Kazakh uprisings - events and actions in the history of Kazakhstan , during which the Kazakh people showed civil disobedience or armed resistance to state power. Popular uprisings of the Kazakhs of the XVIII — XIX centuries among the historians of Kazakhstan are called national liberation .
From the middle of the 18th century until 1916, there were about 300 national liberation disturbances, wars, uprisings in Kazakhstan. [one]
XVIII century
In 1773-1775, a peasant uprising led by Yemelyan Pugachev .
In 1783 - 1797 - the uprising led by Syrym Datov (the national liberation movement in the Younger Zhuz ). The main reasons for the uprising were: aggravation of the land issue, prohibition by the tsarist government of transferring the pastoralists to the “inner side” of the Urals, infringement of the rights of patrimonial elders, open looting and violence against the people by the khan, sultans, the Ural Cossack army and the tsarist administration [2] .
XIX century
In 1822 - 1824 - uprising led by batyr Zholaman Tlenshiuly .
In 1824-1825, the uprising led by the last Khan, the Middle Zhuz of Gubaidulla .
In 1826 - 1838, the uprising led by the Sultan of Caiip-Gali Yesimuly .
In 1836 - 1838 - the uprising of Isatai Taimanuly and Makhambet Utemisuly in the Bukeevskoy (Inner) Horde and in the Minor Zhuz
In 1837 - 1847, a large-scale uprising took place, supported by the Kazakhs from all three zhuzes , against the Russian Empire, under the leadership of the grandson of Abylay Khan - Sultan Kenesary . The uprising had a wide scope, high organization and duration of the struggle.
In 1853 - 1857 - an uprising led by batyr Yesset Kotybaruly .
In 1856 - 1858, there was an uprising led by batyr Zhankozhi Nurmuhammeduly on Syrdarya.
In 1870 - the uprising in Mangyshlak led by Dosan Tazhyuly .
XX century
1916 - In connection with the participation of the Russian Empire in the First World War , the tsarist government issued on June 25, 1916 a decree on the mobilization of the male population of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, aged 19 to 43, "to work on defensive structures and military communications in army ", in accordance with which the so-called. “Rear works” were called from the Turkestan region 250 thousand people, from the Steppe region 230 thousand people [3] . In particular, from Semirechensk region it was planned to call about 60 thousand people. The decree served as a pretext for armed attacks on Russian and German settlers throughout the Turkestan region , which went down in history as the “Central Asian uprising of 1916” . On the territory of Kazakhstan, generated by the same forces and contradictions, there was an uprising in Semirechye and an uprising in the Akmola region .
During the period from 1928 to 1932, there were 372 uprisings in Kazakhstan, generated by the policy of “Sovietization of the village”, prodnalogov , collectivization and dekulakization [4] [5] .
- September 26, 1929 - “ Takhta-Kupyrskoe Uprising ” or “ Basmache Uprising ” in Takhta-Kupyrsky District (Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Region). The number of the rebels is 500, the leaders are Ismatullayev Zhalel-Maksum - Khan and Barlykbai Nurymov - the commander.
- November 1, 1929 - November 9, 1929 - " Batpakkar uprising " - an anti-Soviet uprising. They headed: A. Bekezhanov (head of the Naurzum militia), A. Smagulov (former first chairman of the Turgai Revolutionary Committee), Ospanov (agitator of the Turgai district party committee), S. Kadiev, O. Barmakov.
- February 7, 1930 - February 16, 1930 - the Sarysu-Sozak uprising - an anti-Soviet uprising in the city of Sozak, Syrdarya District.
- February 25, 1930 - December 8, 1930 - "Sarbazov Uprising" - an anti-Soviet uprising that engulfed vast areas of Aktobe, Kustanai and Kyzyl-Orda districts.
- Spring 1930 - anti-Soviet uprising in Karatal district of Almaty district of Kazakhstan
- April 19, 1931 - September 10, 1931 - “Mangyshlak Uprising” - an anti-Soviet uprising that engulfed the Tabynsk and Mangyshlak districts of the Guryevsk district of Kazakhstan. The Kazakhs of the Tabyn and Aday clans, fleeing from collectivization and meat processing, began a mass migration to Turkmenistan, Karakalpakia and the Caucasus. Attempts to stop the movement of the Kazakhs provoked armed resistance.
- Alak Uprising - Uprising of the inhabitants of the village of Kyzylkesi, Kyzyltassky district of the Semipalatinsk province in 1931 against forced collectivization. Residents of the current Aksuat and Kokpekty districts participated in the uprising.
A total of 1931-1932. 1 303 thousand people, that is, half of the population, migrated from Kazakhstan. [6]
In 1941, the Kazakhs revolted in China . The reason for this was the discontent of the Kazakhs with the fact that the government of Sheng Shitsai passed pastures and watering places to sedentary peasants - Dungans and Chinese. [7]
On May 31, 1979, the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the Formation of the German Autonomous Region (NAO)" was adopted on the territory of the Kazakh SSR. It was decided that the center of the future autonomy would be the city of Yereymentau, several districts of Tselinograd , Pavlodar , Karaganda and Kokchetav regions should have been included. At that time, the proportion of Germans in Kazakhstan as a whole reached 7% of the population, including in a number of rural northern regions of Tselinny krai it reached 30% or more, and the share of Kazakhs in Tselinograd in 1979 was only 10%. On June 16, 1979, in the city of Tselinograd , a performance of Kazakh youth and intelligentsia took place, later becoming known as the “Tselinograd events of 1979” .
December 16, 1986 there was a performance of Kazakh youth under the patriotic slogans in Almaty , the former capital of the Kazakh SSR at that time. In the historical literature of Kazakhstan, this event is called "Zheltoksan" (or "December events"). According to the official version, the unrest began because of the decision of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, about the removal from office of the national leader of the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Dinmukhamed Kunayev , and replacing it with Gennady Kolbin , the first secretary of the Ulyanovsk regional party committee, who had not previously worked in Kazakhstan.
September 15-17, 1991 - September events of 1991 in the city of Uralsk (protest by the local indigenous population against the 400th anniversary of the Cossacks).
XXI century
December 16, 2011 events occurred in Zhanaozen, Mangistau region. This was preceded by a multi-month strike of a number of large oil-producing enterprises in the region. Opportunities for oilmen were brutally suppressed by the police. According to official data, at least 16 people died.
Notes
- ↑ Recreation and tourism (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Uprisings in Kazakhstan - Kazakhs Archival copy dated March 26, 2013 on Wayback Machine
- Central Asian uprising in Russia, 1916-1917
- ↑ Conclusion of the Commission of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan on studying the decisions of KazCIC and SNK KASSR from August 27, 1928 “On confiscation of bays' farms”, September 13, 1928 “On criminal liability for countering confiscation and evicting the largest and semi-feudal buy-in”, from February 19, 1930 of the year “On measures to strengthen the socialist reorganization of agriculture in areas of complete collectivization and on the struggle against the kulaks and the bureaucracy” // Kazakhstanskaya Pravda. December 22, 1992
- ↑ Yerkin Rakyshev. Documentary film "Temir People's Commissar Temirbek". - 2015.
- The uprisings in Kazakhstan in 1929-1931
- ↑ The figure of Kazakh emigration Khasen Oraltay was a symbol of the outcome of the Kazakhs - Radio Azattyk © 2010