Senagi languages (Senagi; English Senagi, Anggor ) - a small family of Papuan languages , distributed in the north of New Guinea , on the border between the Indonesian province of Papua and Papua New Guinea ( Sandown province).
| Senag languages | |
|---|---|
| Taxon | family |
| Status | recognized |
| Area | northern new guinea |
| Number of carriers | OK. 3 thousand people (Ethnologue 2009) |
| Classification | |
| Category | Papuan languages |
| |
| Composition | |
| 2 languages | |
| Match rate | 33 |
| Language group codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-5 | - |
Content
Composition
Senagh languages include only two languages:
- Angor (Angor, Anggor, Senagi, Watapor; Aŋgor) - 1270 people. (1990 census), 11 villages, 2 dialects: Nai (Central Angora) and Samanai (South Angora). Latin spelling.
- dera (Dera, Dra, Dla, Kamberatoro, Komberatoro, Mangguar; self-name - Dəra / Dəla) - 1700 people, of which 1 thousand in Indonesia (1987 SIL), 13 villages.
The Angora language is unusual in a typological sense in that in personal pronouns the gender differs in the second and third persons of the dual and plural , but not in the singular .
The combination of these two languages was first proposed in the work of Loving and Bass (1964). They were combined based on a comparison of a specially selected list of 180 words, phrases and sentences, in which 33% of similar forms were found between them. With other compared languages, the percentage of matches was everywhere less than or equal to 5% [1] .
Later, these languages were studied by the Litteral spouses, who wrote several works. In their opinion, angora and dera are two halves of a dialect chain stretching from east to west, from the territory of the APG to the territory of Indonesia [2] . According to Hilario de Susa, who is currently working on the Angora dialect of Menggwa Dla, “the genealogical relationship between dla (dera) and Angora is transparent” [3] .
External classification
Loving and Bass (1964) and Litteral (1978) found no signs of the proximity of the Senagic languages to other Papuan languages. However, Laycock [Laycock 1973: 49] placed them in a trans-Guinean fila without any good reason, except for the statement that Angora has much more kindred words with the languages of this fila than with the Nndu languages ( sepic family ). Although he claims that Loving and Bass did not notice closeness to the Varis languages (now the border-Papuan family ), although in the calculations of the latter, the percentage of matches between the Senag and Varis languages is less than 3%.
In his 1971 work, Vorhuwe speaks of the Senaga languages as occupying an isolated position [4] . However, later, following Lakehock Worchow [Voorhoeve 1975a: 44; 1975b: 417-418] included the Senagh languages in the trans-Guinean fila, assigning them a taxon branch at the family level (" stock-level family "). He gives a list of phonemes of both languages and brief grammatical information about them.
In the Language atlas of the Pacific area S. Wurma (1981), the Senag languages are again included in the Trans-Guinean phyla (TNGF) with the taxon “sub-phylum level family” (that is, a branch / family that is part of the phylum but occupies a special position there) [ 5] , with references to Leucock (1973) and Worchow (1975a, b), moreover, Lecock was the compiler of the corresponding map in this atlas.
The classification of Senagh languages is briefly discussed in Wurm and McElhanon [1975: 158]. In favor of inclusion in TNGF, they point to the “sufficient number” ('fair number') of right-TNGF reflexes, and to the typological proximity to the languages of TNGF [6] . However, the authors themselves note that lexical convergence is very weak [7] . This is also confirmed by a comparison of Senaga lexemes with newer right-THFH reconstructions [8] .
Finally, Malcolm Ross (2005) brought the Senaga languages from TNGF to a separate family, not included in any larger association (fila). Based on a comparison of the pronouns, Ross suggests possible connections with the Sepian and Torricelli languages . So, the pronoun “I” is reconstructed for both the senaga and the presepic like * wan , while the Angora consonant suffixes of the masculine dual and plural -fa- and -mu- resemble the Prasepik and pratorricelli consonant suffixes of the dual and plural * - p and * -m .
Notes
- ↑ Linguistic report for the Upper Sepik - Central New Guinea Project 2005: 17, with reference to [Loving and Bass 1964].
- ↑ “ The Anggor form a loosely defined linguistic aggregate that is clearly separated from other linguistic aggregates in the north, east and south. To the west, however, there is a dialect that continues across the Irian Jaya border with no definite boundary of mutual unintelligibility separating villages ”(Litteral 1978: 25).
- ↑ “ the genealogical relationship between Dla [Dera] and Anggor is transparent ” [Linguistic report for the Upper Sepik - Central New Guinea Project 2005: 17, with reference to the oral communication of Hilario de Sousa].
- ↑ " Nowhere in its environments are languages found with which it can be united into one stock or even one phylum. The cognation percentages shared by Dera, Senagi and the languages surrounding them east of the border do not exceed 4% (Bass and Loving). On the western side of the border the situation is not much better [...] "[Voorhoeve 1971: 73]
- ↑ The designation 'sub-phylum' indicates a part of a phylum which is markedly different, "whether 'through greater distance in relationship between members of the sub-phylum and the remaining members of the phylum, or through special characteristics of the members of the sub-phylum which sets them apart [...] ”(Wurm and McElhanon, 1975: 154).
- ↑ “typologically the languages seem to follow the general Trans-New Guinea Phylum pattern without major deviations” [Wurm and McElhanon 1975: 158].
- ↑ “Lexical agreements between Senagi family languages and member languages of neighbors Trans-New Guinea Phylum stocks such as the Border and Pauwasi Stocks are of a rather low order.” [Wurm and McElhanon 1975: 158]
- ↑ Table 11 in [Senagi: Anggor 2005: 20], with reference to Pawley (2000), Voorhoeve (1971).
Literature
- Language atlas of the Pacific area , part 1: New Guinea area, Oceania, Australia / Wurm, SA; Hattori, Shirô (eds). The Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1981.
- Litteral, Robert Lee. 1972. "Rhetorical predicates and time topology in Anggor."
- Litteral, Robert Lee. 1972. "Time in Anggor discourse."
- Litteral, Robert Lee. 1978. “Changes in the Bibriari communicative system.”
- Litteral, Robert Lee. 1981. “Anggor referential prominence.”
- Litteral, Robert Lee. 2004. Community and family based language policy: an Angor case study. Read 39 (2): 28-44.
- Litteral, Robert Lee. 2008. Features of Angor discourse . [Manuscript] 165 p. Note: An edited version of the 1980 PhD dissertation (University of Pennsylvania. Vi, 371 p.)
- Litteral, Robert Lee; Litteral, Shirley. Anggor // Kenneth A. McElhanon (ed.), Legends from Papua New Guinea. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1974. pp. 32–44.
- Litteral, Shirley. 1972. “Orientation to space and participants in Anggor.” // Pacific Linguistics A 31: 23-44.
- Litteral, Shirley. 1981. “The semantic components of Anggor existential verbs.”
- Laycock, Donald C. Sepik languages: checklist and preliminary classification. - Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1973. - ISBN 978 0 85883 084 4 . . OCLC 5027628
- Loving, Richard; Bass, Jack. Languages of the Amanab sub-district. - Port Moresby: Department of Information and Extension Services, 1964. OCLC 17101737
- Pawley, Andrew. Some Trans New Guinea Phylum cognate sets. Pre-publication draft, 2000.
- Ross, Malcolm. Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages // Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples / Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide, Jack Golson (eds). - Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2005. - S. 15–66. - ISBN 0 85883 562 2 . . OCLC 67292782
- (5) Senagi: Anggor // Linguistic report for the Upper Sepik - Central New Guinea Project (link not available) . September 6, 2005. pp. 17-22.
- Voorhoeve CL Miscellaneous notes on languages of West Irian, New Guinea // Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14 (Pacific Linguistics A-28.), 1971. pp. 47–114.
- Voorhoeve CL Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. (Pacific Linguistics B-31), 1975a. 129 pp.
- Voorhoeve CL 2.6.2 Central and Western Trans-New Guinea phylum languages // New Guinea area languages and language study. Vol. 1. Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene / Stephen A. Wurm (ed.). - Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1975b (1977). - S. 345–459 [417–418: section 2.6.2.2.12 of The Senagi stock-level family]. - (Pacific linguistics. Series C - No. 38). - ISBN 0 85883 132 5 . . OCLC 37096514
- Wurm, SA; McElhanon K. 2.2.0 Papuan language classification problems // New Guinea area languages and language study. Vol. 1. Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene / Stephen A. Wurm (ed.). - Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1975b (1977). - S. 145–64. - (Pacific linguistics. Series C - No. 38). - ISBN 0 85883 132 5 . . OCLC 37096514
Links
- Senagi Family in the 16th Edition of Ethnologue (2009)
- Senagi (as part of Trans-New Guinea ) in the 14th edition of Ethnologue (2000)