Rugger Raimondi ( Italian. Ruggero Raimondi ; born October 3, 1941 , Bologna , Italy ) - Italian opera singer ( bass-baritone ) [1] [2] , film actor and opera director, commander and great officer of the Order "For Merit to the Italian Republic " [3] . He is best known as a performer of the party of Don Juan (“ Don Juan ” by V. A. Mozart , more than 400 performances [4] ) and Baron Scarpia (“ Tosca ” by J. Puccini ). Directors and critics note that Raimondi’s vocal talent is combined with dramatic talent [5] [6] .
| Ruggiero Raimondi | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| basic information | ||||
| Birth name | Ruggero raimondi | |||
| Date of Birth | October 3, 1941 (77 years) | |||
| Place of Birth | Bologna | |||
| A country |  Italy | |||
| Professions | opera singer, actor, director | |||
| Singing voice | bass-baritone | |||
| Instruments | ||||
| Genres | opera | |||
| Awards |
| |||
Biography
Ruggiero Raimondi is the third child in the family of Dora and Cesare Raimondi (the actor has two older brothers, Raffaello and Roberto [7] ). Father Ruggiero owned a company in Bologna and, according to the singer, was an admirer and collector of opera music, loved the opera house and often took his younger son there. [8] [9] The boy was brought up in the traditions of the Catholic faith, attending mass from a young age. His uncle and aunt occupied prominent church posts [4] .
Early years
At the age of 7, the child was sent to a music school to learn to play the piano , he began to study vocals at the age of 15, when the voice broke. His father wanted Ruggiero to get an applied profession, so he was sent to study accounting , but Raimondi was not interested in the exact sciences, he decided to devote himself to music [9] . The young man was inspired by the recordings of Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin , in which he saw the ideal not only of the singer, but also of the actor. According to Raimondi, listening to Shalyapin’s recordings was comparable for him to watching movies, so strong was the emotional impact [9] . Another idol of Ruggiero was bass Ezio Pinza . [10] The singer recalls that as a teenager, to attract the attention of girls, he performed the aria of Iago Credo in Dio crudel from the opera Othello , standing on the beach [4] .
At the age of 16, on the advice of a family friend of conductor , Ruggiero entered the Giuseppe Verdi Milan Conservatory as a volunteer (because of his age, he could not be officially enrolled in the course) [11] ; At first, the beginning singer had to face difficulties: since his parents did not approve of his choice of profession and did not want him to live alone in Milan, he had to get up at five in the morning every day to return to Bologna it is already late at night [10] . A year of such a life strongly exhausted the young man; parents, seeing the strong interest of his son, allowed him to continue learning opera art. [10] Soon, Ruggiero entered the National Academy of St. Cecilia in Rome (class of Teresa Pediconi and Armando Piervenantsi) and after 4 years successfully completed it [12] .
One of the favorite entertainment of Raimondi in his student years was watching movies (the singer preferred American cinema to Italian). In one of his interviews, the actor mentions that on the eve of important exams he always went to the cinema to prepare himself mentally for delivery [4] .
Beginning of opera career
In 1964 , at the age of 22, Raimondi made his debut at the International Music Festival “Two Worlds” in Spoleto (Collen in Puccini’s opera “ La Boheme ”) [13] . However, as Ruggiero recalls, his performance that evening was utterly disastrous, he had a high fever and during the performance of the party his voice unexpectedly completely disappeared, he left the stage to the disgruntled cries of the public [12] . Fortunately, the first failure failed to break the young man, and he continued to persevere. In December of the same year, Raimondi played the part of Procida in G. Verdi ’s Sicilian Vespers in the Roman Opera [2] (he replaced Nicholas Rossi-Lemeni, who was originally approved for this role) [12] . The performance was warmly greeted by the audience and received positive reviews from critics, which opened the doors of all musical theaters in Europe for the singer.
As noted by Elena Mateopoulos in the book “Bravo. Meetings with the great tenors, baritones and basses of our time ”, the young singer’s first artistic experiences were unsuccessful, he was extremely shy and didn’t know how to behave on stage, with his movements more like a robot than a person [10] . Mateopoulos mentions that Mirella Freni and her first husband, pianist Leone Majera, also spoke in interviews about the extraordinary modesty and uncertainty of the young Raimondi, who blushed whenever someone tried to talk to him [10] . Shyness and "tightness", the inability to control his own body strongly prevented Ruggiero from performing on stage. A great role in the development of the young actor was played by the Italian director Piero Fagoni, who not only “instilled in him a taste for the theater” [4] , but also helped uncover the singer’s extraordinary dramatic gift [5] .
From 1965 to 1968, Ruggiero Raimondi performs on the stage of the La Fenice Theater [14] . His repertoire in these years was mainly represented by Italian operas (Rossini, Verdi, Cherubini, Ponchielli), but even then he tried himself in the Mozart heritage (Figaro in The Marriage of Figaro , Zorastro in The Magic Flute ). In 1968, Raimondi played the part of Don Juan for the first time [15] . The singer advised Mario Labrock, an Italian composer and music critic, to take up the study of this part, saying: “Take it, learn it, and it will be your opera” [16] . In this role, Raimondi's overseas debut took place in 1969 at the Glaindbron Opera Festival [17] . According to the singer, he tried his best to convey “the sensual aspect of the character of Juan, a man for whom passion is a source of vital energy” [15] , but only 10 years later, while working with Losey on the film version of the opera of the same name, he appreciated how complex and contradictory this image was . In the same year, Raimondi performed for the first time at Scala , and in 1970 at the Metropolitan Opera (the part of Silva in Verdi’s Hernani opera ). As the reviewer points out, that evening “the young artist demonstrated a magnificent voice that impressed the listeners” [18] . Raimondi recalls that the reception of the American public was so hot that at some point he found tears running down his face [12] . In 1970, he made 3 recordings of Verdi's Requiem (led by Leonard Bernstein , Herbert von Karajan, and Sir John Barbirli ). [12] In 1972, the singer made his debut on the Covent Garden stage in the Fiesco party (“ Simon Boccanegra ” by G. Verdi) [12] .
At the peak of popularity
During the 1970-1980s, Ruggiero Raimondi not only performs on the stages of the leading opera houses, but also makes many studio recordings. During these years he has worked with such prominent conductors as Herbert von Karajan, Riccardo Muti , James Levine . His repertoire is extensive: Raimondi tries himself in operas not only Italian ( Don Carlos , Attila , Macbeth ), French ( Faust , Carmen ), but also Russian composers ( Boris Godunov ) [19 ] . According to the singer, the role of Boris seems to him to be the most difficult in his repertoire, since he requires complete commitment, maximum penetration into the image, and the performer risks losing his mind if he cannot control his emotions. Director Piero Fagoni, a close friend of Raimondi, recalls that in 1972, when he put this opera on the stage of the Venetian theater La Fenice, the actor fell into a swoon in the last act of the play, and was carried off his hands from the stage [10] .
In 1979, Raimondi sings the part of Baron Scarpia for the first time in Tosca (recording goes on EMI label, conductor Herbert von Karajan). In his interviews, the singer has repeatedly pointed out that Scarpia is one of the three roles of his dream, along with Iago and Macbeth [1] . The actor claims that "bad" characters such as Mephistopheles or Scarpia fascinate him and literally hypnotize, the opera is similar to a psychoanalysis session and allows the performer to live a huge number of lives on the stage [9] . In 1982, Raimondi, along with Jose Carreras and Katya Richcharelli, performed the concert version of Tosca and, until 1992, did not return to the role of the all-powerful chief of the Roman police [6] .
The period from 1981 to 1988 can be called the " Rossini " stage in the singer's career. Raimondi, who is rightly considered a bel canto master, performs the main parts in operas by the Italian composer: “ Moses in Egypt ” (1981, 1988), “The Barber of Seville ” ( La Scala , 1984), “ Cinderella ” (1987), “ Italian in Algeria "(1987)," The Turk in Italy "(1986), as well as in" Stabat Mater "(1981). In 1984, at the Rossini Festival in Pesaro Ruggiero, Raimondi tried himself in the new role of Don Profondo in the opera “ Journey to Reims ”, which was considered lost until that time [20] . Subsequently, Raimondi will perform the same part in the plays of 1988 and 1992 [21] .
The collaboration of the singer with the Swiss composer Rolf Lieberman was unfortunate. Raimondi was supposed to perform the part of Neschastlivtsev (Malfortune), written specifically for his voice, in the opera Les (for the libretto based on Ostrovsky’s play), which was scheduled for 1987, but due to the fact that the singer did not receive the libretto on time, he failed to learn the role on time and refused to speak before the premiere, which led to a trial [16] .
Ruggiero Raimondi tries himself not only in the opera, but also in the chamber and pop genres. So in 1985, a compilation of songs by Tosti , Brogi, Rotholi, three years later by Ruggero Raimondi was released and he recorded the disc “Hollywood and Broadway songs”. The collection includes such hits as The impossible dream , Some enchanted evening , Night and Day , Smile .
In 1989, the singer was honored to speak at the opening of the Opera Theater Bastille [22] [23] .
Mature years
The period 1990–2000s became very productive in the singer’s career. He takes part in several interesting opera and film projects, gives concerts around the world [24] . In 1990, Raimondi makes a tour tour dedicated to the twenty-fifth anniversary of his creative career. The program included both parts from Italian operas and the “Russian repertoire” (arias from the operas “Sadko”, “Boris Godunov”) [25] .
In June 1994, together with Jose Carreras and Chechilia Gazdia, he performed Mozart's “Requiem” at the site of the destroyed library in the city of Sarajevo , in memory of those killed in the Bosnian war [26] . [15]
During these years, Raimondi continues to develop the image of Baron Scarpia (for the first time he will play the head of the Roman police in the film Adermann [27] , and later embody this image on the opera stage) [28] [29] .
The singer is constantly expanding his repertoire, taking on new, complex roles, revealing more and more new facets of his talent. In 1996, he performed the part of Yago in the opera Othello . According to the actor, Iago is a character he has dreamed of playing for many years:
I always thought that when I was about fifty, I would take on some crazy roles. And when I started to learn the game (Iago), I realized that I could play this character. In a sense, it was conceived 20 years ago.
- From an interview with Queen's Quaterly magazine, 1996 [4]
In the 21st Century
Stepping over the sixty-year boundary, Ruggero Raimondi does not slacken his creative activity. In 2001–2010 he sings on the opera floors of Zurich , Washington , and Liege . His repertoire in these years includes both the singer's “branded parts” (Baron Scarpia, Don Basilio) and not so often performed by him (Alfonso’s Duke in “ Lucretia Borgia ” Donizetti ; Coppelius, Dr. Miracle, Dapertutto, Lindorf in “ Tales of Hoffmann ” Offenbach ). In 2006, Raimondi performed the part of Dr. Dulkamara for the first time in Donizetti's opera Love Drink [30] . The singer continues active concert activity, conducts master classes.
Raimondi also tries himself as an opera director: he staged Mozart’s opera The Marriage of Figaro in Valencia in 2011; Verdi’s opera Attila on the stage of the Liège Theater in 2013 [31] , the Theater in Bilbao in 2014 and on the stage of the Opera Theater in Monte Carlo in 2016; Berlioz's opera The Condemnation of Faust in Liege. [32]
In 2011, the singer was awarded a special prize by the Spanish Campoamor Theater ( Premio especial a toda una carrera ) for significant achievements in the arts [33] .
One of the last performances of the singer was held in the Liège Theater in December 2014 in the opera Tosca [34] .
Festivals
Ruggiero Raimondi is a frequent guest of various music festivals, as he performed at the Salzburg Festival (villains in the opera "Tales of Hoffmann", 2003), repeatedly appeared at the Rossini festival in Pesaro (Selim in the opera " Turks in Italy " [35] ), on The Vienna Festival (Count Almaviva at The Figaro's Wedding [36] ), at the Choregi Orange Festival (1996) [37] (Don Juan in the opera of the same name), and also at the annual Musiques en Fête concert in Orange [38] .
The singer, who manages to combine opera and cinematic career, tries himself in the drama theater. In the summer of 2002, he acted as a narrator in the play “Infinite Solitude” ( L'immense solitude ) based on the book by French writer Frederic Pazhak, presented at the Avignon Theater Festival . [39]
In 2006, together with Elina Garanchey , Stefan Deguu sang in the production of “ That's what everybody does ” at the opera festival in Aix-en-Provence [40] . In the same year, he appears as Baron Scarpia in a large-scale performance by Hugo de An on the stage of Arena di Verona [41] (however, it’s worth saying that the singer has been collaborating with this theater for many years and has performed on his stage more than once In 1996, together with Leo Nucci and Cecilia Gazdia Raimondi, he participated in the production of Rossini’s opera The Barber of Seville) [42] .
One of the latest festival performances of the singer was held in August 2010 at the 59th annual festival in Santander, in the opera Boris Godunov (a joint production of the Liège Opera Theater and the music center of Galina Vishnevskaya) [43] .
Movie career
1970–1990s
The first appearance of Ruggiero Raimondi on the big screen is the role of one of the closest pope Innocent III in Franco Zeffirelli 's film “ Brother Sun, Sister Luna ” [44] . A few years later, he played Don Juan in the film version of the Don Juan opera by Joseph Losey [12] . Working with an English director was a real creative test for the singer. According to Raimondi, working with Losey was not easy, as the director almost did not give any instructions how to behave in front of the camera, what to say; his advice was kept to a minimum [1] . That is why the actor tried to understand the role as deeply as possible, “he tried to be more Don Juan than Ruggiero Raimondi” [4] . Cooperation with Losey continued in the future, in 1982, the actor received a role in the film “Trout” (guest of the party) [45] .
In the 1980s and 1990s, Ruggiero Raimondi was often invited to television. He is removed from Maurice Bejart's “Six Characters Performed by the Singer,” appears in several musical programs (for example, “ Numéro un ”) [46] . An interesting creative experience for the actor was the work with Alain Rene , who approved him for the role of Count Michel Forbek in the film “ Life is a novel ” [47] [48] .
On the wave of popularity in 1984, Raimondi was given the role of Escamillo in the film-opera by Francesco Rosi “ Carmen ” [49] . However, shortly before this, Raimondi played the role of Escamillo on the theater stage several times (in 1980 in the Opera Garnier , in 1984 in La Scala ). In an interview, the singer points out that his bullfighter is not a veil and a bluff that plays only for the spectator, but a truly courageous, brave and strong man who is aware of his mortality in every moment of his life. [9] The film won several prestigious awards (“ Cesar ”, “ David di Donatello ”); Ruggiero Raimondi was nominated for the David di Donatello Award for Best Supporting Actor for Men, [50] but did not receive the prize.
In 1989, Polish actor Andrzej уulawski invites the actor to the role of Boris Godunov [22] [23] . The motion picture was rather coldly received by the public and received mixed acclaim from critics associated with a very non-standard interpretation of the events of the Time of Troubles, which Zhulavsky gives in his film [51] . It should be noted that the recording of the opera “Boris Godunov”, created under the direction of Mstislav Rostropovich in 1987, was used as the scale. [52]
1990s - n. at.
A landmark for Raimondi was the participation in Andrea Andermann’s Tosca project in 1992 (the actor played the role of Baron Scarpia). The director tried to create an “authentic” version of the opera by Giacomo Puccini , which is why the film was shot in Rome at real historical sites, which created additional difficulties for the performers. The project received 3 Emmy awards [53] ; about 1.5 billion TV viewers in more than 107 countries watched the broadcast of the recordings in more than 107 countries [27] .
In 1996, Alain Jessea approved the actor for the role of Belil in his film “ The Colors of the Devil ” [54] . In 2001, Raimondi reappeared in the role of Baron Scarpia in the film-opera of the French director Benoit Jacquot, along with such stars of the world opera stage as Angela Gheorghiu and Roberto Alanya [55] .
Another unique work by the singer belongs to 2006 - he played Archbishop Thomas Becket in the movie “Murder in the Cathedral” (to the music of composer Ildebrando Pizsetti ), and the shooting was conducted in the Basilica of St. Nicholas in Bari [56] .
In 2008, the actor starred in the four-part detective French series “Sobbing Angels” in the role of singer and philanthropist Carlo di Vanelli.
One of the last works of Raimondi on television was the participation in another project of Andermann “Rigoletto in Mantua” (2010). The actor played the assassin Sparafuchile [57] .
Criticism
In general, critics positively evaluate Ruggero Raimondi's operatic activity, noting his vocal virtues (wide range and voice capacity, beauty of timbre, emotionality of performance [58] ), going in close conjunction with artistic (infinite reincarnation ability [59] , grace and depth of interpretation [60] , the ability to create convincing, "live" characters [61] [62] [63] ). However, at the same time, reviewers note that Raimondi’s voice is not powerful enough and resonant for the performance of such parties as Moses [64] or Philip II [65] . However, the singer himself notes that he has a “low baritone” rather than a “high bass” [6] . Also in recent years in the press quite often negative reviews could be found, where Raimondi is accused of “worn out”, “heterogeneity” [66] voices and a decrease in its volume, deaf sounding [67] , which is largely due to objective reasons, such as age artist, the duration of his singing career, busy schedule.
Personal life
Ruggero Raimondi is a rather closed person, so there is little information about his personal life in the press. The singer was married twice. From his first marriage he has three sons (2 twins Riccardo and Raffaello and Christian), from the second one (Rodrigo) [15] . Older sons devoted themselves to entrepreneurship, Rodrigo chose the acting profession, like his father [15] .
Charity
Together with his wife Isabel Ruggiero Raimondi, she helps the Spanish non-profit foundation “Prodis”, which supports children with developmental disabilities [68] .
Also quite often Ruggiero Raimondi participates in charity events and concerts, the money from which goes to help orphanages and clinics. On June 8, 2014, along with such stars of the world opera stage as José Carreras , Cecilia Bartoli , Juan Diego Flores, he received performed at the concert of the Grand Rossini Gala on the eve of the annual Salzburg Festival , all the money from the concert was sent to the Kinderseelenhilfe Foundation [69] .
Repertoire
| Composer | Opera | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | " Don Juan " | Don Juan |
| “ So do all ” | Don Alfonso [IN 1] | |
| " The Wedding of Figaro " | Count Almaviva [ W 2] [W 3] | |
| Figaro [V 4] | ||
| Luigi Cherubini | "Medea" | Creon |
| Vincenzo Bellini | " Puritans " | George Walton [V 5] |
| " Norma " | Orovezo | |
| " Pirate " | Goffredo | |
| Gioacchino Rossini | "The Barber of Seville " | Don Basilio [Q 6] [Q 7] [Q 8] |
| " Italian in Algeria " | Mustafa | |
| " Turk in Italy " | Selim [B 9] [B 10] | |
| " Journey to Reims " | Don Profondo [V 11] | |
| Cinderella | Don Manifiko [Q 12] | |
| " Moses in Egypt " | Moses [W 13] [W 14] | |
| Gaetano Donizetti | " Favorite " | Balthazar |
| " Love drink " | Dr. Dulcamara | |
| Don Pasquale | Don Pasquale [ W 15] | |
| " Lucretia Borgia " | Don Alfonso [H 16] | |
| " Lucia di Lammermoor " | Raimondo [ W 17] | |
| Giuseppe Verdi | " Jerusalem " | Ruggiero (Roger) [H 18] |
| Hernani | Earl Silva Rui Gomez [ W 19] | |
| " Lombards in the First Crusade " | Pagano | |
| Macbeth | Banco [At 20] | |
| " Attila " | Attila [ W 21] | |
| Don Carlos | Philip II [V 22] | |
| Grand Inquisitor | ||
| " Simon Boccanegra " | Jacopo Fiesco [ H 23] | |
| " Sicilian Vespers " | Procida | |
| " Masked Ball " | Samuel | |
| " Othello " | Yago [59] | |
| Nabucco | Zechariah [ W 24] [W 25] | |
| " Louise Miller " | Earl Walter | |
| " The power of fate " | padre guardiano | |
| " Robbers " | Masimiliano moor | |
| " Troubadour " | Ferrando | |
| " Aida " | Ramfis [IN 26] | |
| Pharaoh | ||
| " Rigoletto " | Monteron | |
| Sparafuchile [IN 27] | ||
| Falstaff | Falstaff [ W 28] | |
| Pistol, servant of Falstaff [ W 29] | ||
| Amilcare Ponchielli | " Gioconda " | Duke Alvise Badoero [ H 30] |
| Giacomo Puccini | " Tosca " | Baron Scarpia |
| " Boheme " | Collen | |
| Turandot | Timur [At 31] | |
| " Girl from the West " | Sheriff Rance | |
| Eldebrando Pizzetti | "Murder in the Cathedral" | Thomas Becket [ W 32] |
| Igor Stravinsky | " King Oedipus " | Tiresias |
| Charles Gounod | " Faust " | Mephistopheles [ H 33] |
| Hector Berlioz | " Condemnation of Faust " | Mephistopheles |
| Georges Bizet | Carmen | Escamillo |
| Claude Debussy | " Pelleas and Melisande " | Arkel |
| Jacques Offenbach | " Tales of Hoffmann " | Lindorf, Coppelius, Miracle, Dapertutto [Q 34] |
| Jules Massenet | " Don Quixote " | Don Quixote [ W 35] |
| Modest Mussorgsky | " Boris Godunov " | Boris Godunov [36] |
| Barlaam |
Filmography
| Year | Film | original name | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1972 | Brother Sun, Sister Moon , dir. Franco Zeffirelli | Fratello Sole Sorella Luna | one of the approximate Pope, in the credits is not specified |
| 1981 | "Six characters performed by the singer" [C 1] , director M. Bejart | Six personnages en quête d'un chanteur | Don Juan, Iago, Don Quixote, Boris Godunov, Escamillo, Mephistopheles |
| 1982 | "Trout", dir. J. Losey | La truite | guest at a party |
| 1983 | “ Life is a novel ” [47] , dir. A. René | La vie est un roman | Count Michel Forbecke |
| 1997 | " Colors of the Devil " | Les couleurs du diable | Belille |
| 2008 | “The sobbing of angels”, miniseries | Le sanglot des anges | Carlo di Vanelli |
| Year | Film opera | original name | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | Don Juan [C 2] , dir. J. Losey | Don giovanni | Don Juan |
| 1984 | Carmen [C 3] , dir. F. Rosie | Carmen | Escamillo |
| 1989 | Boris Godunov , dir. A. Zulawski | Boris Godunov | Boris Godunov |
| 1992 | " Tosca " | Tosca: Tosca | Scarpia |
| 2001 | Tosca , dir. B. Jaco | Tosca | Scarpia |
| 2006 | "Murder in the Cathedral" | Assassinio nella cattedrale | Thomas Becket |
| 2010 | Rigoletto in Mantua, dir. M. Bellocchio | Rigoletto a Mantova | Sparafuchile |
| Year | Documentary | original name | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | “My favorite opera is Ruggiero Raimondi: Don Juan” | My favorite opera - Ruggero Raimondi: Don Giovanni | plays himself; Don Juan |
| 2013 | "Passion Verdi" | Passion verdi | plays himself, the narrator; Falstaff |
Selected videography
| Year | Opera | original name | Role | Conductor | Label |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | " Favorite " | La favorita | Balthazar | ||
| 1979 | Nabucco | Nabucco | Zakaria | ||
| 1983 | Hernani | Ernani | Rui Gomez de Silva | James levine | Deutsche Grammophone |
| 1984 | " Journey to Reims ", directed by L. Ronconi | Il viaggio a Reims | Don Profondo | ||
| 1985 | " Faust " [C 4] | Faust | Mephistopheles | Erich winder | Decca |
| 1985 | " The Wedding of Figaro " | Le nozze di Figaro | Figaro | ||
| 1986 | " Turk in Italy ", directed by R. Sakani | Il turco in italia | Selim | ||
| 1988 | Journey to Reims , dir. L. Ronconi | Il viaggio a Reims | Don Profondo | ||
| 1990 | "Don Juan", directed by L. Bondi [C 5] | Don giovanni | Don Juan | ||
| 1991 | " The Wedding of Figaro " | Le nozze di Figaro | Count Almaviva | ||
| 1992 | “Don Juan or the Punished Lecher”, directed by L. Ronconi | Don Giovanni oder Der bestrafte Wüstling | Don Juan | ||
| " Journey to Reims " | Il viaggio a Reims | Don Profondo | |||
| 1997 | "Yearning" | Tosca | Scarpia | ||
| " Othello " | Otello | Lago | |||
| 2001 | " Turk in Italy " | Il turco in italia | Selim | ||
| 2002 | Tosca ( Tokyo ) | Tosca | Scarpia | ||
| 2003 | "Tales of Hoffmann" ( Salzburg ) | Les contes d'hoffmann | Lindorf, Coppelius, Dapertutto, Dr. Miracle | ||
| 2004 | Tosca ( Madrid ) | Tosca | Scarpia | ||
| " Tales of Hoffmann " | Les contes d'hoffmann | Lindorf, Coppelius, Dapertutto, Dr. Miracle | |||
| 2005 | "The Barber of Seville " | Il barbiere di seviglia | Don Basilio | Gianluigi Gelmetti | Decca |
| “ So do all ” | Don alfonso | Don Alfonso | Daniel harding | Virgin classics | |
| 2006 | Falstaff | Falstaff | Falstaff | ||
| Don Pasquale | Don pasquale | Don Pasquale | Nello santi | Decca | |
| " Love drink " | L'elisir d'amore | Dulcamara | |||
| Tosca ( Arena di Verona ) | Tosca | Scarpia | Daniel Oren | ArtHaus Musik | |
| 2015 | "Moses" | Mosè | Moses | Francesco Quatrocchi | C major |
Selected discography
| Year | Name, role | Other artists | Conductor | Label |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | " Rigoletto " [C 6] : Monteron | Cornell McNeil , Nikolai Hedda , Rary Grist | Francesco Molinari-Pradelli | EMI |
| 1969 | “ The Power of Destiny ” [C 7] : Guardiano's father | Martina Arroyo, Carlo Bergonzi , Piero Kappuchilli | Lamberto Gardelli | EMI |
| 1970 | " Aida ": Ramfis | Leontina Price , Placido Domingo , Grace Bambri | Erich leinsdorf | RCA |
| Don Carlos : Philip II | Placido Domingo, Montserrat Caballe , Cheryl Milns | Carlo Maria Giulini | EMI | |
| " Pirate ": Goffredo | Montserrat Caballe, Bernabe Marty, Piero Kappuchilli | Gianandrea Gavatzeni | EMI | |
| 1972 | “ Lombards in the First Crusade ”: [C 8] Pagano | Christina Doytekom , Placido Domingo | Lamberto Gardelli | Philips |
| " Attila ": [C 9] [C 10] Attila | Christina Doytekom, Placido Domingo, Cheryl Milns | Lamberto Gardelli | Philips | |
| “ Norm ”: [C 11] Orovezo | Montserrat Caballe, Placido Domingo, Fiorenza Cossotto | Carlo Felice Chillario | RCA | |
| 1973 | " Boheme ": [70] Collen | Placido Domingo, Montserrat Caballe, Cheryl Milns | Georg Solti | RCA |
| Simon Boccanegra : [C 12] Jacopo Fiesco | Piero Cappuccci, Katya Richcharelli , Placido Domingo | Gianandrea Gavatzeni | RCA | |
| " Sicilian Vespers ": Giovanni Procida | Martina Arroyo, Placido Domingo, Cheryl Milns | James levine | RCA | |
| 1974 | The Barber of Seville : Don Basilio | Cheryl Milns, Beverly Sills , Nikolai Gedda | James levine | EMI |
| Rogues : [C 13] Maximilian von Moore | Carlo Bergonzi, Montserrat Caballe, Piero Kappuchilli | Lamberto Gardelli | Philips | |
| 1976 | Macbeth : Banco | Cheryl Milns, Fiorenza Cossotto, Jose Carreras | Riccardo Muti | EMI |
| 1977 | " Troubadour ": Ferrando | Franco Bonizolli, Leontin Price, Piero Kappuchilli | Herbert von Karajan | EMI |
| 1978 | Don Juan [C 14] : Don Juan | Edda Moser , Kiri Te Kanawa , Teresa Bergansa | Lorin Maazel | Sony |
| “ Pelleas and Melisande ” [C 15] : Arkel | Frederick von Stade , Jose van Dam | Herbert von Karajan | EMI | |
| 1979 | " Aida ": Ramfis | Mirella Freni, Jose Carreras, Agnes Baltsa | Herbert von Karajan | EMI |
| Tosca : [71] Baron Scarpia | Katya Richarelli, Jose Carreras | Herbert von Karajan | Deutsche Grammophon | |
| 1980 | " Masked Ball ": [C 16] Samuel | Placido Domingo, Katya Richarelli, Edita Gruberova , Renato Bruzon | Claudio Abbado | Deutsche Grammophon |
| 1981 | Aida : [C 17] King of egypt | Katya Richarelli, Placido Domingo, Elena Obraztsova , Leo Nucci | Claudio Abbado | EMI |
| " Moses in Egypt " [C 18] : Moses | Ernesto Palacio, June Anderson | Claudio Shimone | Philips | |
| " Turandot " [C 19] : Timur | Katya Richarelli, Placido Domingo, Barbara Hendrix | Herbert von Karajan | Deutsche Grammophon | |
| 1986 | " The Wedding of Figaro ": Count Almaviva | Jose Van Dam , Barabara Hendricks, Lucius Popp | Neville Marriner | Decca |
| 1987 | Cinderella : Don Manifico | Agnes Balts , Francisco Araiza , Simon Alaimo | Neville Marriner | Decca |
| " Italian in Algeria ": Mustafa | Agnes Balts, Frank Lopardo, Enzo Dara | Claudio Abbado | Deutsche Grammophon | |
| " Boris Godunov ": [C 20] Boris Godunov | Galina Vishnevskaya, Vyacheslav Polozov | Mstislav Rostropovich | Erato | |
| 1992 | The Barber of Seville : Don Basilio | Placido Domingo, Kathleen Battle , Frank Lopardo | Claudio Abbado | Deutsche Grammophon |
| 2000 | Tosca: [72] Scarpia | Angela Gheorghiu , Roberto Alanya | Antonio Pappano | EMI |
Awards
- Commander of the Order of Merit for the Italian Republic (1986) [3]
- Grand Officer of the Order of Merit for the Italian Republic (1996) [73]
- Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit (Monaco) (1999) [74]
- Special Prize of the Campoamor Theater (Oviedo) (2011) [33] [75]
- Grammy in the Best Opera Recording category (Carmen, conductor Lorin Maazel, 1984) [76]
- Cheletti Prize (2016) [77]
Nominations
- The David di Donatello Award in the category “Best Supporting Actor” for the role of Escamillo (Carmen, dir. F. Rosie, 1984) [50]
Literature
- Renzo Allegri. Il prezzo del successo: Trenta cantanti lirici raccontano la loro storia. - Rusconi Libri, 1983. - 320 p. - ISBN 9788818128581 .
- Irminia Maria Ankenbrand. Ruggero Raimondi: Mensch und Maske. - München: Drei-W-Verlag, 1987. - 164 s. - ISBN 3-925253-05-0 .
- Leone Magiera. Ruggero Raimondi. Metodo e mito. - Ricordi, 1994. - 106 p. - ISBN 9788875923754 .
- Helena Matheopoulos. Bravo. Incontri con i grandi tenori, baritoni e bassi di oggi. - Garzanti, 1987. - 371 p. - ISBN 9788811952763 .
- Sergio Segalini. Ruggero Raimondi. - Paris: Fayard, 1981. - 95 p. - ISBN 9782213010175 .
- Roger Flury. Giacomo Puccini: A Discography . - Scarecrow Press, 2012. - 934 p. - ISBN 9780810883291 .
Notes
- Main section
- ↑ 1 2 3 Jon Tolansky. Singers on Singing: Ruggero Raimondi (English) . Hampsong Foundation. The appeal date is February 10, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Anne Feeney. Ruggero Raimondi. Artist Biography by Anne Feeney (English) . Allmusic . The appeal date is February 10, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Raimondi Sig. Ruggero: Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (ital.) . Presidenza della Repubblica. The appeal date is February 10, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Heather Kiernan. Ruggero Raimondi: Interview for Queen's Quarterly (English) . Queen's Quarterly. The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Magiera, 1994 , pp. 4-11.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Jérémie Rousseau. Ruggero Raimondi: "J'aime passer du saint au salaud" (Fr.) . L'express. The appeal date is August 27, 2016.
- ↑ Magiera, 1994 , pp. 14.
- ↑ Magiera, 1994 , pp. 27-30.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Fabian Gastellier. "Le Marathon d'un chanteur de fond" (Fr.) . "L'Unité". Archived September 27, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matheopoulos, 1987 , pp. 264-283.
- ↑ Magiera, 1994 , pp. 35
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Allegri, 1983 , pp. 163-173.
- ↑ Marc Vignal. Dizionario di musica classica italiana . - Ashgate Publishing, 2002. - p. 162. - 192 p. - ISBN 8884401763 .
- ↑ New voices in London this season . Opera (October 1968). The appeal date is July 25, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Alain Duault. Le Don Juan du bel canto (Fr.) . Le Figaro. The appeal date is June 14, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Andrew Clark. Ruggero Raimondi (English) // Opera. - 1994.
- ↑ Raymond Leppard. Raymond Leppard on Music: An Anthology of Critical and Personal Writing. - Pro / Am Music Resources, 1993. - p. 93. - 668 p. - ISBN 0912483962 .
- ↑ Fred Kirby. 4 Principals Give Exceptional Ernani (English) . - Billboard, 1970. - Vol. 82 - № 41 . - p . 80 .
- ↑ Storia della musica, Volume 2 . - Scaffale aperto / Pedagogia, 1995. - P. 274. - 419 p. - ISBN 8816439173 .
- ↑ Il viaggio a Reims (ital.) . The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Il viaggio a Reims (1992) (ital.) . The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Inauguration de l'opera Bastille le 13 juillet 1989 (Fr.) . "Institut national de l'audiovisuel". The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Isabelle Garnier. Ruggero Raimondi: apres Don Juan. Boris Godunov, le tsar fou (Fr.) . - Figaro, 1989. - p . 33 .
- ↑ Erasmo Valente. Il piu amato "farfallone amoroso" (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (4 marzo 1992). The appeal date is July 31, 2014. Archived August 8, 2014.
- ↑ In concert: Ruggero Raimondi. Barbican Hall, March 12 (eng.) . Opera. The appeal date is July 15, 2014.
- ↑ Sarajevo Concert Honors War Dead (English) . New York Times. The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Maria Bezruk. Toska.Here and now (rus.) (Neopr.) ? . Labor (newspaper) . The appeal date is June 13, 2014.
- ↑ Blanca di Giovanni. Una "Tosca" familiare (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (12 agosto 1998). The appeal date is July 31, 2014. Archived August 8, 2014.
- ↑ Paolo Petazzi. Pubblico diviso scaligera Tosca scaligera (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (6 luglio 1997). The appeal date is July 31, 2014. Archived August 8, 2014.
- ↑ Jesus Ruiz Mantilla. Mario Gas instala en el Real un 'L'elisir d'amore' mussoliniano (Spanish) . El Pais. The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ "Attila" assiège Liège (Fr.) . The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ La Damnation de Faust (fr.) (Inaccessible link) . The appeal date is April 17, 2016. Archived December 29, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 Premio especial a toda una carrera (isp.) . The appeal date is February 10, 2014.
- ↑ Attilio Piovano. "Tosca" a Liège (ital.) . Il corriere musicale. The appeal date is January 5, 2015.
- ↑ Erasmo Valente. E Rossini viaggio nel futuro (Italian) (inaccessible link) . L'Unita (21 agosto 1986). The appeal date is July 14, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Paolo Pettazi. "Nozze" da manule (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (14th maggio 1991). The appeal date is July 14, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ "Don Giovanni" aux chorégies d'Orange (Fr.) . Institut national de l'audiovisuel (6 juin 1996). The appeal date is July 30, 2014.
- ↑ Musiques en fête 2014 en direct des chorégies d'Orange (Fr.) . The appeal date is June 23, 2014.
- ↑ Ruggero Raimondi au festival d'Avignon "L'immense solitude" (Fr.) . Institut national de l'audiovisuel (21 juillet 2002). The appeal date is July 30, 2014.
- ↑ Alan Riding. Modern opera usurps Mozart in Aix (English) . New York Times. The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Hugh Cunning. Opera round the world (fr.) . The appeal date is July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Mikhail Muginshteyn. Chronicle of the world opera.1600-1850 - U-Factory, 2005. - p. 258. - 639 p. - ISBN 5-94799-423-2 .
- ↑ José M Irurzun. 59th Festival Internacional de Santander - Mussorgsky, Boris Godunov Neopr . MusicWeb International's Worldwide Concert and Opera Reviews (08/03/2010).
- ↑ John Haines. Music in Films on the Middle Ages: Authenticity Vs. Fantasy. - Routledge, 2013. - p. 120. - 248 p. - ISBN 0415824125 .
- ↑ Ruggero Raimondi devant le Lincoln center a New York. - Le Point, 1982. - p. 68.
- ↑ Sir Compton Mackenzie, Christopher Stone. Gramophone, Volumes 59-60. - General Gramophone Publications Ltd, 1981. - p. 919. - ISBN 0902470841 .
- ↑ 1 2 Sarah Hibberd. Melodramatic Voices: Understanding Music Drama . - Ashgate Publishing, 2001. - p. 228-229. - 291 s. - ISBN 9781409400820 .
- Interview with Ruggiero Raimondi from the filming of "Life is a novel" on YouTube
- ↑ Edited by Christopher Perriam, Ann Davies. Carmen: From Silent Film to MTV . - Rodopi, 2005. - p. 194. - 224 p. - ISBN 9781409400820 .
- ↑ 1 2 Nomination for the David di Donatello Prize for a supporting role (Eng.) . The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Boris Sokolov. "Boris Godunov" as a mirror of the post-Soviet policy (rus.) (Neopr.) ? (inaccessible link) . Agency political news . The date of circulation is June 13, 2014. Archived May 18, 2015.
- ↑ Andrey Shcherbakov. Ham and Russophobe - the face of the Moscow Film Festival (rus.) (Neopr.) ? . Pravda.Ru (June 22, 2006). The appeal date is June 13, 2014.
- ↑ Tosca: Tosca: Awards (English) . The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Matilde Passa. Raimondi non canta piu (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (3 febbraio 1996). The appeal date is July 31, 2014. Archived August 8, 2014.
- ↑ Eric Dahan. Benoît Jacquot toqué de Tosca (Fr.) . Libération . The appeal date is June 13, 2014.
- ↑ John Terauds. Assassinio nella cattedrale (English) . The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- Ruggiero Raimondi on the set of "Rigoletto in Mantua", 2010 on YouTube
- ↑ Richard Law. Monaco `Quichotte 'returns home (English) . Opera (June 1992). The appeal date is July 15, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Mikhail Muginshteyn. Chronicle of the world opera.1600-1850 - U-Factory, 2005. - p. 548. - 639 p. - ISBN 5-94799-423-2 .
- ↑ Cristopher Norton-Welsh. Austria Ken Russell's 'Faust' (English) . Opera (June 1985). The appeal date is July 15, 2014.
- ↑ V. Molina-Foix. Spain Raimondi as Boris (English) . Opera (October 1986). The appeal date is July 15, 2014.
- ↑ Richard Law. Monaco `Quichotte 'returns home (English) . Opera (August 1992). The appeal date is July 15, 2014.
- ↑ Rodney Milnes. An essential Attila (Eng.) . Opera (December 1990). The appeal date is July 15, 2014.
- ↑ Michael White. Covent Garden's 'Moses': lost in the wilderness: Moses in Egypt (Eng.) . The Independent. The appeal date is July 2, 2014.
- ↑ Donal Henahan. 'Don Carlo,' Verdi's Study of Conflict (English) . New York Times (29 January 1989). The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Alan Riding. Modern opera usurps Mozart in Aix (English) . The New York Times (18 July 2005). The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ John Allison. Opera around the world: Spain (eng.) . Opera (June 2004). The appeal date is July 15, 2014.
- ↑ Aurora Intxausti. Tengo un hijo con down me me machaca con abba (isp.) . El Pais. The appeal date is June 13, 2014.
- ↑ Salzburger Festspiele: Grand Rossini Gala (English) . The appeal date is June 11, 2014. (unavailable link)
- ↑ Flury, 2012 , p. 109.
- ↑ Flury, 2012 , p. 315.
- ↑ Flury, 2012 , p. 325.
- Im Raimondi Maestro Ruggero: Grande Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (ital.) . Presidenza della Repubblica. The appeal date is February 10, 2014.
- ↑ Ordonnance Souveraine n ° 14.274 du 18 novembre 1999 portant promotions ou nominations dans l'Ordre du Mérite Culturel (Fr.) . Journal de Monaco (26 novembre 1999). The appeal date is February 10, 2014.
- ↑ Gala de Entrega Premios Líricos Teatro Campoamor, 2011 Video on YouTube
- ↑ Grammy Awards: Best Opera Recording - Bizet: Carmen (English) . The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Festival della Valle d'Itria - Martina Franca | sito ufficiale - Premio Celletti . www.festivaldellavalleditria.it. The appeal date is August 5, 2016.
- Repertoire
- ↑ Alan Riding. Modern opera usurps Mozart in Aix (English) . New York Times. The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Paolo Petazzi. Nozze da manuale (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (14th maggio 1991). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Donal Henahan. CHICAGO'S LYRIC IN "MARRIAGE OF FIGARO" (Eng.) . NYT (11 December 1987). The appeal date is August 15, 2015.
- ↑ Donald Henahan. Raimondi and Battle lovers in Met's new Figaro production (eng.) . New York Times. The appeal date is July 2, 2014.
- ↑ New voices in London this season . Opera (October 1968). The appeal date is July 25, 2014.
- ↑ Raimondi, Ruggero (English) . Enciclopedia Italiana. The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Il Barbiere Di Siviglia (English) . The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Rubens Tedeschi. Il mondo nuovo visto da Figaro (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (27 dicembre 1986). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Rossini: Il turco in Italia (English) . BBC Music Magazine. The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Erasmo Valente. E Rossini viaggio nel futuro (Italian) (inaccessible link) . L'Unita (21 agosto 1986). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Entusiasmo per l'anterprima di Rossini (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (13 agosto 1984). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Paolo Petazzi. Cenerentola solo elegante (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (7 dicembre 1988). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Michael White. Covent Garden's 'Moses': lost in the wilderness: Moses in Egypt (Eng.) . The Independent. The appeal date is July 2, 2014.
- ↑ New voices in London this season . Opera (October 1968). The appeal date is July 25, 2014.
- ↑ George Loomis. Don Pasquale, Donizetti (English) . Opera (May 2008). The appeal date is July 15, 2014.
- A In a Man's World, Poison Is Her Best Revenge (Eng.) . New York Times. The appeal date is July 2, 2014.
- ↑ New voices in London this season . Opera (October 1968). The appeal date is July 25, 2014.
- ↑ New voices in London this season . Opera (October 1968). The appeal date is July 25, 2014.
- ↑ Rubens Tedeschi. Ernani colto dalla pioggia lascia perdere il suicidio (ital.) (Not available link) . L'Unita (29 agosto 1972). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Sherrill Milnes, Dennis McGovern. American aria: encore. - 2007. - p. 300. - 370 p. - ISBN 157467160X .
- ↑ Piace in Scozia l'Attila dei palermitani (ital.) (Not available link) . L'Unita (17 luglio 1972). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Donal Henahan. 'Don Carlo,' Verdi's Study of Conflict (English) . New York Times. The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Strehler e Abbado ridanno sostanza al Boccanegra (ital.) (Not available link) . L'Unita (17 dicembre 1973). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Coming Events: Italy (English) . Opera (February 1968). The appeal date is July 15, 2014.
- ↑ New voices in London this season . Opera (October 1968). The appeal date is July 25, 2014.
- ↑ Clyde T. McCants. Verdi's Aïda: a record of life on the stage. - McFarland, 2006. - p. 177. - 200 p. - ISBN 0786423285 .
- ↑ New voices in London this season . Opera (October 1968). The appeal date is July 25, 2014.
- ↑ Elisabetta Torselli. Falstaff sogna le fate punk (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (14th maggio 2006). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ New voices in London this season . Opera (October 1968). The appeal date is July 25, 2014.
- ↑ Coccodrillo e Gioconda all'opera (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (5 marzo 1971). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ New voices in London this season . Opera (October 1968). The appeal date is July 25, 2014.
- ↑ Pizzetti: Assassinio nella cattedrale (English) . The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Review: Vienna State Opera's “Faust” (Eng.) . The appeal date is June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Erasmo Valente. Povero Hoffmann cosi solo e in amor cosi sfigato (ital.) (Inaccessible link) . L'Unita (22 luglio 2004). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Erasmo Valente. Il cavaliere errante alla cortr di Massnet (ital.) (Not available link) . L'Unita (13 marzo 1997). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- ↑ Rubens Tedeschi. La sfida di Super Boris (Italian) (inaccessible link) . L'Unita (24 April 1989). The date of circulation is July 1, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- Filmography, Videography, Discography
- ↑ Claudine Guerrier. Chorégraphie et société. - Chiron, 1991. - 71 p. - ISBN 2702704360 .
- ↑ Paul Buhle. Hide in Plain Sight: The Hollywood Blacklistees in Film and Television, 1950-2002 . - Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. - p. 242. - 328 p. - ISBN 1403966842 .
- ↑ Mary P. Wood. A Postmodern Carmen (Francesco Rosi) // Carmen: From Silent Film to MTV / Christopher Perriam, Ann Davies. - Rodopi, 2005. - p. 194. - 224 p. - (Critical studies). - ISBN 9789042019645 .
- ↑ Joseph Lanza. Phallic Frenzy: Ken Russell and His Films . - Chicago Review Press, 2007. - p. 363. - 384 p. - ISBN 1556526695 .
- ↑ Cliff Eisen, Simon P. Keefe. The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia . - Cambridge University Press, 2006. - p. 613. - 674 p. - ISBN 9780521856591 .
- ↑ Opera News, Volume 33. - Metropolitan Opera Guild, 1967. - p. 150.
- For La forza del destino: Giuseppe Verdi: stagione 2007-2008 . - Edizioni Pendragon, 2007. - p. 103. - 201 p. - ISBN 9788883426001 .
- ↑ Roger Parker. The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas . - Oxford University Press, 2007. - p. 244-245. - 270 p. - ISBN 9780199727810 .
- ↑ Matthew Boyden, Nick Kimberley. Attila // The Rough Guide to Opera / Joe Staines. - Rough Guides, 2002. - 735 p. - P. 221. - ISBN 9781858287492 .
- ↑ Roger Parker. The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas . - Oxford University Press, 2007. - p. 244-245. - 270 p. - ISBN 9780199727810 .
- ↑ Stephen Willier. Vincenzo Bellini: A Guide to Research . - Routledge, 2009. - p. 210. - 296 p. - ISBN 9781135845346 .
- ↑ Giovanni Gavazzeni. Verdi. Simon Boccanegra . - Edizioni Pendragon, 2007. - p. 119. - 151 p. - (Monografie d'opera). - ISBN 9788883425950 .
- ↑ Roger Parker. The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas . - Oxford University Press, 2007. - p. 244-245. - 270 p. - ISBN 9780199727810 .
- ↑ Music Listening Today . - Cengage Learning, 2009. - p. 416. - 417 p. - ISBN 0495571911 .
- ↑ Anthony Tommasini. The New York Times Essential Library . - Macmillan, 2004. - 336 p.
- ↑ Danièle Pistone. Nineteenth-century Italian opera from Rossini to Puccini. - Amadeus Press, 1995. - p. 181-182. - 259 s.
- ↑ Danièle Pistone. Nineteenth-century Italian opera from Rossini to Puccini. - Amadeus Press, 1995. - p. 181-182. - 259 s.
- ↑ New York Magazine, Volume 15. - New York Media, LLC, 1982. - p. 92.
- ↑ Lifting My Voice: A Memoir . - Chicago Review Press, 2014. - p. 468. - 486 p.
- ↑ Phil G. Goulding. Ticket to the Opera: Discovering and Exploring 100 Famous Works, History, Lore, and Singers, with Rec . - Random House LLC, 2011. - p. 235. - 720 s.
Links
- R. Raimondi . Site belcanto.ru. The appeal date is September 7, 2014.
- Opera Stars: Ruggiero Raimondi . The appeal date is September 7, 2014.
- Opera discography R. Raimondi . The appeal date is September 7, 2014.
- Unofficial site Ruggiero Raimondi . The appeal date is September 7, 2014.
- Ruggiero Raimondi Fans Club . The appeal date is September 7, 2014.
- Facebook singer group . The appeal date is September 7, 2014.
- Video channel Ruggero Raimondi on YouTube