Bonn

The history of Bonn dates back to Roman times. In 11 BC e. Bonn became a camp of the ancient Roman army and the fortress Castra Bonnensia was erected here ^[8] . It is from that time that the name of the city (Bonna) probably occurs, possibly associated with the name of the local Germanic tribe of the Eburons. In late antiquity, the city was captured by barbarians, but still some parts of the city survived, such as the Münster basilica. In Bonn, the oldest mention of the existence of this city in Rhine-Westphalia, dating to about 30 BC, was found. e. But archaeologists believe that in the territory of Bonn there were settlements of 14,000 years old.

• 11 B.C. e. - Foundation of the city.
• 804 - the first mention of the villa basilica settlement on the site of the Bonn fortification.
• 1000 is the approximate time the name Bonn appeared.
• 1244 - Topographic development of the city during the time of Archbishop Conrad.
• 1288 - the foundation of the city council, the emergence of justice.
• 1289 - after the Battle of Vorringen, Bonn becomes the residence of the ruler of the Archbishopric of Cologne .
• 1542 - 1546 - attempts to reform the Elector Herman von Weed.
• 1583 - 1587 - attempts at the reformation of Gebhard von Waldburg.
• 1597 - the city becomes the cultural residence of the then Germany.
• 1597 - 1794 - Bonn was the residence of the Cologne archbishop.
• 1715 - the beginning of the reconstruction of the Baroque residence in Bonn.
• 1770 - the birth of Ludwig van Beethoven .
• 1786 - Foundation of the University of Bonn.
• 1794 - 1815 - French occupation.
• 1798 - closing of the university.
• 1815 - 1945 - as part of Prussia .
• 1818 - Reconstruction of the Rhine University of Friedrich-Wilhelm.
• 1844 - Opening of the Cologne- Bonn railway.
• 1845 - installation of a monument to Beethoven and the first festival in his honor.
• 1904 - annexation to Bonn of Dottendorf , , Poppelsdorf and Endenich .
• 1918 - The first air attack on Bonn.
• 1918 - 1926 - Bonn was occupied by Entente troops.
• 1926 - foundation of the pedagogical academy.
• 1949 - The opening of the Kennedy Bridge across the Rhine between Bonn and Beuel; Bonn becomes the capital of Germany.
• 1969 - expansion of the territory of Bonn. The new Bonn included: Bonn, Bad Godesberg , Beuel, part of Duisdorf .
• 1989 - Bonn's double anniversary - 2000 years to the city, and forty years Bonn is the capital.
• 1994 - Law on the transfer of ministries to Berlin .

Since 1998, the federal ministries and departments of the country began to move to the new capital of Germany - Berlin . The Bundestag , Chancellor and President also moved to Berlin. Some federal agencies still remain in Bonn.

The city has a river port, an airfield, and a railway station. Industry: metalworking, textile, porcelain and earthenware, furniture, printing.

The city has its own tram system, which is combined, consisting of high-speed tram lines (Stadtbahn) and ordinary tram lines. The Bonn Stadtbahn is connected in two lines to the Cologne Stadtbahn. There are routes 16 and 18, which are intercity and have Cologne numbering. In Bonn Stadtbahn, there are two permanent routes 63 and 66, as well as two temporary routes 67 and 68, working on weekdays during rush hour. Routes 66 and 67 connect Bonn to Siegburg. Routes 18 and 68 connect Bonn to Bornheim. Route 66 connects Bonn with Bad Honnef. There are 54 stations in Bonn Stadtbahn, of which 13 are underground. There are also three regular tram routes in Bonn: two permanent 61 and 62 and one temporary 65, working on weekdays during rush hour. Routes of a conventional tram partially use the Stadtbahn line.

The nearest airport is Cologne / Bonn International Airport .

St. Martin's Basilica Monastery

The monastery basilica in Bonn is depicted on the coat of arms of the city of the XIII century and since then it has been a symbol of the city. Despite the fact that the panorama of the city has changed significantly, the basilica still looks modern. The Bonn Basilica was laid at the burial place of the martyrs Cassius and Floretius, the patrons of the city. The formation of a small religious building at the end of the Roman period and its transformation into a model of medieval architecture were quite complicated. The view that the church has today is similar to what it was in the 11th – 13th centuries. Elements of the Romanesque and Gothic styles harmonize with each other and merge into a monolithic whole.

Area near the Town Hall

The market square was and remains the center of the city. Her story begins in the 11th century. Then it was a trading settlement. Around 1550, a fountain was built on the square, which was then destroyed in 1689 by shelling the square. In 1777, the fountain was renewed and operates today. On the orders of Elector Clemens Augustus, in the 18th century, the town hall was erected on the square by his court architect Michel Leuvilli . Currently, the town hall is located in a new building, while the old building is used for receptions and special occasions.

Other Attractions

• German Museum .
• Rhine Regional Museum
• The house where Ludwig van Beethoven was born. Now a museum [1]
• Bundeskunsthalle Exhibition Center
• Museum of the History of Germany ( German: Haus der Geschichte ) [2]

University

The main educational institution of the city has an equally long and interesting history: in 1697, on the orders of the Elector Bonn Joseph-Clemens, the foundation for the new residence of the rulers was laid, then the residence of the Electors turns into the Palace of Elections, and at the beginning of the 19th century , after the annexation of the Rhine lands to Prussia - university.

In 1835–36, Karl Marx studied at the University of Bonn, in 1864–65. - Friedrich Nietzsche, in 1877-1879. - Kaiser Wilhelm II .

Other educational institutions

Conservatory, Pedagogical Academy.

In 1914, in Oberkassel in the Boyel area in a quarry, the skeletal remains of Cro-Magnons and two dogs ^[9] were found together with stone tools of the Madeleine culture of the Late Paleolithic ( ) ^[10] . Features of the male postcranial skeleton from Oberkassel, which are the opposite option to Kostenki-14 , are also stunted, but with a very large weight and high body density ^[11] . The Oberkasselian race is sometimes distinguished by the male skull, but then the female skull does not fall into it, which is unacceptable ^[12] . According to the paleogenetics of the living 13400 liters. n The Cro-Magnon from Oberkassel was the mitochondrial haplogroup U (subclade U5b1) ^[13] .

• Bonn // Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron . - SPb. , 1908-1913.
• Bonn // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.

• Bonn Official Website (German) (English) (French) (Spanish)
• Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Bonn (Russian) (German)