Nautilus pompilius , or nautilus [1] , or an ordinary boat [2] ( lat. Nautilus pompilius ) is a species of cephalopods of the genus Nautilus . Distributed off the coast of Indonesia , the Philippines , New Guinea and Melanesia , in the South China Sea , off the northern coast of Australia , western Micronesia and western Polynesia . They are found at depths of up to 400 meters. Both animal and plant foods are presented in the diet [3] .
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Content
Appearance. Physiological Features
Sink
The diameter reaches 25 cm. The shell is spirally twisted in one plane and divided into chambers. The largest is the body of the animal, and the rest are used to float and dive to certain depths, partially being filled either with air with a high nitrogen content or with water [3] .
Females are smaller than males: their shell diameter is about 11-12 cm, versus 13-14 in males. A newborn nautilus has a length of 2.5 cm. Puberty in females occurs when the shell grows to 9 cm, in males - to 11 cm [4] .
The color of the shell varies among different representatives, most often it is brindle: brown uneven stripes are arranged across a white background. Usually the upper part is darker than the lower; this is a disguise from predators: the light lower part is less noticeable against the background of the water surface, and the dark one, on the contrary, merges with the seabed. The inside of the shell is mother-of-pearl .
Leg
The body of the nautilus pompilius is bilaterally symmetrical .
The mouth is surrounded by numerous (about 90) outgrowths-arms, which, unlike the arms of other modern cephalopods, do not carry suction cups . Hands are used to capture prey and to move.
Near the mantle lies a muscular organ that looks like a funnel , with its narrow end facing outward, which serves to eject water from the mantle cavity . With this release, the mollusk receives a push, throwing it back. This is the method of movement of the nautilus pompilius in the water column [3] .
The eyes of the mollusk are primitive, they do not have a crystalline lens. On the head is a pair of olfactory tentacles - rhinophore , whose main function is chemoreception .
Nutrition
Nautiluses lead a benthic lifestyle, collecting dead animals and large organic remains - that is, they are marine scavengers [4] . May not eat for a very long time, and also receive food only once a month, while maintaining viability [3] .
Reproductive system and reproduction
Representatives of the dioecious species. The seed of the male is enclosed in spermatophores . During copulation, the male captures the spermatophore with a spadix - a modified arm, similar to the hectocotyl of the double -headed cephalopods - and transfers it to the mantle cavity of the female.
The eggs have a thick shell. The female attaches them to underwater objects. Newly hatched representatives are similar to adults, have an already formed body [3] .
The ratio of females to males in the Osprey reef population was 89.5% males and 10.5% females. In other Nautilus populations, the ratio of males to females varies from 94: 6 to 60:40 (always in favor of males). It is assumed that males enter the tournament fights for a few females. About 10% of the population is juvenile [4] .
For adults, the growth rate is 0.061 mm per day, for immature individuals - 0.068 mm per day [4] .
Subspecies
Two subspecies of nautilus pompilius have been described:
- Nautilus pompilius pompilius Linnaeus (1758) - Nautilus pompilius pompilius
- Nautilus pompilius suluensis Habe et Okutani (1758)
The first of them is the most famous representative of the whole subclass. Due to its large size, it is sometimes called the "Nautilus Emperor" ( English Emperor Nautilus ).
Very large specimens with a shell with a diameter of up to 268 mm [5] were recorded in Indonesia and northern Australia. These giant representatives have been described as Nautilus repertus , but most scientists do not consider them a separate species.
Nautilus pompilius suluensis is less common. Representatives were first discovered in the Sulu Sea in the southwest of the Philippines, in whose honor the species was named. The largest recorded specimen had a shell diameter of 148 mm [6] .
Cultural Impact
Nautilus pompilius shells made a lot of beautiful objects that are in the kunstkamera of the Renaissance . Often, jewelers make extravagant bowls with thin legs, intended mainly for decoration, and not for use.
βChambered Nautilusβ (common name for this species in English) is the name of a poem by Oliver Wendell Holmes , in which the author admires the βpearl shipβ ( Eng. ship of pearl ). He finds in the mysterious life and death of the Nautilus Pompilius a strong inspiration for his own life and his spiritual growth. He concludes:
| Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul, As the swift seasons roll! Leave thy low-vaulted past! Let each new temple, nobler than the last, Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast, Till thou at length art free, Leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea! |
Popular Soviet rock band Nautilus Pompilius is named after this mollusk [7] .
In 1916, the American composer and commentator Dims Taylor wrote a cantata called Nautilus Chambered .
Bowers & Wilkins Nautilus speakers [8] with a shape that closely follows the mollusk shell, costing more than $ 70,000, were first released in the early 1990s and are considered by some experts to be the benchmark for sound reproduction quality.
The name "Nautilus" was carried by a submarine in the works of "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" and "Mysterious Island" by the French writer Jules Verne.
Notes
- β Orlov Yu.A. (Ed.) - Fundamentals of Paleontology, Volume 5. Shellfish - Cephalopods Π M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962. - 622 p.
- β Ship // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- β 1 2 3 4 5 Leonid Gav Movable in the mobile - Nautilus Pompilius, a marine mollusk that lives along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, the South China Sea. http://www.snob.ru/profile/blog/9355/15385
- β 1 2 3 4 Naimark E. How many nautiluses on the Great Barrier Reef? . Elements.ru (02.17.2011). Date of treatment February 26, 2011. Archived April 23, 2012.
- β NAUTILIDAE "Nautilus repertus | ID: 118764 | Shell Detail" Shell Encyclopedia | Conchology, inc
- β Pisor, DL Registry of World Record Size Shells. - 4th edition. - Snail's Pace Productions and ConchBooks, 2005 .-- P. 93.
- β Nautilus Pompilius - the official website of the rock band
- β B&W Nautilus loudspeakers - an absolute sound sample "The Good Life - News and articles for people with an expensive taste
Literature
- Andrew J. Dunstan, Peter D. Ward, N. Justin Marshall. Nautilus pompilius Life History and Demographics at the Osprey Reef Seamount, Coral Sea, Australia // PLoS ONE. 2011.6 (2): e16312.
- Andrew Dunstan, Corey JA Bradshaw, Justin Marshall. Nautilus at Risk - Estimating Population Size and Demography of Nautilus pompilius // PLoS ONE. 2011.6 (2): e16716.