Horchin ( Mong. Horchin ) is a Mongol - speaking ethnographic group living in China , in the east of Inner Mongolia , in the west of Heilongjiang, and in the north-west of Jilin . According to the Ethnologue Handbook, the number of horchin in China is 1.347 million people [1] . Also live in Mongolia and Buryatia .
| Horchina | |
|---|---|
| Modern self | Horchin |
| Abundance and area | |
 Mongolia  Buryatia | |
| Tongue | Mongolian , Buryat |
| Religion | buddhism , shamanism |
| Enters into | Mongolian peoples |
| Related peoples | Arukhorchiny , hashigteny , Buryats , ears , Mongolzhiny |
| Origin | Mongolian |
They speak Horchin dialect of the Mongolian language . Tibetan Buddhism is practiced ( Gelug School).
Horchins in the Mongolian army called the archers of the personal guard of the great Khan of the Mongolian state , created by Genghis Khan at the beginning of the XIII century.
Content
Ethnonym
The basis of the word Horchina is a chorus (quiver), by attaching an affix of chins to it, indicating the type of activity, the name Horoshina is formed, which means a person who carried a quiver on himself or a person with a quiver [2] .
History
During the reign of the first emperor of the Ming Hongyu dynasty, the princes of the Mongolian Borjigin were appointed commanders of one of the three guards divisions (the Three Guardians) established in 1389. During the invasion of Oirat Taishi Ssen, most of the Imperial Guard fled, but some remained on the Nonni and Onon rivers . They claim that they were descendants of Jochi-Hasar , the younger brother of Genghis Khan, and became the ancestors of the Horchin Mongols.
Horchin Aday-Khan, in alliance with the Arguty, began to fight for the throne of the North Yuan with the Oirat Khanate , but in 1438 he was killed on the Edzin River. His tribe was forced to go south. Horchina again mentioned in the Mongolian annals at the end of the XV century. In 1510, they allied with the Borjigin Dayan Khan defeated the Uryankhayans .
In 1624, the Horchians, who were wandering between the Little Higan and the Songhua River at that time, sent an embassy to the court of the first Manchu emperor Nurkhatsi . Thus, they became the first Mongol tribe to recognize the Qing dynasty . Having submitted to the Manchus , the Horchins entered their eight-rank army . They were divided into right (eastern) and left (western) wings, and the right wing, in turn, was further divided into front and rear banners (khoshuny). For several centuries, the Horchin Mongols faithfully served the Qing Dynasty and were generously rewarded for their loyalty. They were suppliers of koumiss to the imperial table, and since 1715 they carried the postal service in Mongolia. Two influential empresses of the Qing dynasty, Xiaozhuang and Xiaohuizhang, were horchinki from the Borjigin clan.
After the Mongol pogroms , committed by the Han Chinese in the southern regions of Inner Mongolia, Horchin took over 100,000 of their relatives, Kharachin refugees, on their land. In 1931, their habitat was occupied by Japan , and in 1932 it became part of the puppet state of Manzhou-go . In the period from 1946 to 1948 there was a fierce civil war . Since that time, the Horchians make up the most powerful faction of the Chinese Communist Party in Inner Mongolia.
Resettlement
The Horchins of Inner Mongolia currently reside on the territory of the Horchin district, the Horchin-Horchino-Zoichuntsi, Horchin-Zhoihotsi of the Tungliao City District, the Horchin-Horchin-Yuitsyantsi , Horchin-Yuichzhuntsi districts, the Ulan-Khoto , Arshan , and Tucuan aymak- Hingan counties. They also live in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces.
On the territory of Mongolia, the Khorchin and Horchid genera were registered in the Bayanbulag, Khuraemaral, Buutsagaan, Zhargalant, Bayan-Ovoo, Alziyt, Zhinst, Bogd Bayankhongor aimag commanders; Somone Gurvanbulag Bulgansky Aimak; Somons Choibalsan, Sergelan, Bayantmen, Bulgan, Halkhgol of the Eastern Aimag; Somone Kharkhorin of the Uburhangai aimak; Somhons Sүhbaatar, Erdenetsagagan, Tшинvshinshiree, Uulbayan Sүhbaatar aimak; Somone Delgerhaan of the Central Aimag; Bomon, Dadal, Norovlin, Bayan-Ovoo, Galshar, Hurkh (Gurvanbayan) Khentei aimag [3] [4] . Horchins among the Khalkhs mixed with the genera of the Uryankhan , Yunshieb , Buryat and Sharnuud, which is evident from the composition of their bone and genus [2] .
In Mongolia, there are native family carriers: Ar Horchin, Their Horchin, Khalkh Horchin, Horchid, Horchid Borzhigon, Horchin, Horchin Borzhigon, Horchin Taizh, Horchit, Horchod. The total number of carriers of these names is more than 4 thousand people. The bearers of the name Horchin live in almost all the aimags of Mongolia, with the exception of the aimags Uvs , Bayan-Ulgii [5] .
Horchins are also noted among the Buryat ethnic groups : the Lower Udine Buryats and ashibatats (the Khoršon, Kara Korson, Sagan Korshon, and Yantha Korshon clans) [6] ; Barguts (genus Horchids) [7] ; Sartulov (genus Horchid); Songol ( Horchid genus [8] , including Amalaitan, Nastan, Hurbaten [9] [10] ); Hamnigan (Horchin family) [11] ; Haranuto (Horchit-Haranut genus [12] ); Hori-Buryat (Khukhur Horchin as a part of the Galzud family) [13] ; Tunka Buryats (genus Horshon); Zakamensky Buryats (Horshod genus) [14] and in particular as part of the Hoiho (Horcid) genus [15] ; Oka Buryats (genus Horsod); Selenga Buryats (a genus of the Horchids) [14] .
The Horchins in the composition of the Nizhneudinsky Buryats are known in literature under the names Korshon [6] , Korchuns [16] . In the composition of the Nizhneudinsk korchunov, B. O. Dolgikh mentions the genera Korshon, Shurtos, Kotomut [16] (khotomud) [6] .
See also
- Horchin
- Horchin-Zoichungi
- Horchin-Zoiouci
- Horchin-Yuitsyantsi
- Horchin-Yizhzhuntsi
- Aruhorchina
- Heshigteny
- Baatuda
- Cash
- Horyntsy - a group of Buryats
Notes
- ↑ Mongolian, Peripheral (English) . Ethnologue. The appeal date is December 5, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Ochir A. Mongolian ethnonyms: questions of the origin and ethnic composition of the Mongolian peoples / Dr.Sc. E.P. Bakaeva, Doctor of History K.V. Orlova. - Elista: KIGI RAS, 2016. - 286 p. - ISBN 978-5-903833-93-1 .
- ↑ Mongolian Ard Ulsyn susaatl sudalal, Chelny Shinzhlayliyn atlas. T.I. 75 х .; T. II. 245 h. Ulaanbaatar, 1979.
- ↑ Tajiud Ayududin Ochir, Basad Gambaldorzhin Serzhee . Mongolchuudyn ogvigin lavlakh. Ulaanbaatar, 1998. 67h.
- Ү Үnandessny Statistikyin Horo Unc . UNNESS Statistician Horo. The appeal date is February 7, 2019.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Nanzatov B. Z. Ethnogenesis of Western Buryats (VI — XIX centuries) . - Irkutsk, 2005. - 160 p. - ISBN 5-93219-054-6 .
- ↑ Bargachuudyn tukhai tүүhees . www.TopMedee.com
- ↑ Tsydendbaev Ts. B. Buryat historical chronicles and pedigrees. Historical linguistic research. - Ulan-Ude: Buryat book publishing house, 1972. - 664 p.
- ↑ How Selenga Songol became part of the Buryat . zolord.ru. The appeal date is March 25, 2019.
- Б. Natsagdorzh B. To the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Tsongols // Newspaper “Ugai Zam” (Path of the Ancestors). Special issue number 13, May 2005.
- ↑ D. G. Damdinov. DG Damdinov - researcher Hamnigan ethnos. - Ulan-Ude: Buryad Unan, 2010. - 140 p.
- ↑ Abaeva L. L. The cult of mountains and Buddhism in Buryatia: (The evolution of beliefs and cults Selengin. Buryat) . - Science, 1992. - 139 p. - ISBN 9785020101043 .
- ↑ Nanzatov B. Z., Sodnompilova MM. M. Khorinskaya Steppe Duma in the XIX Century (Ethnic Composition and Settlement of the Khorin Buryats) // Bulletin of the BNTS SB RAS. - 2016. - № 3 (23) .
- ↑ 1 2 Nanzatov B. Z. Buryat tribal composition in the XIX century // Peoples and cultures of Siberia. Interaction as a factor of formation and modernization. - 2003. - pp . 15-27 .
- ↑ Nanzatov B. Z., Sodnompilova M. M. Zakamensky Buryats in the XIX century: ethnic composition and resettlement // News of Irkutsk State University. Series: Geoarcheology. Ethnology. Anthropology.
- ↑ 1 2 Dolgikh B. O. The tribal and tribal composition of the peoples of Siberia in the seventeenth century. - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. - p. 272 - 621 p.