The common or sowing seed ( Latin Panicum miliaceum ) is an annual herbaceous plant, a species of the genus Millet ( Panicum ) of the Cereals family , or Myatlikovye ( Poaceae ).
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Panicum miliaceum L. , 1753 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Content
Botanical Description
An annual herbaceous plant 0.45-1.5 m high. Several stems form a bush.
The root is fibrous, penetrates the soil to a depth of 1.5 m or more, to the sides by 1-1.2 m.
The stem is cylindrical, hollow, has up to 10 nodes, slightly pubescent, branched from the root.
Leaves are alternate, linear-lanceolate, pubescent or glabrous, green or reddish, 18–65 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide.
The inflorescence is a panicle 10-60 cm long, at the ends of the branches of which two-flowered spikelets 3-6 mm long sit. One flower in the spikelet is usually bisexual, the other is staminate or asexual.
Fruit - a rounded, oval or elongated film kernels with a diameter of 1-2 mm, white, yellow, red, brown or other color.
Distribution
Homeland - Southeast Asia.
Chemical Composition
The grain contains starch (54–83%), proteins (10–14%), fat (2–4%), fiber (7.9%), carotene , vitamins B 1 , B 2 and PP , copper, nickel, zinc , manganese [2] .
Economic Significance and Application
Millet is a valuable cereal crop. Grain (called millet ) is used to make soups, cereals and other culinary products; is a valuable feed for poultry. The growing season is from 60 to 120 days. The plant is thermophilic and resistant to drought, as well as to salinization of the soil, but does not tolerate acidic soils.
The yield of 14-17 centners per hectare. In rich alluvial soil in 1943, when sowing virgin lands near the Wil River, the Kazakh farmer Chaganak Bersiev received a record crop of 200 centners per hectare for cereals - this is about ten glasses of millet per square meter [3] . Straw and green mass are used as livestock feed.
Millet is one of the most ancient cultivated plants of Eurasia. Millet first began to be cultivated about 7000 years ago in China and the Caucasus. It is cultivated in large volumes in India , China and North Africa , where it is an important agricultural crop. Also grown in the Middle East , Russia and Ukraine. In Russia, it is cultivated mainly in the arid regions of the Volga and Central Black Earth regions. In the USA , it is mainly grown as poultry feed or sold as an exotic cereal for a healthy diet.
Almost gluten free, therefore, it can be recommended for people suffering from celiac disease , a congenital disease caused by protein intolerance of some cereal crops.
The diuretic effect of millet was mentioned by Avicenna . In folk medicine, millet grain is used in the treatment of pancreatitis , diabetes mellitus , liver diseases, cystitis and hemorrhoids . Millet stimulates blood formation. Millet porridge is indicated for hypertension and diseases of the cardiovascular system. However, millet can cause constipation in older people. With gastritis with high acidity, millet porridge causes heartburn.
In 2014, world production of millet amounted to more than 28 million tons, of which the largest producer, India, accounts for more than 40% of the total volume [4] .
| The largest producers of millet (thousand tons) [4] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| A country | year 2014 | 2016 year | |
| India | 11 420 | 10 280 | |
| Niger | 3 322 | 3,886 | |
| China | 2,344 | 1 996 | |
| Mali | 1,715 | 1 807 | |
| Nigeria | 1,385 | 1,469 | |
| Sudan | 1,245 | 1 449 | |
| Burkina Faso | 972 | 1,057 | |
| Ethiopia | 915 | 1 017 | |
| Chad | 695 | 726 | |
| Russia | 493 | 630 | |
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of indicating the class of monocotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Monocotyledonous article .
- ↑ Medicinal properties of agricultural plants / Ed. M.I. Borisova. - Mn. : Urajay, 1974 .-- S. 177-178. - 336 p.
- ↑ Zhurin, N.I. Verifying a step along Ilyich. - Publishing house of Kazakhstan, 1969. - S. 62.
- ↑ 1 2 UN Food & Agriculture Organization
Literature
- Vekhov, V.N. et al . Cultural plants of the USSR / Ed. T.A. Rabotnova. - M.: Thought, 1978. - S. 39-40.
- Gubanov I.A. et al. 186. Panicum miliaceum L. - Sowing millet // Illustrated identifier of plants in Central Russia. In 3 t . - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, Institute of Technology. ISS., 2002. - T. 1. Ferns, horsetails, crowns, gymnosperms, angiosperms (monocotyledons). - S. 280. - ISBN 8-87317-091-6 .
- All about medicinal plants in your beds / Ed. S. Yu. Radelova. - SPb. : LLC SZKEO, 2010. - P. 185. - 224 p. - ISBN 978-5-9603-0124-4 .