Wasp sting with a drop of poison on the tip
The Schmidt Scale , or the Schmidt Sting Pain Index, is a scale for the strength of the stinging hymenoptera sting ( Hymenoptera squad), which shows the level of human exposure and pain experienced by people. Named after the American entomologist Justin Schmidt ( Carl Hayden Bee Research Center , Tucson , Arizona ), many of whose works are dedicated to the sting of wasps and bees.
Content
History
In his first article on this subject, Schmidt in 1984 [1] made an attempt to systematize and compare the hemolytic features of insect venom. Schmidt later reformed his scale in a 1990 article [2] , which classified the stings of 78 species and 41 genera of Hymenoptera insects, primarily wasps , bees, and ants . Moreover, many details of the consequences of such stings were described.
Sting Scale
- 1.0 - “Sweat bees” ( English Sweat bee ): any, especially Halictidae and other single species of bees, alarmed by the smell of human sweat. The lowest degree of the scale.
- 1.2 - Fire ants ( Eng. Fire ant ): many species of the genus Solenopsis (primarily the red fire ant Solenopsis invicta ), which, with the help of a sting located in the abdomen, carry the alkaloid poison solenopsin , a compound of the piperidine class. For a person, such a bite is painful and feels like a burn from a fire - due to which these ants got their name - and for people with hypersensitivity, the consequences of a bite can be deadly [3] .
- 1.8 - Acacia ants ( English Acacia ant, Bullhorn acacia ant ): species Pseudomyrmex ferruginea and some other members of the genus Pseudomyrmex .
- 2.0 - ( English Bald-faced hornet ): wasp of the genus Dolichovespula .
- 2.0 - Real wasps ( English Yellowjacket ): some species of paper wasps Vespula and Dolichovespula .
- 2.x - Honey bee : Apis mellifera , Apis dorsata and Chinese wax bee .
- 2.x - European Hornet : the largest wasp in Europe ( Vespa crabro ).
- 3.0 - Pogonomyrmex barbatus ( English Red harvester ant ): red American reaper ant of the genus Pogonomyrmex .
- 3.0 - Polistinae ( English Paper wasp ): paper wasps of the subfamily Polistinae .
- 4.0 - Pepsis ( English Pepsis wasp ): tarantula hunters, or wasps of the genus Pepsis . [four]
- 4.0+ - Paraponera clavata ( English Bullet ant ). Highest sting force scale. [five]
See also
- Starr sting pain scale
- Ants
- Wasps
- Bee venom
Notes
- ↑ Schmidt, JO, Blum, MS, and Overal, WL 1984.
- ↑ Schmidt, Justin O. 1990.
- ↑ Fire Ant Poison Solenopsis
- ↑ Jacks of Science "Blog Archive" Species of the Week # 1: The Tarantula Hawk (link not available) . Date of treatment April 21, 2010. Archived November 17, 2011.
- ↑ Berenbaum, May. “ A Stinging Commentary Archived May 7, 2010 on the Wayback Machine, ” American Entomologist , v. 49 n. 2, pp. 68-69.
Literature
- Schmidt, JO, Blum, MS, and Overal, WL 1984 . "Hemolytic activities of stinging insect venoms" , Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 1: 155-160, 1984.
- Schmidt, Justin O. 1990 . “Hymenoptera venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates” in DL Evans and JO Schmidt (Eds.), “Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators” pp. 387-419, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1990.
- Schmidt, JO, MS Blum, & WL Overal. 1980. Comparative lethality of venoms from stinging Hymenoptera. Toxicon 18: 469-474.
- Schmidt, PJ, WC Sherbrooke, & JO Schmidt. 1989. The detoxification of ant (Pogonomyrmex) venom by a blood factor in horned lizards (Phrynosoma). Copeia 1989: 603-607.
- Conniff, Richard. "The King of Sting", in Outside , v. 21 n. 4 (April 1996), pp. 82-84, 147.
Links
- Conniff, Richard. " Stung: How tiny little insects get us to do exactly as they wish, " Discover , June 2003.
- Evans, David L. Insect Defenses: Adaptive Mechanisms and Strategies of Prey and Predators , Table 14.1 , 1990. ISBN 0-88706-896-0
- Schmidt sting pain index
- Chapter 23: Most Toxic Insect Venom