The Turkmanchay Treaty (Turkmanchay Treaty [1] ) is a peace treaty between the Russian Empire and Persia ( Iran ), which completed the Russo-Persian war of 1826-1828. Signed on February 10 (22), 1828 in the village of Turkmanchay (near Tabriz ). Alexander Griboedov participated in the development of the terms of the contract.
| Turkmanchay peace treaty Persian. عهدنامه ترکمانچای | |
|---|---|
 Infantry General I.F. Paskevich and Prince Abbas-Mirza at the signing of a peace treaty in Turkmanchai | |
| Type of contract | Peace treaty |
| date of signing | February 10 ( 22 ), 1828 |
| • a place | Turkmanchay (near Tabriz ) |
| Signed | Infantry General I.F. Paskevich and Prince Abbas-Mirza |
| Parties |  Russian empire  Persia |
| Languages | Russian , Farsi |
Content
- 1 Value of the contract
- 2 Further history
- 3 Memory
- 4 notes
- 5 Literature
- 6 References
Significance of the contract
The agreement confirmed territorial acquisitions of Russia under the Gulistan Peace Treaty of 1813 . Under the Turkmanchay treaty, territories also left to Russia - Eastern Armenia [2] [3] [4] [5] Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates . Persia also pledged not to impede the resettlement of Armenians in Russian borders [3] [6] . A contribution of 20 million rubles was imposed on Persia. in silver. The parties exchanged missions at the level of envoys. The Russian government recognized Abbas Mirza , who signed the treaty with Russia , the heir to the Persian throne.
Simultaneously with the peace treaty, a trade treaty was signed, according to which Russian merchants received the right to free trade throughout Iran. The treaty strengthened Russia's position in Transcaucasia , helped strengthen Russia's influence in the Middle East, and undermined Britain 's position in Persia. Thus, the agreement confirmed freedom of navigation in the Caspian Sea for Russian merchant ships and the exclusive right of Russia to have a navy here. The “Special Act on Trade” established that “in all cases and litigations that may arise in Iran between Russian subjects or between them and subjects of any other power, Russian subjects were subject to the jurisdiction of Russian diplomatic representatives” [7] . Litigation between Russian and Iranian subjects should have been considered by the Iranian authorities, but always in the presence of dragomanes of the Russian mission or consulate [7] .
The agreement was of great importance for the Armenians living in Persia (for details, see the article Historical Migrations of the Armenian Population ).
According to Western and Iranian authors, the Turkmenchay Treaty had negative consequences for the further fate of Iran. According to J. Kaye, the Turkmenchay treaty was “deeply offensive to Iran” [8] . Friedrich Engels pointed out that “the Turkmenchay Treaty turned Persia into a vassal of Russia” [9] . According to the Iranian historian Mehdi Mojtahedi, the Turkmenchay agreement turned out to be “more unfortunate and more harmful than the Gulistan one,” because “Iran completely surrendered, and the Qajars became a political tool of Russia” [10] . According to another Iranian author M. Afshar, “Turkmanchay was the beginning of Iran’s political decline, and the Shah’s empire was not only deprived of the right to fight against its powerful neighbor, but even to resist it” [11] . Recalling that Iranian historians usually call Derbent the “Door of Iran,” he concludes that the loss of the Caucasus for Iran was “not only the loss of part of its territory”, but also “the opening of the doors of its own home to its most implacable enemy” [11] .
Further History
Soon after the conclusion of the Turkmanchay treaty, in connection with the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war , the Iranian government, incited by Great Britain , tried to evade the fulfillment of the terms of the treaty. Violations of the contract by the Iranian government caused a series of protests from A. Griboedov , who at that time held the post of Russian resident minister in Tehran. On February 11, 1829, an anti-Russian court group (closely associated with British agents and close to the Shah) organized and carried out the pogrom of the Russian mission , as a result of which Griboedov died. Emperor Nicholas I , who did not want to enter into a new armed conflict with Iran, was satisfied with the formal apologies brought by the shah [7] .
The treaty formed the basis of Russian-Iranian relations until the October Socialist Revolution [7] .
Memory
A gun handed over after the signing of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty. Military Museum in Tehran
Medals in memory of the Turkmanchay Treaty. Azerbaijan History Museum in Baku
Notes
- ↑ History of diplomacy. M.-L.: OGIZ, 1945.vol. 3, p. 803.
- ↑ George A. Boumoutian. A Concise History of the Armenian People (From Ancient Times to the Present). - Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2006 .-- P. 241.Original textWhen the Russians crossed the Arax and approached Tabriz, the capital of Iranian Azerbaijan, the Shah sued for peace and agreed to the treaty of Turkmenchai (1828). The khanates of Yerevan and Nakhichevan— or most of the remaining part of eastern Armenia — now became part of Russia and the Arax River became the border between Iran and Armenia (see map 24).
- ↑ 1 2 Turkmanchay Treaty of 1828 ; article from TSB
- ↑ R. Khanam. Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia: AI. vol. 1, 2005, p. 53:
Eastern Armenia was controlled by Persia and Western Armenia by the Ottoman Empire. In 1828 Eastern Armenia came under Russian rule.
- ↑ Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 1999, p. 134:
In 1828 the Russian Empire gained Eastern (Persian) Armenia by the Treaty of Turkmanchai
- ↑ Diplomatic dictionary. - M .: State publishing house of political literature. A. Ya. Vyshinsky, S.A. Lozovsky. 1948
... The territories of the khanates of Erivansky (on both sides of the Araks river) and Nakhichevan moved to Russia. The Iranian government undertook not to impede the resettlement of Armenians to the Russian borders (the Armenians supported the Russian army during the war). Iran was imposed a contribution of 20 million rubles. ...
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Turkmanchay Peace Treaty 1828 // Diplomatic Dictionary / A. Ya. Vyshinsky, S.A. Lozovsky. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1948.
- ↑ Balayan B.P., 1967 , p. 220.
- ↑ Balayan B.P., 1967 , p. 218.
- ↑ Balayan B.P., 1967 , p. 225-226.
- ↑ 1 2 Balayan B.P., 1967 , p. 229-230.
Literature
- About peace between Russia and Persia // Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire , second collection. - SPb. : Printing house of the II branch of His Imperial Majesty's own Chancellery , 1830. - T. III, 1828, No. 1794 . - S. 125-130 .
- Balayan B.P. International relations of Iran in 1813-1828. - Yerevan: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, 1967. - P. 295.
Links
- Full text of the Turkmanchay Treaty
- Turkmanchay peace treaty . 10 (22) .02.1828. Project of the Russian Military Historical Society "100 main documents of Russian history."