Water Tsitseniya [2] , or Tsitsanaya water , or Water rice [2] , or Water gap , or Zizania water [3] , or Indian rice [4] , or tuscarora [5] ( lat. Zizánia aquática ) - a type of annual water plants from the genus Zitsania ( Zizania ) of the family Cereals ( Poaceae ). The birthplace of the plant is North America .
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Zizania aquatica L. , 1753 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The plant is cultivated in many countries, including Russia , spreads from cultivation places, runs wild [2] . Whole grains of agricultural crops are sold under the name “wild rice” [6] .
Content
Distribution and habitat
In the natural environment, it grows in North America along shallow water, the banks of reservoirs in the St. Lawrence River basin and to the south along the Atlantic coast up to the Gulf of Mexico .
Botanical Description
Annual plant up to 2 m tall, without rhizomes.
Stems erect up to 1 cm thick, their nodes are short-haired. Leaf blades 0.5-1.5 cm wide, light green.
Lower floral scales of pistillate flowers 1.2–2.3 cm long, at the apex with awns 4–7 cm long. It blooms in late summer - early autumn.
Taxonomy
Zizania aquatica L. , 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 991 [7] .
Synonyms
- Ceratochaete aquatica (L.) Lunell
- Hydropyrum esculentum
- Limnochloa caduciflora Turcz. ex trin.
- Stipa angulata Steud. nom. inval.
- Zizania aquatica var. aquatica
- Zizania aquatica subsp. aquatica
- Zizania aquatica subsp. brevis ( Fassett ) SLChen
- Zizania aquatica var. brevis fassett
- Zizania aquatica var. subbrevis B. Boivin
- Zizania clavulosa Michx.
- Zizania effusa Munro nom. inval.
Cultivation
For a long time, wild rice grains served as food for North American Indians who collected them from boats manually. The cultivation of this marsh grass began in earnest only in the early 1950s, first in the USA, then in Canada and other countries.
In the states of California and Minnesota, citric acid is grown in floodplains , and in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan - along the banks of lakes and rivers. Small areas are planted with water rice in Australia and Hungary . In the 1950s, they tried to cultivate it in the south of the Irkutsk region , in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Kuban [8] .
This so-called “Duck rice” formed thickets along the shores of Lake Vyalye in the Leningrad Region , where V. Ya. Generozov was sown in 1912 [9] .
Food Product
The sweet “nutty” taste of citric acid and high nutritional value have earned wild rice many admirers, especially among connoisseurs of whole grain products . Since demand exceeds supply, citric acid remains one of the most expensive cereals.
Wild rice is superior to many other cereals in protein content (15 g per 100 g of dry product). Of the 20 amino acids, 18 are present in it, that is, until a complete protein is missing two - asparagine and glutamine .
This whole cereal is gluten-free (like rice itself ), rich in B vitamins , magnesium (177 mg), phosphorus (433 mg) and especially zinc (6 mg per 100 g of dried rice) [10] [11] . Infection of ergot grains can lead to serious poisoning.
Wild rice grains
Boiled wild rice
Grains of cyanide aquatic closeup
For comparison (from left to right, from top to bottom): 1 - rice, unpolished grains (green - unripe, brown - ripe); 2 - rice, polished, unpolished (“brown”) rice; 3 - “ red ” rice; 4 - polished rice grains; 5 - grains of water cyanide)
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of indicating the class of monocotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Monocotyledonous article .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Gubanov et al., 2002 , p. 312.
- ↑ Zizania // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- ↑ Native American rice // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- ↑ Canadian Rice // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 ext.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ There are other names for this cereal - Canadian rice, water oats, duck rice, crazy oats.
- ↑ Sp. Pl. 2: 991. 1753
- ↑ Science and best practices in agriculture. - The publishing house of the Min-va sat. households of the USSR, 1958. - S. 59.
- ↑ V. Generozov. Spring Hunting and Planned Hunting Management Archived copy of August 3, 2016 on the Wayback Machine . // Hunter and fisherman. - 1926. - No. 5. - S. 106-108.
- ↑ One cup of boiled rice (164 g) contains 2.2 mg of zinc, or 15% of the daily intake .
- ↑ Search for the term “wild rice” .
Literature
- Gubanov I.A. et al. 218. Zizania aquatica L. - Water cicatrix, or Water rice // Illustrated identifier of plants in Central Russia. In 3 t . - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, Institute of Technology. ISS., 2002. - T. 1. Ferns, horsetails, crowns, gymnosperms, angiosperms (monocotyledons). - S. 312. - ISBN 8-87317-091-6 .
Links
- Zizania aquatica : information on the taxon in the Plantarium project (identifier of plants and an illustrated atlas of species).