Aleksei Vasilievich Mokrousov , real name of Foma Matveevich ( 9 [21] June 1887 , Ponyri , now Ponyrovsky district of Kursk region - October 28, 1959 , Simferopol ) - participant of the civil wars in Russia ( anarchist [3] ) and Spain , commanding the partisan movement in the Crimea during the Great Patriotic War.
| Alexey Vasilievich Mokrousov | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Nickname | Black Sea Makhno [1] | ||||
| Date of Birth | |||||
| Place of Birth | |||||
| Date of death | |||||
| Place of death | |||||
| Affiliation |  RSFSR →  the USSR | ||||
| Type of army | navy , partisans , infantry | ||||
| Years of service |  1908 - 1912 1918 - 1921 1936 - 1937 1941 - 1946 | ||||
| Rank |  | ||||
| Battles / Wars | The civil war of 1917-1923. Spanish Civil War The Great Patriotic War | ||||
| Awards and prizes |
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Since 1928 - a member of the CPSU (b) .
Content
Biography
Born in a large peasant family. Having lost his parents early, in 1904 he went to work in the Tauride province .
Revolutionary activities
The revolution of 1905 met, working as a miner in the Donbass . He became the commander of the fighting squad of the anarchists [4] . For active participation in the revolutionary events was dismissed. He lived odd jobs, wandering around the country.
In 1908 he was called up for service in the Baltic Fleet . He served as a sailor on the destroyer " Quick " in Helsingfors .
In 1912 he was arrested for revolutionary propaganda. With the help of his comrades in the underground, he fled to Sweden with a fake passport in the name of Savin Alexey Vasilievich [5] . Since then, I left a name and a middle name.
From 1912 to 1917 he lived in Denmark , England , Australia and Argentina . He worked as a mechanic, ship's stoker, laborer. Actively participated in the labor movement. Having learned that among the Russian workers in Australia, a Bolshevik named Artyom is carrying out revolutionary work, he goes there to collect donations for political prisoners. There he meets with the organization "Union of Russian Emigrant Workers". By the beginning of the First World War he moved to South America. Organizes the same union in Buenos Aires .
He returned to Russia in 1917 , after the February Revolution . I joined anarchists [3] . He was elected a member of the Sevastopol Council of Deputies. During the October Revolution , commanding a detachment of Baltic sailors, he occupied the Petrograd Telegraph Agency [6] .
Russian Civil War
At the end of 1917 he returned to the Crimea. In Sevastopol, formed the "Black Sea Revolutionary Detachment" (2500 people). At the head of this armed detachment established the Soviet power in the Crimea, Ukraine and the Don. He was a staunch supporter of the most brutal red terror . For example, establishing Soviet power in Feodosia, executed all the detained officers, ranging from a few dozen to sixty-three people (according to different estimates), and on March 12, 1918, after the terror, at a general meeting of the councils of Theodosia district, called upon “to destroy the entire bourgeoisie, without dismantling the funds " [3] .
In March 1918 he was appointed head of the regional headquarters of the Red Army in the Crimea. In September 1918 he was seriously wounded, a grenade was thrown at his car. In June 1919 - again at the front.
Since August 1919 - the commander of the brigade of the Red Army. Successfully fought with parts of the Ukrainian army when the Southern Group of Forces (formed from the remnants of the 12th Army ) from the encirclement in Novorossia - to the north, to Kiev.
February 25, 1920 for military distinctions in battle, was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
Since July 1920, he commanded the Crimean rebel army , operating in the rear of the Russian army of Baron Wrangel [7] .
This period of Mokrousov’s life is mentioned in the novel “The Black Sea” by KG Paustovsky . The detachment of Mokrousov is mentioned in the novel “Quiet Flows the Don” by M. A. Sholokhov .
On leadership work
At the end of the war, from 1921 he worked in the management of economic and administrative work in the Crimea. In February 1921, he organized an agricultural commune in the Crimean village of Kara-Kiyat and headed it for two years.
In the years 1933-1934, as the head of the Kolyma expedition, he crossed dogs and deer with a small group of people from the taiga deafness of Eastern Siberia in search of places for airfields.
In 1936-1937, he volunteered to fight in Spain . He held the post of military adviser to the commander of the Aragon Front. After returning to the Crimea - Director of the Crimean State Reserve.
Great Patriotic War
Since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the commander of the militia (fighter battalions) of the Crimea. On September 5, 1941, a meeting on the organization of the partisan movement was held in the Crimean Regional Committee of the CPSU (b). They identified 6 partisan districts, the basis of the detachments that were formed on a territorial basis, were to be fighter battalions, party economic activists and employees of local NKVD organs. Since several appeals have already passed in the Crimea, it has been discussed in older people. Small arms - raznomarochnoe, from warehouses. Mokrousov was appointed commander of the Partisan movement headquarters, which was promoted by his partisan past in the Crimea. As deputy, he took his ally in the partisan war in the Crimea, 1919-1920 , IG Genov , who was also charged with leading the 2nd partisan region. In September 1941, work was underway on laying the food bases for the troops. Many of them were laid by commanders personally, but they could not achieve full conspiracy. In addition, the reserves were initially created for 5-6 months. Subsequently, in 1942, taking into account the plundering of a part of supplies by the local population, capture by the Germans and the forces of Tatar self-defense, this led to a strong famine. The question of communication was completely failed, the radio station taken into the forest turned out to be of a small radius. There were no radio operators. Communication from the partisans appeared only in January-February 1942. Despite all the mistakes, Crimea is one of the few regions of the USSR where the partisan movement has been organized since its inception [8] .
From the end of October 1941, Mokrousov moved into the forest and took command of the partisan movement of the Crimea . Under his leadership, there were 29 guerrilla groups, about 3,500 fighters. In the first months, part of the partisans, including the Crimean Tatars, went home. In reports on the mainland Mokrousov reported 800-900 deserters . On the other hand, there were several thousand fighters and commanders of the Red Army in the forest. Part of it made its way to Sevastopol, part died in battles with the Romanian and German troops, about 1000-1200 people formed Red Army partisan detachments, which were left without bases and food [9] .
Between the partisans supervised by the Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement and the Red Army detachments (surrounded by 51 armies and other units) in the winter of 1941, friction arose over questions of subordination and supply. Mokrousov, conflicting in temperament, restoring discipline allowed several extrajudicial executions of squad commanders. With the advent of radio communication at the beginning of the winter of 1942, this was reported to the mainland through the line of the commander of the North Caucasus Front, S. M. Budeny . In July 1942, for drunkenness, leadership failures, assault and assault, and the shooting of commanders, they were evacuated by plane to the Caucasus. The actual command of the headquarters passed to Colonel M. T. Lobov, after his evacuation to G. L. Seversky . After the trial, Mokrousov was removed from his post [9] [10] .
In justification, in a memorandum of A. V. Mokrousov and S. V. Martynov, which they sent on July 20, 1942 to the Military Council of the North-Caucasian Front (S. M. Budyonny) and the first secretary of the Crimean regional party committee, V. S. Bulatov:
“... We still do not know to whom we are subordinate. We were sent directives of the Military Council of the Crimean Front, the Crimean Regional Party Committee, the Maritime Army, the NKVD of the Crimea, and now the Military Council of the Caucasian Front. Everything stunned us, and we did not know "what god to pray." With this, the guerrilla movement needs to be finished and subordinated to one leadership ” [10] .
Appointed chief of intelligence of the North Caucasus Front. In August 1943 he was appointed commander of the 66th Guards Rifle Regiment. Participated in amphibious operations on the Kerch Peninsula. Freed Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and other European countries. War ended in the rank of colonel . In 1946 he was transferred to the reserve.
After the war he lived and worked in Simferopol . Since 1948, the director of the Crimean CHP. He headed a tourist excursion bureau.
He died in 1959. At the farewell gathered several thousand Simferopol. He was buried at Bratskoye cemetery of Soviet soldiers, partisans and underground fighters of the period of the Great Patriotic War in Simferopol (Starozenitnaya str.).
Awards
- Order of Lenin (01.28.1937)
- Order of the Red Banner (1920)
- Order of the Patriotic War , 1st degree
- Order of the Red Banner of Labor (07/29/1957)
- medals [ clear ]
Memory
- In Simferopol, Sevastopol , Belgorod [11] , the village of Kamenolomni [12] and , streets were named after him, memorial plaques and monuments were installed.
- In Simferopol: Secondary School № 7 named. A.V. Mokrousov.
- The tourist and recreation complex in Sevastopol is named after A. V. Mokrousov.
Works
- A. Mokrousov. In the mountains of the Crimea: Notes on the Red-partisan movement in the Wrangel rear. - Simferopol: Krymgosizdat, 1940. - 129 p.
Notes
- ↑ Elizarov MA. Left-wing extremism in the fleet during the revolution of 1917 and the civil war: February 1917 - March 1921. . - SPb. , 2007. - 578 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Mokrousov Aleksey Vasilyevich // The Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ed. A.M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1969.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Zarubin, A. G., Zarubin, V. G. Without winners. From the history of the Civil War in Crimea. - Simferopol: Antiqua, 2008. - 728 p. - 800 copies - ISBN 978-966-2930-47-4 .
- ↑ Bobkov A. A. Turning the sun over Aquilon manually. Theodosius and Theodosians in the Russian distemper. Year 1918; = Theodosius; Simferopol. - Original-M, 2008. - p. 354. - 384 p. - 200 copies - ISBN 978-966-8933-15-8 .
- ↑ Biography A. V. Mokrousov on Belgorod. RU
- ↑ Famous Kurds
- ↑ Broshevan V. A. V. Mokrousov: life in the fight. - Simferopol, 2000. - 87 p.
- ↑ Genov IG. Four Seasons: Partisan Diary. - Military Publishing. - M, 1969. - 176 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Polyakov V. Review of the literature about the Crimean partisans // The terrible truth about the Great Patriotic War. The guerrillas without the neck "Secret." - M .: Yauza: Eksmo, 2009. - 384 p. - (Great Patriotic War: Unknown War). - ISBN 978-5-699-36685-9
- ↑ 1 2 V. Broshevan. M. Krymsky headquarters of the partisan movement. - Simferopol, 2001. - 101 p.
- ↑ Mokrousov Street in Belgorod . mapdata.ru .
- ↑ Mokrousov Street in the village of Kamenolomny . mapdata.ru .
Literature
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- Broshevan VM The Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement. Simferopol, 2001, - 101 p.
- M. Lyubchikov, Bulgarians P. Blacksea Seamen in the struggle for Soviet power in the south of the country (1917-1920). In the book: The struggle of the Bolsheviks for the power of the Soviets in the Crimea. Simferopol, 1957
- Polyakov V. Mokrousov: Truth and fiction. "Republic of Crimea" (Simferopol), July 18, 1997
- Polikarpov V.D. Buriam towards [Text]: [About the revolutionary A.V. Mokrousov]. - Simferopol: Krymizdat, 1961. - 155 p., 1 p. porr.
- Pyatkov G.I. Alexey Vasilievich Mokrousov. - Simferopol, 1971.