Serbian Vlachs (self-names: Vlasi, Vlachi / Romania / Rumyњi [4] [5] ; Serb. Vlasi ) is one of the national minorities of Serbia . Serbian Vlachs are one of the small groups related to other Balkan-Romanesque peoples ( Aromuns , Istrums , Meglenites , Romanians and Moldavians ). They live mainly in Serbia, where their number according to the 2011 census is 35,000 people, as well as in the neighboring regions of Bulgaria (10,500 people).
| Serbian Vlachs | |
|---|---|
| Modern self-name | rumâni, vlahi / valahi [1] |
| Abundance and area | |
| Total: 35.330 (2011; together with the Romanians 64.662) [2] | |
 Serbia | |
| Tongue | Vlax [3] , Serbian |
| Religion | Orthodoxy |
| Related peoples | Romanians , Moldavians , Serbs |
| Origin | Wallachians |
In Serbia, they live mainly in the northeast (in the districts of Branichevo, Bor, Zayecar and Pomoravlje), as well as in Vojvodina (in the central and southern Banat) [6] . Mostly profess Orthodoxy .
Content
Origin
The modern Vlachs of the Timoka Valley (in Bulgaria and Serbia) are descendants of medieval immigrants from the geographical region of Wallachia (on the territory of modern Romania ) who crossed the Danube and settled on the banks of the Timok River [7] . Their core was made up of the most disenfranchised and poor inhabitants of the Romanian principalities Wallachia and Moldova , who fled from boyar tyranny during the period of the Phanariotic regime (1711-1811) and settled lands that were empty after the Great resettlement of the Serbs of 1690. They received the nickname “ceerana” by the name of their homeland (roman. Tsare “country”), and their dialect, close, first of all, to the Olten dialect of the Romanian language, was called “cerana”. [eight]
Strength
Some researchers [9] identify Serbian Vlachs with Romanians. During the census in Serbia in 2011, 35,330 people indicated the nationality of “Vlach” and 29,332 people indicated the nationality of “Romanian” (the questionnaire was written in Serbian; data for the whole country) [2] . Most of the called Vlachs live in eastern Serbia, primarily in the Timoch Krajina And adjacent areas, while the majority of the called Romanians live in Vojvodina .
Status
Vlachs are a recognized national minority in Serbia and the issues of their autonomy (in addition to territorial) are dealt with by the relevant National Council. Since the spoken language of the Vlachs is close to the standard Romanian, some consider the Serbian Vlachs to be part of the Romanian ethnos.
Most Vlachs do not identify with Romania [Comm 1] .
Romania seeks recognition of the Vlachs as the Romanian minority in Serbia, provides scholarships for studies in Romania, supports cultural associations and religious organizations of the Vlachs. Moreover, the Serbian Vlachs, as a group, have no priority in obtaining Romanian citizenship [Comm 2] .
Language
Subject to gradual Slavization . Mostly bilingual : along with their mother tongue they also speak the Serbian language .
Linguistically, the native language of the Serbian Vlachs is a collection of dialects of the Romanian ( Dacorumian ) language [Comm 3] . There are four dialects [10] [11] :
- Unguryan or banat [12] [13]
- Tsaransky or Olten [12] [13] (a variation of the Wallachian / Munten dialect common in southern Romania)
- Unguryan-Muntensky
- bufansky
The Vlachs themselves call their language “Romanian” ( limba rumânească ) or very rarely “Vlachian” ( ljimba vlahă , љimba vlahă ). In the Serbian language, a distinction is made between the dialects of the Vlachs ( Vlaska Jesik ) and the literary Romanian ( Romanian Jesik ).
Writing
The Vlach language is, for the most part, an oral language, its use in writing is limited, and exclusively Serbian is used in school education and local administration [14] .
There are several options for recording the Vlach language (two based on the Cyrillic alphabet and two based on the Latin alphabet) [15] :
- Parallel (in Cyrillic and Latin) alphabet developed by the public organization “Gergina” (Negotin city). This option was approved by the National Council of Vlachs of Serbia in 2012.
- An alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet , developed by Lyubisha Nitsulovich (otherwise: Lyubisha Lu Bozha Kichi) for elderly Vlachs who at school learned to write only in Serbian and only in Cyrillic. In particular, this alphabet records the translation of the New Testament from Serbian into "Vlach" language. [sixteen]
- An alphabet based on the Latin alphabet developed by Paun Es Durlić (in other words: (Paun Es Durliħ, Paun Es Durlić) for students. This alphabet contains a teaching program in primary and secondary schools, containing both the local dialect of the Vlachs and the Romanian literary). [17]
Religion
Serbian Vlachs mainly profess Orthodox Christianity. Most believers are parishioners of the Serbian Orthodox Church .
At the beginning of the 21st century, a district ( deanery , protopopia ) of the Romanian Orthodox Church was created in the Vlachs' places of residence. [18] His appearance is mitigated by the restoration of Romanian parishes and the tradition of service in Romanian after a 170-year hiatus. The Serbian Orthodox Church does not recognize its creation on its territory. [nineteen]
See also
- Tymoch dialect
- Vlachi - medieval Balkan-Roman communities
- Wallachians - residents of the Principality of Vlachia
Comments
- ↑ See, for example, a statement by Dragan Balashevich, vice president of the National Council of the Vlaš Minority, under the heading “Vlasi nisu Rumuni niti je rumunski jezik vlaški” (“Vlachs are not Romanians, but Vlach is not Romanian”) [Quoted from Stjepanović, 2015 , with. 150]
- ↑ According to the report on Romanian citizenship compiled by EUDO , Romania does not grant citizenship on the basis of ethnicity, but only on the basis of previous citizenship (that is, former Romanian citizens and their descendants who lost it for one reason or another, for example due to territorial changes). Thus, the Serbian Vlachs, who had never been a part of Romania and had not previously had Romanian citizenship, have no reason to obtain it.
- ↑ Golant, 2016 , p. 228: “On the territory of Serbia, speakers of Romanian (Dacorumian) dialects live compactly in Eastern Serbia [...]. Among the Romanians (Vlachs) of Eastern Serbia there are several dialects of the Romanian language. [...] "
Notes
- ↑ Golant, 2016 , p. 230.
- ↑ 1 2 (Serb.) Census 2011, book 4: Religion, mother tongue, and nationality , p. 21
- ↑ Serbia
- ↑ "We speak vlashki" , 2011
- ↑ "Platform for the Loanback" (inaccessible link) , 04/02/2012.
- ↑ Golant, 2016 , p. 228.
- ↑ Golant N.G. Rites of the spring-summer cycle in Wallachia: Essays on traditional culture .. - 2014. - 233 p. - ISBN 978-5-7576-0320-9 .
- ↑ Durlić PE Sacred Language of the Vlach Bread . - Belgrade: "Balkankult", 2011. - S. 6-10. - ISBN 9788684159290 .
- ↑ Golant N. G. On the winter rituals of the Vlachs (Romanians) of the valley of the river. Timok: Christmas log (based on materials from expeditions 2012–2013 to north-western Bulgaria and eastern Serbia). // Electronic library of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. Peter the Great (Kunstkamera) RAS. - S. 362−364 .
- ↑ Sikimiħ B. Field studies of “Vlachs” in northeastern Serbia // Actual problems of Balkan linguistics: proceedings of the Intern. scientific conf. (St. Petersburg, May 29-30, 2001). St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2003. P. 85–96.
- ↑ Sorescu-Marinković A. Românii din Timoc astăzi. Fiinţe mitologice. Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut, 2011.223 p
- ↑ 1 2 Nestorescu V., Petrişor M. Graiul românilor din Bregovo. Câteva particularităţi fonetice, Actele celui de-al XII-lea Congres internaţional de lingvistică şi filologie romanică. Bucureşti. 1971, pp. 997-1002.
- ↑ 1 2 Panea N., Bălosu C., Obrocea G. Folclorul românilor din Timocul bulgăresc. Craiova: Omniscop, 1996.177 p.
- ↑ Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly. Documents: Working Papers, 2008 Ordinary Session (second Part), April 14-18, 2008, Vol. 3: Documents 11464, 11471, 11513-11539 . - Council of Europe, 2008. - P. 71-72. - 208 p. - (2008 ordinary Session Series). - ISBN 9287164436 , 9789287164438.
- ↑ Golant, 2016 , p. 231-233.
- ↑ Љ иш лу а лу Бож Бож ħ ħ ħ ħ. Evangeљa sfӥntyo. Vlachki Bible Translation. Bor: Љ. Nitsuloviћ, 2006.219 s.
- ↑ Durliħ P.E. Compendium for the hope of a major student at the main school . Majdanpek, 2011.7 p.
- ↑ Website of the protopopia "Dacia Ripensis" as part of the Romanian Orthodox Church
- ↑ Maltsev V. Borders of permissible (inaccessible link) // Independent newspaper. NG Religions. 2012.06 June
Literature
- Dejan Stjepanović. Claimed Co-ethnics and Kin-State Citizenship in Southeastern Europe // Ethnopolitics: Journal. - 2015. - T. 14 , No. 2 . - S. 140-158 . - DOI : 10.1080 / 17449057.2014.991151 .
- Jan Briza. Minority Rights in Yugoslavia: Report . - Minority Rights Group International, 2000. - 32 p. - ISBN 1 897693 08 7 .
- N.G. Golant. Ethnic activism among Vlachs (Romanians) of Eastern Serbia // Materials of field studies of the MAE RAS: journal. - Grew up. Acad. Sciences, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. Peter the Great, 2016 .-- T. 16 . - S. 228-241 .