An etymological dictionary is a linguistic dictionary [1] containing information about the history of individual words , and sometimes morphemes , that is, information about the phonetic and semantic changes that they underwent. Large explanatory dictionaries may also contain notes on the etymology of words.
Since the origin of many words does not lend itself to a precise unambiguous definition, etymological dictionaries capture various points of view and contain links to relevant literature.
Some etymological dictionaries include information on groups of languages and contain reconstruction of the vocabulary of a proto-language and its contacts with other reconstructed parent-languages.
Content
History
The tradition of compiling the etymologies of individual words originates in antiquity. For example, in the ancient east this is the “ Nirukta ” ( Sanskrit िनरुक्त ) Yaski (c. VI – V centuries BC) for Sanskrit [2] ; the most important [3] etymological dictionary of the ancient Chinese language “ ” [4] ( Chinese 释 名 , 釋 名 , “Explanation of Names”; early 3rd century CE) of authorship or philologist Liu Xi ( 刘 熙 , 劉熙 (熹) ), nicknamed Chengguo ( 成 國 ), or historian ( 劉 珍 ) [3] ; the direction of the traditional grammar of the Arabic language “ al-ishtikak ” ( Arabic. الاشتقاق ), in particular the two-volume monograph on Turkic languages explained through Arabic - “ Collection of Turkic dialects ” (1074) by Mahmoud al-Kashgari [5] .
In the Western tradition, such rudiments of etymological research in the Greek language date back to the 4th century BC. e. ( Plato’s dialogue “ Kratil ”), then finding its continuation in the teachings of the Stoics [6] . Among the Greek lexicographers of late antiquity, one can distinguish the Neoplatonist Orion of Thebes (d. C. 450) - the author of the vocabulary "Orionis Thebani Etymologicon" ( Greek Ετυμολογικόν Ωρίωνος Θηβαίου ) (V century), partially preserved in the beginning of the X century, from the beginning of the XIII century, medieval compilations. However, large etymologies of Greek alphabetically appearing no earlier than the lexicographic works of Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople (c. 820–896), which served as the basis for such codes of Greek etymologies as Etymologicum Genuinum (2nd half of the 9th century, Constantinople), “Etymologicum Parvum” (9th century), “Etymologicum Gudianum” ( Greek Γουδιανόν Ετυμολογικόν ; 11th century), “Etymologicum Symeonis” ( Greek Μέγα Ετυμολογικόν ; c. 1150, Constantinople).
Etymology in Armenian linguistics has been developing since the early Middle Ages. Among the Armenian scholars who dealt with this issue were David Grammatik (V-VI century), Stepanos Syunetsi (VIII century), Grigor Magistros (XI century), etc. [7]
For the Latin language, the first research falls on the 1st century BC: Varron , who adhered to the teachings of grammarians, notes in the methodological part of his work “De lingua Latina” (1st century BC) that etymology is part of the grammar that studies “ why and where did the words come from ”(De lingua Latina V, 2) [8] ; the legacy of ancient scholars of Latin grammar was reflected in the encyclopedic work “ Etymologiarvm sive Originvm ” (7th century) by Isidore , Archbishop of Seville in Visigoth Spain [9] .
However, etymological dictionaries in the modern sense appeared only at the end of the 18th century. Their predecessors in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were: the eleventh reprinted edition of The Etymologicum of the Dutch Language ( lat. Etymologicvm Tevtonicæ lingvæ: sive Dictionarivm Tevtonico-Latinvm, præcipvas Tevtonicæ lingvæ dictiones et phrases Latinèlici élisatisnétiten, & Latinis interpretatens, & (Antwerp, 1599), “ Etymologicon of the Latin language ” ( lat. Etymologicon linguæ latinæ: praefigitur ejusdem de literarum permutatione tractatus ) of Vossius (Amsterdam, 1662), “ Etymologicon of the English language ” ( lat. Etymologicon Linguæ Anglicanumumuuliclicumumiclicumumiclicicumicliclicumicliclicumicliclicumicliclicicumliclicicumliclicicumliclicicumicliclicumicliclicicumliclicicumliclicicumicliclicumicliclicicumliclicicumiclicicumiclicicumiclicicumiclicicumiclicicumiclicicumiclicicumiclicicumiclicicumiclicicumiclicmic Ex Proprils Fontibus, Scil. Ex Linguis Duodecim ) by Stephen Skinner (London, 1671).
After the establishment of the laws of regular sound and language changes in the 19th century, the compilation of etymological dictionaries became one of the important tasks of specialists working in the field of comparative historical linguistics .
In Western Europe, the first among scientific dictionaries in the modern sense of the word was the Etymological Dictionary of Romance Languages ( German: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen ; 1853) Fr. K. Ditsa , later Slavic F. Miklosic published the Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages ( German: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen , 1886). [ten]
In Russia, the first attempts were made in the 19th century: researchers K. F. Reif , F. S. Shimkevich , M. M. Izyumov, N. V. Goryaev, A. N. Chudinov tried to collect their etymological research. The work of A. Kh. Vostokov “Etymological Dictionary” (1808-1809; excerpts published by I. I. Sreznevsky and S. K. Bulich [11] ) remained with the enormous number of words, according to the estimates of I. I. Sreznevsky, approximately 40 sheets of small set [12] . At the beginning of the 20th century, the “ Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language ” by A. G. Preobrazhensky (1910-1916, 1949) appeared [13] .
Until recently, the most authoritative [14] etymological dictionary of the Russian language was considered to be the " Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language " by M. Fasmer (1953-1958). In 1993, P. Ya. Chernykh became accessible to the general reader and linguists “The Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language”.
Etymological Dictionaries as a Data Source for Statistical Research
In quantitative linguistics , it has been suggested that the processes of growth in a language following the so-called Piotrovsky law correspond to growth models in other scientific disciplines. A systematic assessment of etymological dictionaries, counting the number of newly created words, as well as the number of words borrowed from other languages, make it possible to test this hypothesis. Such studies have been carried out with success in various etymological dictionaries of the German language , especially for borrowing [15] [16] [17] [18] .
Notes
- ↑ Kamchatnov A. M. , Nikolina N. A. Introduction to Linguistics: a training manual . - 10th ed., Stereotype. - M .: FLINT; Nauka, 2011 .-- P. 89 .-- 232 p. - ISBN 978-5-89349-149-4 (FLINT), ISBN 978-5-02-011720-4 (Science).
- ↑ Susov I.P. Indian Linguistic Tradition // History of Linguistics: A Textbook for Senior Students and Graduate Students / Tver. state un-t Cafe total and class. linguistics. - Tver: Tver State University, 1999. - 276 p. - ISBN 5-7609-0143-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 Guryan N. V. From the history of life and the study of the ancient Chinese dictionary “Shimin” (“Explanation of Names”) // Philological Sciences. Questions of theory and practice. - 2016. - No. 3 (57), in the 2nd part of Part 1. - S. 114-117. - ISSN 1997-2911 .
- ↑ Susov I.P. Chinese Linguistic Tradition // History of Linguistics: A Textbook for Senior Students and Graduate Students / Tver. state un-t Cafe total and class. linguistics. - Tver: Tver State University, 1999. - 276 p. - ISBN 5-7609-0143-5 .
- ↑ Susov I.P. Arab Linguistic Tradition // History of Linguistics: A Textbook for Senior Students and Graduate Students / Tver. state un-t Cafe total and class. linguistics. - Tver: Tver State University, 1999. - 276 p. - ISBN 5-7609-0143-5 .
- ↑ Pisani V. Etymology. History, problems, method / Transl. D. E. Rosenthal ; under. ed. and with the foreword. V.I. Abaev . - M .: Foreign literature, 1956. - S. 10 ff .. - 186 p.
- ↑ Dzhaukyan G. B. Linguistics in Armenia in the V — XVIII centuries. // History of linguistic teachings : Medieval East / Otv. ed. A.V. Desnitskaya , S. D. Katsnelson . - L .: “Science”, Leningrad Branch, 1981. - P. 15-19. - 299, [6] p.
- ↑ Pisani V. Etymology. History, problems, method / Transl. D. E. Rosenthal ; under. ed. and with the foreword. V.I. Abaev . - M .: Foreign literature, 1956. - S. 26. - 186 p.
- ↑ Pisani V. Etymology. History, problems, method / Transl. D. E. Rosenthal ; under. ed. and with the foreword. V.I. Abaev . - M .: Foreign literature, 1956. - S. 29. - 186 p.
- ↑ Archer V.V. “An etymological dictionary of suffixes of Ukrainian movi” - a new stage in the words “companionists // Movvoznavstvo.” - 2013. - No. 2-3. - S. 39. - ISSN 0027-2833 .
- ↑ Bulich S.K. Essay on the history of linguistics in Russia. T. I (XIII century. - 1825). With the appendix, together with the introduction "Introduction to the study of the language" B. Delbrück. - SPb. : Printing house M. Merkusheva, 1904. - S. 653-669. - XI, 1248 p.
- ↑ Philological observation of A. Kh. Vostokov . / Published, on behalf of the 2nd branch of the Academy of Sciences I. Sreznevsky . - SPb. : Type of. Imp. Academy of Sciences, 1865. - S. X. - [IV], LXXXIII, 216, [114] c.
- ↑ Vvedenskaya L., Kolesnikov N. Amazing lexicons : [ arch. June 30, 2012 ] // Russian language. - 2000. - No. 8 (38) (April 22). - S. 2-17.
- ↑ Dictionaries. "one. Fasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. T. I (A — D): Per. with him. and add. O. N. Trubacheva / ed. and with the foreword. B.A. Larina. - 2nd ed., Erased. - M .: Progress. 1986. - 576 p. ”// Russian language abroad. - 1987. - Vol. 6 (110). - S. 125.
- ↑ Best K.-H., Altmann G. Untersuchungen zur Gesetzmäßigkeit von Entlehnungsprozessen im Deutschen. // Folia Linguistica Historica, 7. - 1986. - S. 31-42. - ISSN 0168-647X
- ↑ Best K.-H. Wo kommen die deutschen Fremdwörter her? // Göttinger Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, 5. - 2001. - S. 7-20. - ISSN 1435-8573
- ↑ Körner H. Zur Entwicklung des deutschen (Lehn-) Wortschatzes. // Glottometrics 7. - 2004. - S. 25-49. - ISSN 1617-8351
- ↑ Ternes K. Entwicklungen im deutschen Wortschatz. // Glottometrics, 21. - 2011. - S. 25-53. - ISSN 1617-8351
Links
- Project: Linguistics / Lists / Etymological Dictionaries
- Etymology and history of Russian language words
- A word about etymological dictionaries. Interview with A. Anikin . // "Science in Siberia." - No. 10 (2446). - March 12, 2004 - S. 4
- Alexander Gruzberg , Etymological Dictionaries . // “Philologist”. Scientific-methodical, cultural and educational journal of the Federal State Budget Educational Establishment of Higher Professional Education “Perm State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University”. - Vol. No. 23. - 2013. - ISSN 2076-4154
- A selection of references to etymological dictionaries of the 19th — 20th centuries (French)