Grigory Davydovich Zaks ( 1882 , Odessa - December 29, 1937 , Moscow ) - Revolutionary Populist , Social Revolutionary , Bolshevik , Comrade Chairman of the Petrograd City Council (1917-1918), member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee , Comrade of the People's Commissar of Education , Deputy Chairman of the Cheka (1918), Military Attaché in Estonia (1924-1925).
Grigory Davydovich Zaks | |||||||
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Head of the government | Vladimir Lenin | ||||||
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Head of the government | Vladimir Lenin | ||||||
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Successor | Ivan Klochko | ||||||
Birth | 1882 Russian Empire , Odessa | ||||||
Death | December 29, 1937 RSFSR , Moscow | ||||||
Burial place | Butovo-Kommunarka | ||||||
The consignment | Populists, the AKP (1904-17), PLSR (1917-18), PNK (1918), VKP (b) (1918-35) | ||||||
Education | higher | ||||||
Profession | bookbinder at the factory, metalworker at the horseshoe factory, politician, security officer, editor, military attache, consultant | ||||||
Military service | |||||||
Years of service | 1919-1922 | ||||||
Affiliation | intelligence service | ||||||
Rank | commander (?) | ||||||
Commanded | Chief of Intelligence of the Staff, Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Commissar of the Staff of the Western Front |
Content
Biography
Early years. References and Emigration
Grigory Zaks was born in 1882 in Odessa in the philistine family of the book binder David Sachs [1] . Gregory graduated from three classes of elementary school, but later he passed the exams for six classes. From the age of 14 he worked as an apprentice in a bookbinding workshop, and then as a bookbinder at a factory [2] .
Since 1903, Grigory Zaks attended social democratic circles and took part in the Socialist Revolutionary " May Day ". In 1904 he moved to St. Petersburg , where he joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party (AKP). Zacks actively participated in the events of January 9, 1905 (" Bloody Sunday ") [2] .
After that, Grigory Davydovich was arrested and deported by the royal court to Astrakhan . In the new place, he continued to conduct revolutionary activities. He was arrested and sent into exile in Siberia . In Siberia, he spent about three years: he lived in Irkutsk , in Chita and in Harbin [2] .
In 1907, Sachs emigrated abroad through Finland . During this period he lived in France for about 8 months. After that, returning to the Russian Empire , Sachs continued his underground work. From 1911 to 1912 he again lived in emigration: he worked in factory and daily work in the capital and other cities of France [2] .
Then he returned to Russia, moved to the Volga region . In the year when World War I began, Grigory Zaks was again arrested and expelled from Saratov , where he lived, to Syzran . He, in turn, was also expelled from Syzran - this time to Rybinsk [2] .
In 1916, Sachs was drafted into the Russian Imperial Army , but, apparently, evaded military service . He moved to Petrograd , where he began working as a metalworker at a local horseshoe factory [2] .
1917. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Cheka
After the February Revolution, Grigory Zaks was elected chairman of the government of the Alexander Nevsky District of Petrograd . At the same time, he became a vowel of the Central City Duma . In the autumn of 1917, he was appointed to the post of Deputy Chairman of the Central City Duma [2] .
In the spring of 1917, Sachs became the head of the AKP Christmas District Committee - this committee became a stronghold of the left wing of the SR party . In the same year, Sachs became the secretary of the 7th Petrograd City Conference of the AKP, as well as a member and secretary of the Petrograd Party Committee [2] .
In the fall, Sachs became a member of the presidium of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (WRC). Almost at the same time, he joined the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (he was elected to the conventions from the second to the fifth [3] [4] [5] ): he headed the legal department of the committee. Sachs was also a member of the Emergency Investigation Commission in Petrograd [6] .
After the October Revolution , from December 1917 to April 1918, Sachs took the post of Comrade Commissar of Education of the RSFSR [6] .
In the spring of 1918, Zacks was delegated by the All -Russian Central Executive Committee to the All-Russian Emergency Commission (VChK). From March, he became the head of the investigative unit, and then the deputy chairman of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission of Chechnya , Felix Dzerzhinsky , and also a member of the Chelyabinsk Collegium of Cheka (from November 22, 1918). In December 1918, Sachs received the post of head of the department for combating official crimes of the Moscow Cheka (in the same month, this department was merged with the department for the fight against counterrevolution ). G. Zaks actively participated in the suppression of anarchist speeches in Moscow in April 1918 [6] .
Gregory Zaks was a delegate from Nizhny Novgorod at the Second and Third Congresses of the Party of Left Social Revolutionaries (PLSR) [2] . The decision of the Central Committee of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party about the murder of the German Ambassador Mirbach was hidden from him [6] . After the Uprising of the Left Social Revolutionaries in Moscow (July 1918), G. Zaks - at the time of the insurrection, was Deputy Chairman of the Cheka [7] - one of the first in the Left Socialist-Revolutionary environment to proclaim a course of schism: he became one of the organizers of a separate Communist Party of Narodniks . In ideological terms, the Communist populists advocated the synthesis of populism and Bolshevism [7] .
Sachs was so close to the Bolsheviks that on July 6, 1918, Martin Latsis , despite the order of the CPC to arrest all the left Social Revolutionaries, did not take him into custody. The proximity of Sachs to the Bolsheviks was confirmed by Felix Dzerzhinsky himself. After the July events, Zacks addressed Dzerzhinsky with a letter in which he declared his disagreement with the actions of the Central Committee of the Party of People 's Party [7] .
G. Zaks edited the party newspaper of the Communist populists "The Banner of Struggle" (Banner of the Labor Commune), where he advocated the expansion of the activities of the new party (in particular, the creation of the Petrograd branch and the St. Petersburg newspaper) and against the Bolshevik committees of the poor (combos), and also against repressions against “ bourgeois elements ” who did not directly participate in counter-revolutionary activities [7] .
Bolshevik. Red Army
In November 1918, after the liquidation of the Communist Populists Party , Zachs was accepted into the RCP (B.) [6] . In the last days of the party’s existence, its leaders, including Sachs, made articles in which they recognized the correctness of the Bolshevik strategy and expressed their disappointment in the practical implementation of populism [7] .
Until June 1919, Grigory Zaks studied at the Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army , graduated from its Eastern Faculty . He served in the Red Army (for party mobilization): he was the chief of intelligence of the headquarters, assistant chief of staff for intelligence and the commissar of the staff of the Western Front (since September 1919) [8] [9] .
In 1920, Gregory Davydovich talked with Nikolai Podvoisky and Vyacheslav Polonsky [10] . In 1924-1925, he served as military attache in independent Estonia , and later transferred to economic work [2] [8] .
Arrest and Execution
In 1935, Sachs was a 5th year student of the Industrial Academy [3] . In the same year, he was expelled from the party and arrested on March 20 by the NKVD , but was released on April 3, since the case against him was discontinued [11] .
While living in Moscow (on Plyushikha Street ) and working as a consultant for Soyuzsnabprom, Sachs was re-arrested on October 2, 1937. The decision of the Special Commission of the NKVD and the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR of December 23, he was sentenced to capital punishment on charges of "counter-revolutionary espionage sabotage and terrorist activities in favor of Japan and the transfer of spy information to Japanese intelligence" [12] [13] . He pleaded not guilty [14] . December 29, 1937 Gregory Davydovich Zaks was shot at the site Kommunarka [11] .
The first time was officially rehabilitated on November 28, 1989 [14] (in the case of the 37th year), and then again in February 2004, by the Moscow Prosecutor’s Office (in the older case of the 35th year) [11] .
Works [7]
- “Committees of the Poor” // Banner of the Labor Commune (Moscow), August 21, 1918, p. 2.
- “Left s-ry and populism” // Banner of the Labor Commune (Moscow), November 6, 1918, p. 2.
- “Letter from Petersburg” // Banner of the Labor Commune (Moscow), September 13, 1918, p. 2.
Literature
- Archive Cheka: Sat. documents / resp. ed. V. Vinogradov, A. Litvin, V. Khristoforov; status V. Vinogradov, N. Peremyshlennikova. M .: Kuchkovo Pole, 2007, 719 p., Ill. - p. 677.
- The Party of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. Documents and materials. 1917-1925. In 3 t. T. 1. July 1917 - May 1918 / comp., Aut. Preface, Introduction and Comment. Ya. V. Leontyev. M .: ROSSPEN, 2000, 864 p. - S. 431 [7] .
- The Cheka is authorized to report ... - Kuchkovo Pole, 2004. - ISBN 5-86090-109-7 [15] .
- V. Abramov , Jews in the KGB. Executioners and victims. - M. , Yauza - Eksmo, 2005 [8] .
- GA of the RF: Moscow, firing lists - Butovo Polygon, Volume V, p. 92 [12] .
- V.I. Lenin and the Cheka, Moscow, 1975 [15] .
- O. N. Barkova , Women Publishers of the Russian Diaspora in 1917-1939 // CLIO, № 8 (92), 2014, p. 34-37; ISSN 2070-9773.
Notes
- ↑ Zaks Grigory Davydovich . Archive of Alexander N. Yakovlev - Almanac "Russia. XX Century" - Biographical dictionary . www.alexanderyakovlev.org. The appeal date is October 12, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 History of the Socialist Revolutionary Party - Sachs, Gregory Davidovich (inaccessible link) . socialist-revolutionist.ru. The date of circulation is October 12, 2016. Archived October 13, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 Read "Under the Moon" - Max Max - Page 72 - LitLife - a literary social network . litlife.club. The appeal date is October 12, 2016.
- ↑ IV All-Russian Congress of Workers', Peasants', Soldiers' and Ka ... . archive.is. The date of circulation is October 12, 2016. Archived April 18, 2013.
- ↑ Minutes of meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets R., S., Kr,. And Kaz. Deputies II convocation . - Moscow, 1918. - p. 8.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Zaks Grigori Davydovich | History of everyday life . www.el-history.ru. The appeal date is October 12, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PETUKHOV IVAN PAVLOVICH. Petrograd Organization of the Communist Populists Party in 1918 // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Series 2. History. - 2015. - Vol. 2 - ISSN 1812-9323 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Zaks Grigoriy Davydovich . www.hrono.ru. The appeal date is October 12, 2016.
- ↑ ZAKS Grigory Davydovich - Russian Jewish Encyclopedia . www.rujen.ru. The appeal date is October 12, 2016.
- ↑ Vyacheslav Polonsky. "My struggle on the literary front" . The Journal Hall (2008). The appeal date is October 12, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lists of Victims . lists.memo.ru. The appeal date is October 12, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 Grigori Zaks . nekropole.info. The appeal date is October 12, 2016.
- ↑ Handbook: Book of Memory. Sachs Grigory Davydovich . www.uznal.org. The appeal date is October 12, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 Victims of mass terror. Butovo NKVD training ground in 1937-1938 . p8.inetstar.ru. The appeal date is October 12, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 Vinogradov V, Litvin A, Khristoforov V. Archive of the Cheka. Collection of documents . - Directmedia, 2013-08-28. - 733 s. - ISBN 5995000047 .