Kirzhach

The name of the city received from the river Kirzhach . It is included in the so-called series - a bush of identical place names, which also include the Kirzhelka River, as well as a small brook of Kirzhen 'in the Gaginsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region . All of them correlate with Moksha or Erzya word with the meaning “left”, having the form of Kerji , Kerch or Kersh in different dialects ^[5] . Kirzhach was founded on the left bank of the river of the same name, which is the left tributary of the Klyazma .

Previously, the river was navigable for fairly large merchant boats (karbas), but then became shallow, it changed the banks and was no longer used as a waterway.

Kirzhach is located in a weakly hilly valley. From the north, east and south is surrounded by forests. Through the city flow the river Kirzhach and its tributary the river Vakhchilka . A few meters from the mouth of the Vakhchilka there is an artificial lake Krutoe of 48 hectares (created in 1965-1966).

The village on the Kirzhach river was first mentioned in 1328 in the testament of Ivan Kalita . The village was bequeathed to the Alexander-Svirsky monastery . According to another version, Kirzhach appeared in the middle of the XIV century as a settlement when founded in 1358 by Sergius of Radonezh Annunciation Monastery ^[6] . The heyday of Kirzhachsky monastery falls on the XV — XVIII centuries. According to the census books of 1678, the possessions of the Kirzhach monastery, besides the sub-monastery suburb and the village of Selivanova Gora, only in Pereyaslavsky district , which included at that time Kirzhach, consisted of 26 villages, in which there were 354 farms and 42 farms. After the abolition of the monastery in 1764, Kirzhach became a village .

In 1778, during the formation of the Vladimir governorship (since 1796, Vladimir Province ), the villages of Kirzhach and Selivanova Gora (located opposite, on the right bank of the river) were united into the county town of Kirzhach. On August 16, 1781, the emblem of Kirzhach was approved. In 1788, adopted a master plan for building the city.

In 1796, the town of Kirzhach was left to the state, and Pokrov became the center of the county . In the 19th century, the life of the city was revived by the large trade route that passed through it - Stromynka , which connected Moscow with the textile region. Residents of the city and surrounding villages were engaged mainly in silk-weaving and carpentry-carpentry. Local woodcarvers, known in Moscow as “argumentative” (from the name of the village of Argunovo), were especially famous ^[7] . In 1856, in the provincial city of Kirzhach, Pokrovsky district, Vladimir province, there were 3 churches, 260 houses, 14 shops ^[8] .

After the abolition of serfdom, the industry of Kirzhach gained accelerated development. In 1896, the city had 3,633 inhabitants (1,858 men and 1,775 women), there were 8 silk-weaving mills and a factory of copper and bronze products. In the construction of silk-textile and dyeing and finishing manufactories and factories, the leading role was played by merchants-entrepreneurs Peter and Alexander Solovyov .

At their expense, Kirzhach also built the first teacher seminary in the province, the women's two-year college (now secondary school No. 2), the All Saints Church, and other buildings that defined the city. Famous graduates of the Kirzhach Teachers' Seminary are the largest Soviet linguist, Vasily Ilyich Chernyshev, and the founder of Soviet oil geology, academician Ivan Mikhailovich Gubkin ^[9] .

In November 1917, a new composition of the Council of Workers' Deputies was elected in Kirzhach. The first chairman was Alexander Ivanov, a copper-brass factory worker. In 1929, Kirzhach became the center of the district as part of the Aleksandrovsky District of the Ivanovo Industrial Region from part of the Aleksandrovsky and Pokrovsky districts of the Vladimir Province .

In 1931, the factory for the production of copper-brass utensils was redeveloped into the Avtosvet factory, which produces lighting fixtures for automobiles and tractors. In 1932 a silk combine was established on the basis of the Solovyovs factories .

During the Great Patriotic War, Kirzhach was one of the strongholds of the all- round defense of Moscow, a training place for pilots, gliders, paratroopers. On the basis of the 9th Airborne Corps in Kirzhach, the 36th Guards Rifle Division was formed under the command of Colonel M.I. Denisenko . In the years 1942–1943, the famous fighting women's air regiment of the famous pilot Raskova was temporarily based in the city. After the war, many famous pilots and cosmonauts of the first detachment underwent parachute training at the Kirzhach airfield ^[9] .

Since 1944, Kirzhach is the center of the region within the Vladimir region . In 1963, Kirzhachskiy district was abolished. In 1965 was re-educated.

In 2005, Krasny Oktyabr , as well as the villages of Pikovo and Bekhterevo, became part of the city as a neighborhood.

As of January 1, 2018, the city was in 547 place out of 1113 ^[28] cities of the Russian Federation in terms of population ^[29] .

A significant increase in the population of Kirzhach is associated with the construction of new and expansion of existing factories and plants. In the 1990s, the population decreased. The abrupt increase in the number occurred when new territories were included in the city, including the Krasny Oktyabr settlement.

The climate is temperate continental. Here, warm summer, cold winter and well-defined transitional periods - spring and autumn. The average July temperature is +18.3 degrees Celsius, January –9.3 degrees, the average annual rainfall is about 600 mm. According to long-term observations, the number of days with temperatures above 0 degrees is 151 days. Snow cover lasts 4-5 months, snow covers the ground usually in late November - early December, snow melts from open places in mid-April, and in forests - in late April.

The average annual temperature - plus 4.5 degrees Celsius, the absolute minimum - minus 46 degrees, the absolute maximum - plus 38 degrees. The coldest month is January. The warmest month is July.

The industrial complex of the city includes the following enterprises: the plant of autotractor lighting fixtures (OJSC “Plant“ Avtosvet ”), OJSC“ KIZ ”engaged in the production of metal-working tools ( lathe cutters with soldered plates of hard alloy , slotted and cut-off mills , segment saws for metal and spare segments for them), JSC "Kirzhach furniture factory", which produces kitchen sets; JSC "Kirzhachskoye garment factory", specializing in the production of men's shirts; Kirzhachskaya Printing House OJSC , specializing in the production of diplomas and certificates for universities and schools; PAO NPO "Science", which produces aerospace products and fire equipment. The food industry is also developed (JSC “Kirzhach Dairy Plant” - the production of dairy products, including butter and cheese , a cannery). The silk factory in the 1990s collapsed into small enterprises and ceased to exist.

In 2006, the Turkish company Arçelik in the city built a factory to produce refrigerators , washing machines and televisions under the brand name Beko ^[30] .

In 2011, the volume of shipped goods of own production, work performed and services on their own by type of activity "manufacturing production" in current prices amounted to 6,487.7 million rubles ^[31] .

In October 2014, a plant for the production of aluminum and bimetallic radiators was launched on the basis of the Avtosvet Kirzhach plant that had ceased to exist in the spring of 2013.

Industrial Production Structure :

• textile and clothing production - 11.3%,
• chemical production - 0.5%,
• production of non-metallic mineral products (brick) - 4.4%,
• production of finished metal products - 2.8%,
• production of machinery and equipment - 55.4%,
• electrical equipment production - 24.9%,
• other industries (furniture production) - 0.7%.

• The city of Kirzhach is connected by radial roads passing through the district through Pokrov to the M7 Moscow - Vladimir - Nizhny Novgorod highway , through Khrapka and Filippovskoye to the Schelkovskaya A103 and Yaroslavskaya M8 highways, through Belkovo to the cities of Karabanovo and Alexandrov , through Efremovo to Kolchugino , Yuryev-Polsky .
• Kirzhach railway station on the Big Ring of the Moscow Railway . Direct electric trains Kirzhach is connected with the cities of Aleksandrov , Karabanovo , Orekhovo-Zuyevo , Likino-Dulyovo , Kurovskoye . Long-distance trains do not pass through Kirzhach.
• There is a sports airfield "Kirzhach" .
• Kirzhach urban transport is represented by a network of 12 bus routes with a total length of 94.8 kilometers ^[32] .

Education

Industrial orientation Kirzhach caused a high level of literacy of its population. In 1897 in Kirzhach there were 60% of literate men and 36% of literate women. In pre-revolutionary times, in 1915, the following educational institutions were located in Kirzhach: a private gymnasium , a teacher's seminary, a higher primary school, a vocational school, etc. ^[33] .

Currently in town are:

• 7 secondary schools,
• 13 kindergartens
• State educational institution of secondary vocational education "Kirzhachsky Machine-Building College"
• regional state educational institution of primary vocational education "Vocational School No. 55".

Further education institutions

• Center of children's creativity.
• Children's recreational and educational sports center.
• Center for additional education of children "same age".
• Children's sports school. The pupil of the school is grandmaster Vladimir Belov .

Cultural Institutions

• Regional local history and art museum.
• Museum of copper and brass .
• House of Folk Art.
• District center of folk culture.
• District house of culture.
• Children's Art School.
• Kirzhach Children's Art School.
• Municipal cultural institution "Centralized Library System" of Kirzhach district (17 branches).

Medical institutions

• GBUZ "Kirzhach city polyclinic № 2".
• GBUZ "Kirzhach city polyclinic № 1".
• GBUZ "Kirzhachskaya CRH".

A television:

• Kirzhach TV ^[34]

Radio:

• 71.03 Radio Russia
• 88.1 Road Radio
• 89.7 Our Radio
• 96.6 Radio Record

Kirzhach is remarkable for the surviving buildings of the Annunciation Monastery ( XVI - XVII century ): the Cathedral of the Annunciation, connected by a gallery on the arches in a single ensemble with the Church of the Savior (1656), the tomb of the kind of boyars Miloslavsky ^[8] . Next to the old temples are the All Saints Church (1865–1866), the gate chapel (XIX century), the cell building (XVII century). Now the monastery acts as a female. Since 1997, in the basement of the Cathedral of the Annunciation are the relics of St. Hieromonk Roman Kirzhachsky, a student of St. Sergius of Radonezh , the first hegumen of the Annunciation Monastery.

In addition to the monastery, in Kirzhach there are two Nikolsky churches: in the western part of the city (on Selivanova Hill) built in 1764 with the bell tower of the 1860s and the refectory of 1887 and in the northeastern part of the city (in Zabolote), built in 1846 and preserved interior of the XIX century. Also survived and historical civil buildings of the XIX century ^[35] .

In the northern part of the city on the Kirzhach River there is a prominent place dedicated to the militia of 1812 and the formation of the Ivanovo defensive line (fortified areas) of the Moscow Defense Zone (MLO) of 1941–1942 " Vshivaya Gorka " ^{[36] [37]} .

In August 1863, Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky , a “pioneer” of color photography, was born near the town of Kirzhach, to whom a special exhibition in the local history museum is dedicated.

In the house number 9 on the current Raskovaya street in 1942–1943, the headquarters of the female aviation regiment was under the command of the pilot of the Soviet Union, pilot Raskova .

There were two houses in Kirzhach, where A. N. Nesmeyanov visited. The first one is the house of N. P. Nikolsky, a Kirzhachsky Zemsky doctor, and his wife Lyudmila Vasilievna (nee. Nesmeyanova), a future aunt of the future academician, on ul. Soviet, 3. The second - on the street. Svoboda, 60, is the home of the Rudnitsky (“patrimonial nest” of ancestors on the mother’s line), where the future Soviet organic chemist, organizer of Soviet science, president of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1951—1961 spent his childhood and youth, Rector of Moscow University, Director of INEOS A.N. Nesmeyanov.

According to the latest genealogical research, both grandmothers of the poet A. A. Voznesensky were from the city of Kirzhach. In the line of the mother - Pastushihina (nee. Karabanova) Maria Andreevna - the daughter of the mayor of Kirzhach. And on the line of the father - Voznesenskaya (nee. Belotsvetova) Elizaveta Alekseevna - the daughter of the priest of the Blagoveshchensk church Kirzhach. On Leningradskaya Street, d. 59, the Stefanovs' house was preserved, where Andrei Voznesensky visited his relatives during his childhood. On the street. Gagarin, d. 32 preserved the house of the great-grandfather of the poet - the mayor of A. D. Karabanov.

A memorial plaque was installed on the facade of the district cultural center, informing about the meeting of Yuri Gagarin with the people of Kyrgyzstan on March 29, 1963. 18 km from Kirzhach (near the village of Novoselovo ) is the site of the death of Yuri Gagarin and Vladimir Seryogin , where the memorial is now installed.

Near the city is a sports airfield "Kirzhach" . The flight test complex “Research Institute of Parachute Building” based on the Kirzhach airfield was formed on May 17, 1959. Since 1960, the first cosmonaut detachment, the Gagarin detachment, was parachuted at the Kirzhach airfield. In addition to Yuri Gagarin , they were: German Titov , Andriyan Nikolaev , Pavel Popovich , Valery Bykovsky , Vladimir Komarov , Pavel Belyaev , Alexey Leonov , Boris Volynov , Evgeny Khrunov , Georgy Shonin , Viktor Gorbatko , etc. They spent their free time in the recreation area "Sewing slide" .

Near the village of Red October, a dam on the Kirzhach River ^[38] .

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  Former home of Smirnov

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  The building of the shopping malls of the 1850s

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  Residential building of the early 20th century

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  Former home Arsentieva

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  Wooden residential house on Leningradskaya st.

• Krotov S.A. Kirzhach and its surroundings . - Agency press "News", 1988.
• Krotov S. A. From the depth of the ages . - 1999.
• Krotov, S. A. Kirzhach: Essays on History. - Yaroslavl : Top.-Volzh. Prince publishing house, 1975. - 128 p.
• Report of the Kirzhach District Executive Committee of the Council of Workers, Peasants and Red Army Deputies for the period 1931-1934. . - 1934.

•   Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kirzhach
• City Administration website
• Kirzhach information portal
• Kirzhachskiy District Local History and Art Museum
• Sights of Kirzhach
• Kirzhach, the city of the Vladimir province // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extra). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• List of monuments of cultural heritage of Kirzhach in Wikigida
• Kirzhach on starninny photographs (Neopr.) . The appeal date is February 2, 2019.