Papilionoidea (diurnal maceous) - superfamily of butterflies . More than 13,700 species (Robbins, 1982) [1] .
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| Papilionoidea Latreille , 1802 |
Content
Description
A distinctive feature of the representatives of the superfamily are club-antennae (antennae). Caterpillars do not spin a cocoon during pupation. However, their traditional name (diurnal) does not quite correspond to reality, since among them there are species active at dusk, and diurnal butterflies are also among other lepidopterans (for example, Uraniidae , Zygaenidae , Castniidae , some Arctiidae and Sphingidae ). In addition, club-shaped antennae are found among representatives of the families Castniidae and Zygaenidae . Another common feature of Papilionoidea is that at least one of the 5 radial veins of the fore wing is reduced or located on a common trunk with one of the neighboring veins (in Hesperioidea, all 5 radial veins are developed and separate from the cell) [2] .
Distribution
They are found on all continents except Antarctica and remote islands. Most diverse in the tropics, especially in the Neotropics. In Europe, more than 550 species.
Phylogeny
Family relationships between families have been studied at both the morphological and molecular genetic levels (Kristensen 1976, de Jong et al. 1996, Ackery et al. 1999, Wahlberg et al. 2005) [3] . Based on them, the families Lycaenidae and Riodinidae are considered closer , and together they are respectively closer to the family Nymphalidae . Their entire treasure is sister to the Pieridae family , and Papilionidae is closer to the root of their common trunk [4] .
Relations between families are shown in the cladogram according to Heikkila et al., 2014 [5]
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Classification
Sometimes the superfamily Papilionoidea (in the broad sense) includes both a thick-headed ( Hesperiidae family , 570 genera, about 4000 species), and Hedylidae family (1st genus, 36 species), which were previously classified as moths [6] . To unite them all, the Papilionoformes series was proposed [2] .
- Superfamily Papilionoidea [2]
- Family Sailboats ( Papilionidae ) - 570 species, 32 genera [6]
- The Belyanka family ( Pieridae ) - 1146 species, 91 genus [6]
- Family Lyubyanka ( Lycaenidae ) - 5201 species, 416 genera [6]
- The Nymphalidae family - 6152 species, 559 genera [6] (including Satyridae )
- The Satyridae family - about 2,400 species
- The Riodinidae family - 1532 species, 146 genera [6]
Notes
- ↑ Robbins RK 1982. How many butterfly species? News Lepid. Soc. 1982: 40-41.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Kuznetsov V.I., Stekolnikov A.A. New approaches to the lepidopteran system of the world fauna (based on the functional morphology of the abdomen). - SPb. : Science, 2001 .-- S. 317-352. - 462 p. - (Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Volume 282). - ISBN 5-02-026149-1 .
- ↑ Ackery, PR, R. de Jong, and RI Vane-Wright. 1999 . The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, and Papilionoidea. Pages 264-300 in: Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology Vol. IV, Part 35. NP Kristensen, ed. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
- ↑ Wahlberg, N., MF Braby, AVZ Brower, R. de Jong, M.-M. Lee, S. Nylin, NE Pierce, FAH Sperling, R. Vila, AD Warren, and E. Zakharov. 2005 . Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 272: 1577-1586.
- ↑ Heikkilä, M., Kaila, L., Mutanen, M., Peña, C., & Wahlberg, N. (2012). Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279 (1731), 1093-1099.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Van Nieukerken, Erik J. et al. "Phylum Athropoda." - In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) “Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness” (Eng.) // Zootaxa / Zhang, Z.-Q. (Chief Editor & Founder). - Auckland: Magnolia Press, 2011 .-- Vol. 3148, no. 1 . - P. 212–221 (1-237). - ISBN 978-1-86977-849-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7 (online edition). - ISSN 1175-5326 .
Literature
- Paulus, HF, and HW Krenn. 1996 . Comparative morphology of the butterfly proboscis and its sensilla - A contribution to the phylogenetic systematics of Papilionoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 34 (4): 203-216.