S. P. Korolev, 1982 (in the role - Vladimir Baranov)
- " Alien Ship ", 1985 ( Oleg Tabakov )
- “ Battle for space ”, 2005 (in the role of Korolev - Steve Nicholson)
- “ Korolev ”, 2007 ( Sergey Astakhov )
- “Cedar pierces the sky”, 2011 ( Igor Sklyar )
- "Furtseva" (television series), 2011 (Alexey Yanin)
- "Our Space", 2011 ( Ivan Shabaltas )
- “ Gagarin. The first in space ", 2013 ( Mikhail Filippov )
- "The Main", 2015 ( Valery Grishko )
- " Time of the first ", 2017 ( Vladimir Ilyin )
- Debtor's Shack, 2017 (Vadim Volkov)
Documentary
- " The Empire of Korolev "
- “Sergey Korolev. Fate ”- Studio A, Workshop One , 2004
- “Liberation of the designer” - the TV company “Civilization”, the cycle “Empire of Korolev”. Movie 1. Culture Channel, 2006
- “Trophy Cosmos” - “Civilization” TV company, “Empire of Korolev” cycle. Movie 2. Culture TV channel, 2006
- “Inaccessible Moon” - TV company “Civilization”, cycle “Empire of Korolev”. Movie 3. Culture TV channel, 2006
- “Tsar-rocket. Interrupted flight "- Roskosmos TV studio," TV Center ", 2006
- “The world consists of stars and of people” - Kultura TV channel, 2006
- “First on Mars. Unsung Song by Sergey Korolyov "- Roscosmos TV Studio , 2007
- “Sergey Korolev. Reaching the Heaven "- TV Studio Prospect TV, Channel One, 2007
- “Sergey Korolov” - “NTU”, 2007, (in Russian-Ukrainian)
- “Five Deaths of Academician Korolev” - 07 Production Studio, Inter TV Channel, 2009, (in Russian-Ukrainian)
- “Korolev. Countdown "- NTV , 2010
- “ Sergey Korolev. Life on cosmic speed "- Roscosmos TV Studio, Russian Space program, Russia-2 TV channel, 2011
- Open space, 4 series, 2011
- Geniuses, 2015, 8 series, in 7 series about the rocket - space industry.
- "Kolyma - the birthplace of our fear / inDud", 2019 ( Yuri Dud )
Interesting Facts
- Korolev was the first in the world to implement:
- launch into space of the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin ,
- launch into space of the first artificial satellite of the Earth ,
- launching a satellite into space with a living being - the dog Laika ,
- launching a ballistic missile from a submarine.
External images | |
---|---|
The plaque on the Kremlin wall, where the urn with the ashes of S. Korolev is buried. Date of birth was given in the old style. Subsequently, the error was corrected. |
- Korolev was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor without being rehabilitated (he was awarded the title on April 20, 1956, and rehabilitated on April 18, 1957).
- During the life of the name of Korolev was considered secret . It was not mentioned either in the news when the first satellite was launched , or during the flight of Gagarin. Only after his death, streets were named after Korolev, monuments were erected for him, he himself was buried near the Kremlin wall .
Notes
- ↑ Legostaev V.P. Korolev . Great Russian Encyclopedia.
- ↑ Entry in the party ticket of the CPSU No. 08683575 by S. P. Korolev. Issued March 4, 1960 Mytishchi plant them. Kalinin
- ↑ Vladimir Tomsky. Unknown Korolev. The chief designer of the future . M .: Eksmo, 2011.
- ↑ Mikhail Rebrov. Sergey Pavlovich Korolev. Life and extraordinary fate . OLMA Media Group, 2002. p. 10.
- ↑ Alexey Kupriyanov. Prospect Koroleva. What people prefer to remember and not to remember in the days of the centenary of the man who brought us into space . Polit.ru (January 16, 2007). The date of circulation is January 16, 2007. Archived October 15, 2012.
- ↑ The participants themselves jokingly called themselves the "Group of Engineers Working as Free"
- ↑ RGANTD : “Hall No. 3. Work in the GIRD”.
- ↑ Pervushin A.I. Empire of Sergei Korolev. - SPb. : Palmyra, 2017. - 351 p. - ISBN 978-5-521-00625-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Markov V. A., Ovchinnikov A. F., Pusev V. I. On S. P. Korolev's contribution to the development of a detachable warhead of a ballistic missile R-2 AND O The role of this development in the development of ballistic missiles and of space launch vehicles // RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF ROCKET AND ARTILLERY SCIENCES JOURNAL N 3 (88), 2015
- Ток Chertok B. Ye. Rockets and people . - 2nd ed. - M .: Mashinostroenie, 1999. - 416 p. - 1300 copies - ISBN 5-217-02934-X .
- ↑ Chertok, Boris Evseevich. Rockets and people. - Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1995. - T. 1. - p. 169. - 414 p.
- ↑ Shestakov, Mikhail Nikolaevich . The staff of the state security bodies of the USSR. 1935−1939. The appeal date is June 1, 2019.
- ↑ 1 2 Yaroslav Golovanov. Catastrophe. Chapter 30 // Korolev: facts and myths . - 3rd ed., Corr. and additional .. - M .: The Russian Knights Foundation, 2018. - T. 1. - p. 368-373. - 488 s. - ISBN 978-5-6040158-0-3 , 978-5-6040158-1-0.
- ↑ 1 2 Golovanov Ya. K. Korolev. Facts and myths . - M .: Science , 1994. - 800 pp., Il. - ISBN 5-02-000822-2 .
- ↑ Lists of persons subject to trial by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of September 25, 1938, AP RF, op.24, case 419, page 170
- ↑ List page with Korolev
- ↑ Photo of Stalin's visa on the list with Korolev
- ↑ Korolev Sergey Pavlovich. Born on 12/01/1907, Zhytomyr; Russian; higher education; Design engineer, future academician. Arrested on June 27, 1938. Sentenced: Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR September 27, 1938, cap .: 58-7, 11. Verdict: 10 l. ITL, 5 l. loss of rights, 06/10/1940 term reduced to 8 years ITL, Rev. 1944 Rehabilitated on April 18, 1957. Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Source: Archive of the Scientific and Production Center “Memorial”, Moscow Victims of political terror in the USSR. Savely Lukianovich Korolev - Frol Korolev Izotovich // Memorial Society Website
- ↑ 1 2 Magadan. Synopsis of the past / Comp. and auth. entry articles A. G. Kozlov. - Magadan: Magadan Book Publishing House , 1989. - p. 89. - ISBN 5-7581-0066-8 .
- ↑ Nabokov O. Dynasty of Korolev // Taganrog truth . - 2015. - 10 Apr - p. 4.
- ↑ 1 2 Rakhmanin, 2015 , p. 59.
- ↑ Raizman D. "Maldyak" in the life of the Queen. - M .: Modern Humanitarian University. Magadan Branch, 1998. - 37 p. - 100 copies
- ↑ Kerber L. L. Tupolevskaya Sharaga . - 1973.
- ↑ “First on Mars. Unsung song by Sergey Korolev. ” Archived copy dated February 26, 2009 on the Wayback Machine D / f Television studio of Roscosmos
- ↑ The high relief of Sergey Korolev at KMPO was discovered by Farid Mukhametshin (Not available link) . Circulation date December 18, 2010. Archived January 16, 2011.
- ↑ Roger D. Launius. The Smithonian History of Space Exploration. From the Ancient Word to the Extraterrestrial Future. London: White Lion Publishing, 2018, p.261
- ↑ “First on Mars. Sergey Korolev's Unsung Song ” Archival copy dated February 26, 2009 on the Wayback Machine Roscosmos TV Studio Documentary
- ↑ B. E. Chertok Rockets and humans. Hot days of the Cold War. 2nd edition; Moscow "MECHANICAL ENGINEERING"; 1999 [1]
- ↑ SUN CITY
- ↑ 1 2 Konstantinov B. A. , Sokolov V. I. Thirty years with the Scientific Center of Surgery of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. M., 1997. pp. 106-108.
- ↑ "Yan Koltunov - Space and Dolphins"
- ↑ Honorary Citizens of Korolev - the official site of the city administration
- ↑ Gagarin wanted to bury Korolev on the Moon (Inaccessible link) . The appeal date is April 11, 2010. Archived July 26, 2012.
- ↑ Heroes of the country
- ↑ Andrey Vaganov . “Sergey Korolev and his“ Rocket Flight in the Stratosphere ””. Independent newspaper . 2018-12-11.
- ↑ Evgeny Novozhenina. In the Queen opened a monument to the Queen and Gagarin . www.gazeta.ru . Gazeta.Ru (January 12, 2017). The appeal date is December 20, 2018.
- ↑ Monument to SP Korolev opened in Cheboksary
- ↑ A monument to Sergei Korolev, the founder of cosmonautics, will be opened in St. Petersburg . Internet newspaper "Karpovka" (04/07/2017). The appeal date is April 11, 2017.
- ↑ In the Primorsky District, the first monument to Sergei Korolev was opened in the city The official website of the Administration of St. Petersburg (04/10/2017). The appeal date is April 11, 2017.
- ↑ On the opening in Madrid of a monument to the first artificial satellite of the Earth - Thematic sections - The Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Kingdom of Spain . spain.mid.ru. The appeal date is March 13, 2019.
- ↑ Near SSAU, a bust of Sergey Korolev was installed (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972 (Vol. 16). M., "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1972. p. 31
- ↑ Research vessel of the space service Akademik Sergey Korolev (website www.avianosec.com) (Not available link) . The appeal date is April 18, 2012. Archived August 21, 2012.
Literature
- “Coast of the Universe” / edited by A. S. Boltenko - Kiev: Fenix Publishing House, 2014 - ISBN 978-966-13-6169-9
- Astronautics. Encyclopedia / V.P.Glushko. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1985. - 528 p. - 75 000 copies
- Sergei Pavlovich Korolev // What is it? Who it? : V. 2. - M., 1976. - C. 88
- S. P. Korolev. To the 100th anniversary of the birth / Miniature photo album. Authors: N. S. Korolev, Ya. N. Kostyuk; RAS Council on Space. - M .: Science, 2007. - 254 p. - ISBN 5-02-035687-5 (in translation).
- Vetrov G.S. S. P.P. Korolev and Cosmonautics. The first steps. M .: Nauka , 1994. - ISBN 5-02-000214-3
- Golovanov Ya. K. On the threshold // Golovanov Ya. Road to the cosmodrome. - M., 1982. - p. 400-525
- Golovanov Ya. K. "Korolev: Facts and Myths"
- Historical and documentary Internet exhibition "Space as fate." On the 100th anniversary of the birth of S. P. Korolev . FAA “ Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation ” (2006). - Seven virtual rooms. The appeal date is November 8, 2017. Archived December 18, 2007.
- Koroleva N. With . Father. In 2 books. - M .: Nauka , 2007. - ISBN 5-02-034432-X , ISBN 5-02-034428-1
- Lazarevich A. Moon Dream (legend). 1989.
- Korolev, Sergey Pavlovich / Legostaev V.P. // Congo - Baptism [Electronic resource]. - 2010. - P. 344. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 tons.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004–2017, vol. 15). - ISBN 978-5-85270-346-0 .
- Ostashev A. I. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, the genius of the 20th century: lifetime personal memories of Academician S. P. Korolev. - M .: Publishing House of the Moscow State. University of Forest, 2010. - 128 p. - ISBN 978-5-8135-0510-2 .
- Pozamantir R. D. "Korolev Rocket and Space Science City". - M .: IP Struchenevskaya OV, 2018. - 260 p. - ISBN 978-5-905234-12-5 .
- Rakhmanin V.F. Thirty-three years in rocket technology: successes, disagreements, conflicts : Engine magazine. - 2015. - № 5 (101) . - p . 52-60 .
- Rebrov MF Sergey Pavlovich Korolev. Life and extraordinary fate. M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2002. - ISBN 5-224-03679-8
- Romanov A. Korolev . / Series “ ЖЗЛ ” (08): - M .: Young Guard , 1990.
- Harford, James. Korolev: How One Mana - New York: John Wiley & Sons , 1997. - 392 p. - ISBN 0-471-14853-9 .
- S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and work / ed. V.A. Lopota . - RSC Energia to them. S.P. Korolev, 2014. - 704 p. - 5000 copies - ISBN 978-5-906674-04-3 .
Press
- Interview daughter Natalia Koroleva. Gas. Facts, January 14, 2011, p. 6
Links
- Korolev, Sergey Pavlovich . The site " Heroes of the country ."
- Full information about Korolev
- Biography of S. P. Korolev
- Archival materials about S. P. Korolev
- Alexey Kupriyanov. “Korolev Avenue. What people prefer to remember and not remember in the days of the centenary of the man who brought us into space " // Polit.ru , January 16, 2007
- House-Museum of S. P. Korolev in Zhytomyr
- The house where S. P. Korolev lived in the city of Korolev
- “First on Mars. Unblown song by Sergey Korolev . Documentary film studio Roscosmos
- Monument to Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (Znamensk)
- “Alley of Russian Glory” Monument of Sergey Korolev
- The refusal of the Soviet authorities to award the Nobel Prize to SP Korolev
- Commander of Russian Cosmonautics
- The history of RSC Energia from 1946 to 2011. Three volumes in electronic form
- Family stories
- The official site of the administration of Baikonur. Honorary citizens of the city
- Voice recording of S. P. Korolev on YouTube