Monarchy

By volume of restrictions

• Absolute monarchy - a monarchy, which implies by anyone and nothing unlimited power of the monarch . Under such a monarchy, power is transferred by inheritance or when the monarch appoints his successor. Under an absolute monarchy, the possible existing authorities are completely subordinate to the monarch, and the will of the people can be officially expressed as a maximum through an advisory body (currently Saudi Arabia , UAE , Oman , Qatar ).
• Constitutional monarchy - a monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution , unwritten law or traditions. The constitutional monarchy exists in two forms: the dualistic monarchy ( Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867-1918 , Japan 1889-1945 , German Empire 1871-1918, currently exists in Morocco , Jordan , Kuwait and, with some reservations , also in Monaco and Liechtenstein ) and the parliamentary monarchy (currently Denmark , Sweden ).
  1. Parliamentary monarchy is a type of constitutional monarchy in which the monarch does not have power and performs a predominantly representative function. Under a parliamentary monarchy, the government is responsible to the parliament, which has more power than other bodies of the state (although this may vary in different countries) (the example of power is Great Britain ).
  2. The dualistic monarchy ( Latin Dualis - dual) is a type of constitutional monarchy in which the monarch’s power is limited by the constitution and parliament in the legislative field, but within the framework set by them the monarch has complete freedom of decision-making (currently Morocco , Jordan ). The monarch has the right to appoint a government.
• Theocratic monarchy is a very rare kind of monarchy, in which all political power is concentrated in the hands of the monarch, who, in addition to state power, exercises spiritual power (is the head of the Church), that is, religion and politics are closely connected, and often one follows from the other . The ruler is a kind of governor of God on Earth, and all important issues are resolved by divine directions, revelations or laws. (currently the Vatican ).

By traditional device

• The ancient Eastern monarchy - the first form of government in the history of mankind, had unique features inherent only to it.
• Feudal monarchy (medieval monarchy) - successively passes through three periods of its development: early feudal monarchy, estate-representative monarchy, absolute monarchy ^[2] . Some researchers between the first and second stages distinguish the stage of the patrimonial monarchy ^{[3] [4]} .
  • The early feudal monarchy is chronologically the first form of government in the countries of Northern Europe that existed both in the periods of the creation of early feudal empires and in the subsequent period of feudal fragmentation ^[5] .
  • The patrimonial monarchy is a monarchy in which the supreme power becomes real again and the order of its transfer ceases to depend on the will of large feudal lords , in the struggle against which the monarch enters into an alliance with chivalry and the third estate and begins the process of state centralization.
  • The estate-representative monarchy is a monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited not only by representatives of his vassals , as in the patrimonial monarchy, but also by representatives of the third estate. Subsequently, with the transition to a hired army and the elimination of inheritance , it is transformed into an absolute monarchy.
  • An absolute monarchy is a monarchy under which estate privileges continue to exist, but there are no feudal possessions, a vassal system, and in some cases (England, France) there is no serfdom .
• Theocratic monarchy - a monarchy in which political power belongs to the head of the church or religious leader .

The monarchy from the point of view of monarchists is the principle of the Supreme Power , based on the fulfillment by the monarch of the Will of God, and from this gaining his power. The monarch, in accordance with this concept, receives power from God . On this basis, monarchists distinguish a monarchy from a republic (where supreme state power is given to a person as a result of consensus - general elections) and aristocracy (where supreme power belongs to a minority of the most notable representatives of society) ^[6] . The monarch for the monarchist is primarily moral authority , not legal. Accordingly, the monarchy is considered a “godly” form of government, while the republic is often considered a “fabrication of the devil”.

The lists represent the monarchy on July 21, 2013. A separate list contains dominions - monarchies - former English colonies in which the head of state is the queen (king) of Great Britain.

Europe

•   Andorra - Co-Princes Emmanuel Macron (since 2017) and Joan Enric Vives-i-Sicilla (since 2003)
•   Belgium - King Philip (since 2013)
•   Vatican - Pope Francis (since 2013)
•   Great Britain - Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  •   Guernsey - Duke Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  •   Jersey - Duke Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  •   Isle of Man - Lord Elizabeth II (since 1952)
•   Denmark - Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
•   Spain - King Philip VI (since 2014)
•   Liechtenstein - Prince Hans-Adam II (since 1989) under the actual regency of Crown Prince Aloise (since 2004)
•   Luxembourg - Grand Duke Henri (since 2000, Regent since 1998)
•   Order of Malta - Prince and Grand Master Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto (since 2018)
•   Monaco - Prince Albert II (since 2005)
•   Netherlands - King Willem-Alexander (since 2013)
•   Norway - King Harald V (since 1991) with the regency of Crown Prince Haakon from 2003 to 2004 and in 2005.
•   Sweden - King Charles XVI Gustav (since 1973)

Asia

•   Bahrain - King Hamad Ibn Isa Al Khalifa (since 2002, Emir in 1999-2002)
•   Brunei - Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)
•   Bhutan - King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk (since 2006)
•   Jordan - King Abdullah II (since 1999)
•   Cambodia - King Norodom Siamoni (since 2004)
•   Qatar - Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani (since 2013)
•   Kuwait - Emir Sabah al-Ahmed al-Jaber al-Sabah (since 2006)
•   Malaysia - Young di Pertuan Agong Abdullah II (since 2019)
  •   Johor - Sultan Ibrahim Ismail (since 2010)
  •   Kedah - Sultan Tuanku Salehuddin ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Badlishah (since 2017)
  •   Kelantan - Sultan Muhammad V Faris Petra (since 2010)
  •   Negri Sembilan - Young di Pertuan Besar Tanku Mukhriz (since 2008)
  •   Pahang - Sultan Tengku Abdullah (since 2019)
  •   Perak - Sultan Nazrin Muizuddin Shah (since 2014)
  •   Perlis - Raja Tuanku Sied Sirajuddin (since 2000)
  •   Selangor - Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah (since 2001)
  •   Terengganu - Sultan Mizan Zaynal Abidin (since 1998)
•   UAE - President of Khalifa Ibn Zayd Al-Nahyan (since 2004)
  •   Abu Dhabi - Emir Khalifa Ibn Zayd Al-Nahyan (since 2004)
  •   Ajman - Emir Khumaid IV Ibn Rashid Al-Nuaimi (since 1981)
  •   Dubai - Emir Mohammed Ibn Rashid Al-Maktoum (since 2006)
  •   Ras al-Khaimah - Emir Saud bin Sakr al-Qashimi (since 2010)
  •   Umm al-Quwain - Emir Saud bin Rashid al-Mualla (since 2009)
  •   Al Fujairah - Emir Hamad II bin Muhammad al-Sharqi (since 1974)
  •   Sharjah - Emir Sultan III bin Muhammad al-Qasimi (from 1972 to 1987 and from 1987)
•   Oman - Sultan Qaboos bin Said (since 1970)
•   Saudi Arabia - King Salman Ibn Abdul-Aziz Al Saud (since 2015)
•   Thailand - King Maha Wachiralongkorn (since 2016)
•   Japan - Emperor Naruhito (since 2019)

Africa

•   Lesotho - King Letsie III (from 1990 to 1995 and from 1996)
•   Morocco - King Mohammed VI (since 1999)
•   Swaziland - King Mswati III (since 1986)

Oceania

•   Samoa - O le Ao O le le Malo Vaaletoa Sualaouvi II (since 2017)
•   Tonga - King Tupou VI (since 2012)

  Commonwealth of Nations

The post of the head of the Commonwealth is not a title and is not inherited. When the monarch is replaced on the British throne, the heads of government of the countries of the Commonwealth will have to make a formal decision on the appointment of a new head of the organization.

Kingdom of the Commonwealth

In the kingdoms of the Commonwealth (formerly called dominions ), the head of state is the British monarch, represented by the governor general.

America

•   Antigua and Barbuda
•   Bahamas
•   Barbados
•   Belize
•   Grenada
•   Canada
•   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
•   Saint Kitts and Nevis
•   Saint lucia
•   Jamaica

Oceania

•   Australia
•   New Zealand
  •   Cook Islands
  •   Niue
•   Papua New Guinea
•   Solomon islands
•   Tuvalu

Asia

•   Indonesia
  •   The special district of Yogyakarta - the governor of Hamengkubuvono X (since 1998) - the governor of the district is elected by popular vote, but this position is occupied only by the sultans of Yogyakarta and the princes of Pacualaman.

Europe

•   In Montenegro, the status of the descendants of the Montenegrin Royal House is regulated by the law “On the Status of the Descendants of the Petrovichi Negoshi Dynasty”. In particular, the government created the Petrovichi-Negosha Foundation, whose activities “are aimed at developing the culture of Montenegro, participating in humanitarian projects and developing activities in the interests of Montenegro and its traditions”, a number of buildings were given to the descendants of the dynasty, including the mansion of King Nicholas I in Negushi with the right to use the adjacent gardens and meadows, and the head of the monarch’s house is granted the status of “Representative of the dynasty’s descendants” and a number of privileges and duties associated with this title:
  • He / she may use the heraldic symbols of the dynasty.
  • He / she may be authorized by the President of Montenegro, the Chairman of the Assembly or the Chairman of the Government to fulfill certain protocol and non-political functions.
  • He / she is the chairman of the Steering Committee of the Petrovich Negoshi Foundation
  • He / she has the right to use state facilities in accordance with the procedure established by the Government.
  • He / she has the right to use the first floor of the Petrovich Palace in Podgorica, which is intended for especially important state ceremonies, and when the protocol requires it, it has priority over other users of this room.
  • He / she will receive a monthly salary equal to the salary of the President of Montenegro.
  • He / she has the right to administrative and technical support of the activities of the Montenegro State Protocol Service.
    • The current representative of the descendants of the dynasty is Nikola Petrovich Negosh (since 2011)

Unrecognized States

•   In the unrecognized Transdniestrian Moldavian Republic, the status of the Russian Imperial House is regulated by the Decree of the President of the PMR “On the Status of the Russian Imperial House in the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic” and its annex.

Africa

•   In Botswana, one of the chambers of the bicameral parliament is the House of Leaders . It is mainly an advisory body and consists of fifteen members - eight leaders of the largest tribes - lifetime members, four - elected by small districts for a term of five years and three - appointed by the House.
•   In Zimbabwe, one of the chambers of the bicameral parliament is the Senate, 16 seats of which are reserved for representatives elected by the council of leaders, and also in the place reserved for the chairman and deputy council of leaders.

Oceania

•   New Zealand
  •   In Tokelau , which is a Non-Self-Governing Territory administered by New Zealand, the government is the Faypule Council , which includes the three leaders of the atolls that make up the territory. The head of government is elected from among the members of the Council for one year.

Asia

•   Indonesia
  •   Yogyakarta - Sultan of Hamengkubuvono X (since 1989)
  • Pakualaman - Prince Paku Alam IX (since 1998)
•   Nepal
  •   Kingdom of Law - King Jigme Dorji (1970-2016)

Africa

•   Botswana
  • Bamangwato - King (Kgôsi) Jan a Seretse (c 1979)
•   Ghana
  •   Ashanti - King of Otumfo Nana Osei Tutu II (since 1999)
•   Nigeria
  •   Sokoto - Amir Al-Muminin Sultan Saadu Abubakar (since 2006)
•   Uganda ^[7]
  •   Ankole - King Charles Aryage Rwebisheng (since 2011)
  •   Buganda - King Ronald Mouvend Mutebi II (since 1993)
  •   Bunyoro - King Solomon of Gafabus Iguur I (since 1994)
  •   Busoga - head of the confederation Eduard Columbus Wambuzi Muloki (since 2009); William Wilberforce Cadumbula Gabula Nadiope IV (proclaimed; in opposition) (since 2009)
  •   Rvenzururu - King Charles Wesley Mumbere of Kibanzang II Ireme-Ngoma I (since 2007)
  •   Toro - King Oyo Nuimba Kabamba Iguuru Rukidi IV (since 1995)
•   South Africa
  • Kwazulu-Natal - King Zvelitini Goodwill Kabezuzulu (since 1971)

Oceania

•   New Zealand
  •   Maori - King of Touheitia Paki (since 2006)
•   Wallis and Futuna (overseas territory of France )
  •   Alo - the throne is vacant (since 2014)
  •   Sigawa - King Policapelo Kolivai (since 2010)
  •   Uvea - King Capeliel Faupal (since 2008)

• Absolutism
• Dynasty
• Power
• Crown
• Monarch
• Monarchism
• Succession
• Regency
• Autocracy
• Scepter
• Tugra
• Title

In Russia

Organizations and parties advocating the revival of the monarchy in Russia : Monarchist Party of the Russian Federation , “All-Russian Monarchist Center” ^[17] , “Russian Monarchist Social Movement” ^[18] , “ Russian Imperial Union-Order ”, “ Memory ”, “ Union of Russian People "," RNU " ^[19] ," Black Hundred "," Cells of the National Syndicalist Offensive. " The popularization of monarchist ideas is contained in the Project Russia , the Russian Doctrine, and in the program of the public movement People’s Cathedral.

Today, there is no consensus among monarchists in Russia as to who has the right to the Russian throne and by what legal procedures a return to the monarchy is possible. Nevertheless, the Monarchist Party of the Russian Federation created by the Ural politician and entrepreneur Anton Bakov and registered in 2012 was officially admitted to the elections by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation by the end of the year ^[20] and in September 2013 took part in the elections of the city authorities of Yekaterinburg . In February 2013, she held the First Congress of Russian Monarchist Forces in Paris ^[21] , declaring the consolidation of monarchists to be one of the directions of her work. In the summer of 2013, the party, relying on the Basic State Laws of the Russian Empire , declared the heir to the throne of the German prince Karl-Emich Leiningensky in connection with his transition to Orthodoxy - at baptism he was given the Orthodox name Nikolai Kirillovich Romanov . The party leader Anton Bakov regularly visits him and holds consultations ^[22] .

In the Orthodox iconography of the Theotokos there is a revered ROC, the miraculous Sovereign Icon of the Mother of God , the acquisition story and symbolism of which are associated with the Russian monarchy and which is recognized as the main shrine of Russian monarchists . The icon was acquired on the day of the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. Interpreters indicate that the icon “the queen of heaven is depicted as the queen of the earth” - holds a scepter and a power in her hands - which is interpreted as the adoption of royal power by Nicholas II. From this it is concluded ^[23] that since then no power in Russia has been truly legitimate (including on the basis of assumptions about the falsification of a referendum under the Constitution of the Russian Federation ), therefore, the laws of the Russian Empire can be considered continuing ^[24] . In particular, the All-Russian Monarchist Center believes that “the Russian Empire was not abolished in the prescribed manner (at the Constituent Assembly). In accordance with international law, it is considered a state that has lost legal capacity. The action of its regulatory legal acts is temporarily suspended, but may be renewed at any time ” ^[25] . However, on January 5 (18), 1918, the Constituent Assembly proclaimed the Russian Democratic Federative Republic ^[26] , but the Decree on the Russian Government was deprived of legitimacy due to the lack of a quorum (Bolshevik party), which should not be considered legitimate recognition of Russia as the Russian Democratic Federal Republic.

In the Russian monarchist movement, one can conditionally distinguish the Cyrilists, cathedrals, and legitimist-centrists. The main difference between them is both in relation to the issue of succession to succession, and in the continuity of national law. The Cyrilists recognize the right to the throne for the descendants of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich , a cousin of Nicholas II . Currently, this is Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna and her son Georgy Mikhailovich ^[27] . The rights of this branch of the Romanov’s house to the Russian Throne are substantiated by the “Cyrilists” with the law of the Russian Empire on succession and the Cathedral Oath of 1613 . In contrast, the “cathedrals” point out that over the period since 1917 the circumstances have changed so dramatically that now it is no longer possible to be guided by these laws. Based on the fact that in 1905, Nicholas II intended to deprive Kirill Vladimirovich of all the rights of a member of the Imperial Family (including the right to inherit the See) ^[28] , as well as the behavior of Kirill Vladimirovich during the February Revolution ^[29] , when he defiantly attached a red ribbon , "Cathedrals" do not recognize his descendants of the right to the throne and consider it necessary to convene the All-Russian Zemsky Sobor , which will determine the new dynasty.

In September 2006, the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM ) conducted a survey on this topic ^[30] . The question of restoring the monarchy was considered relevant by 10% of respondents. About the same number (9%) considered the monarchy the optimal form of government for Russia. In the case of a popular vote on this issue, 10% of those polled would vote in favor of the monarchy, 44% would vote against, 33% would ignore the referendum. Moreover, in the event that a “worthy candidate” will claim the throne, up to 19% of respondents speak in favor of the monarchy, another 3% are supporters of the monarchy who have already decided on the identity of the monarch. In general, monarchical sentiments are stronger among people with higher and incomplete higher education than among people with secondary and incomplete secondary ^[30] ; Muscovites and Petersburgers are stronger than residents of other cities ^[30] . In the VTsIOM poll in March 2013, 11% of respondents definitely spoke in favor of the monarchy, 28% have nothing against the monarchy ^[31] . Similar figures were obtained in a survey in 2017 ^[32] .

In 2009, one of the leading American centers for the study of public opinion, the Pew Research Center conducted a sociological study dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Reportedly, up to 47% of Russians surveyed agreed with the thesis that “it is natural for Russia to be an empire ” ^{[33] [34]} .

In Europe

In almost all European republics that have ever been monarchies, monarchist parties exist and have some influence. At the same time, there are strong republican tendencies in European monarchies.

• In Belarus, political organizations aimed at overthrowing or changing the existing constitutional system (including monarchist ones) are officially banned.
• In Bulgaria, on July 24, 2001, Simeon II, the overthrown in 1946, became the 62nd Prime Minister . During the parliamentary elections, his party , the Simeon II National Movement, won 42.74% of the vote, thus taking 120 of the 240 seats in parliament. The government lasted a full term of 4 years. On August 17, 2005, the term of the prime ministerial powers of Simeon II expired, and in the subsequent elections, the party of Simeon II won 21.83% of the vote.
• In the UK, a number of socialist organizations propose the abolition of the posts of king / queen and Prince of Wales and the introduction of the presidency, renaming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the British Federation. However, such ideas do not enjoy support among the vast majority of residents of the UK ^[35] .
• In Georgia, monarchical traditions date back to the Hellenistic period. The Bagration dynasty left a good legacy in the public mind that lasts in Georgia even in the modern era. The qualities and symbols associated with the Bagrationi monarchy played a decisive role in the formation of the Georgian nation and the subsequent construction of national history. Monarchism in Georgia has deep roots. On February 8, 2009, in the capital of Georgia, Tbilisi, in the Holy Trinity Cathedral, the wedding of representatives of two branches of the royal Bagrationi family - David Bagrationi-Mukhransky and Anna Bagrationi-Gruzinskaya (Kartli-Kakheti) ^[36] . Former Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili often claimed to belong to the Bagrationi family on the female side.
• In Spain, there are also parties that propose submitting a referendum on the restoration of the republic.
• According to some analysts, the prerequisites for the transition to a constitutional monarchy and practical steps in this direction are observed in Lithuania ^[37] .
• In Sweden, republican sentiments are strong in both leftist and centrist circles.
• In Montenegro , on July 12, 2011 , the Assembly passed the law “On the status of the descendants of the Petrovichy Negosh dynasty” ^[38] , which recognized the official status of the descendants of the Montenegrin royal house and granted Nicola Petrovich Negosh , the senior male heir to the dynasty, the status of “Representative of the dynasty descendants” " .

In many countries that were republics from the time they were formed ( Switzerland , Slovakia , San Marino ), the question of introducing a monarchical form of government is not raised.

In Asia

• Monarchists are strong in Islamic countries.
•   In China , Vietnam , Laos and the DPRK, the monarchical views of dissidents are associated with anti-communism .
•   On September 24, 1993, 14 years after the overthrow of the Maoists, the monarchy was restored in Cambodia - King Norod Sihanouk became king.
•   In 2001, during the operation “Enduring Freedom” , the Taliban Islamic Emirate was liquidated by the forces of the international coalition and the republican form of government was restored.
•    On October 7, 2007, the Caucasus Emirate was proclaimed a part of the government of the unrecognized Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, headed by President Doku Umarov in the North Caucasus .
•   On May 28, 2008, by the decision of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal, King Gyanendra was deposed, and Nepal became the Federal Democratic Republic.
•   In Thailand, in response to an attempt to limit the monarchy, pro-monarchist protests began throughout the country. Subsequently, a civil war broke out (see The Political Crisis in Thailand (2008) )
•   In Yemen :
  •   Islamists in the provinces captured during the ongoing social unrest proclaimed two independent Islamic emirates: March 31, 2011 - Abyan ; beginning of March 2012 - Shabwa . ^[39] During the government offensive in 2012 [1], the Islamic rebellions in Shabwa and Abyan were crushed.

In America

•   A draft of a new, republican, constitution of Grenada has been developed. ^[40]

In Oceania

•   A draft of the new republican constitution of the Solomon Islands was developed ^[41] .

• Forms of government, political regimes and systems
• List of royal houses
• List of traditional monarchies
• Monarchism
• Rokosz - in Poland, the right of nobles to overthrow the king
• Theory of Elites

• Vodovozov V.V. ,. Monarchy // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.