Stylo (waxed) , stylo [1] ( Greek: στῦλος - pillar, column, writing cane, stylus ) - writing tool in the form of a pointed cylindrical rod (8-15 cm long and about 1 cm in diameter) made of bone , metal or other solid material. Stylos was widely used in antiquity and in the Middle Ages . The pointed end of the stylus was used to apply (scratch) text on wax tablets . The opposite end was made flattened (in the form of a spatula) and rounded to erase what was written.
In Russia it was written [2] .
Content
- 1 History
- 1.1 In Russia
- 2 See also
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
History
The stylos was widely used from archaic times to the late Middle Ages for draft records.
Europeans ( ancient Greeks and Romans ) wrote in style (stylus) on wax-coated tablets [3] . The text was scratched with a sharp edge on the wax, and the unnecessary was rubbed back with a blunt apex of style , which was made in the form of a spatula or ball. The name of this instrument caused the appearance of the abstract concept of “ style ”, which already in antiquity became a synonym for the literary syllable [4] .
Horace generously shared the recipe for success and advised poets to "often turn the style over" ( lat. Stylum vertere ), often erase the written and rewritten again, improving his work.
Julius Caesar died after 23 stab wounds inflicted by the conspirators . Strokes hit , since the entrance to the building where the Roman Senate was sitting was prohibited. Caesar tried to resist by pushing the hand of one of the attackers with his stylus (probably it turned out to be Gaius Servilius ), but died of great blood loss [5] .
In Russia
In Russia, stylos were widely used for writing on cera . This is evidenced by the numerous styles and one polyptych found during archaeological excavations in Novgorod . The oldest writing styles in Novgorod come from layers of 953–989 [6] .
Duris . Antique Greek writes on a wax tablet. OK. 500 BC e. Berlin, Antique Collection
Bas-relief of the Roman tomb
Sappho , fresco in Pompeii
Thumbnail from a 1380 book.
See also
- Ball pen
- Pencil
- Pen (writing)
Notes
- ↑ style // Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: AZ / RAS. Inst. Lingv. exploration .; Comp., Ch. ed. Cand. filol. Sciences S. A. Kuznetsov. - SPb. : Norint, 1998 .-- 1534 p. - ISBN 5-7711-0015-3 .
- ↑ Ovchinnikova B. B. Pisala - the stylos of ancient Novgorod of the X-XV centuries. (archaeological source) // Novgorod Russia: historical space and cultural heritage . - Yekaterinburg: Bank of Cultural Information, 2000. - S. 45-105. - (Problems of the history of Russia. Issue 3).
- ↑ Palazhchenko, Alena. The history of the paper sheet // Science and Life : Journal. - 2009. - No. 12 .
- ↑ Style // Dogs - String. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1976. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [30 vol.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 24, Prince I).
- ↑ Plutarch . Comparative biographies . Caesar, LXVI, 4-7
- ↑ Kolchin S.A., Yanin V.L. Archaeology of Novgorod 50 years // Novgorod collection. 50 years of excavation of Novgorod. - M., 1982. - S. 94.
Literature
- Gasparov M. L. Entertaining Greece. Stories about the ancient Greek culture . - M .: B.S. G.-PRESS, 2005 .-- ISBN 5-93381-196-3 .