Tangier

Tangier was founded by colonists from Carthage at the beginning of the 5th century. BC e. It is assumed that the name of the city came from the name of the Berber deity Tingzhis (Tinga). The city was important to the Berbers. At the same time, Greek mythology says that this city was founded by Antaeus , the son of Poseidon and Gaia . After Hercules strangled Antei, the city was named Tingis, after his widow Tingi. It is believed that Hercules slept in a cave located a few kilometers from the city, before performing one of his twelve exploits.

In the first century BC, the city came under the rule of the Roman Empire under the emperor Octavian Augustus . At first it was a free city, and then under Claudius it became a colony of Julia, the capital of the province of Tingitan Mauritania . In the V century, the city was captured by vandals . In 534, during the expansion of the Byzantine emperor Justinian , who tried to restore the borders of the Roman Empire, Tangier fell under the rule of the Greeks and was under the rule of Byzantium until 682 . In 702, the city ​​was captured by Arabs .

Until the 15th century, the city was ruled by many Arab dynasties, as well as the Moroccan (Berber) Kingdom of Fez . But in 1415, Portuguese expansion into North Africa began, when Europeans first captured Ceuta , and after a series of unsuccessful attempts, Tangier himself in 1471 . Portuguese-Spanish rule (taking into account the Iberian Union in 1580-1640) continued until 1661 , when the city was transferred to the English king Charles II as a dowry for the Infanta, Catherine of Brahans .

In 1679, the Sultan of Morocco, Moulay Ismail Ibn Sheriff, attempted to capture the city. He failed to storm the city, but the siege forced the British to surrender the city. Before the surrender of Tangier by the British in 1684 , they destroyed the city and port. And despite the fact that the city and port were rebuilt by Ismail, the city lost its significance, and its population until 1810 was only 5000 people.

In the years 1849-1850. after an unsuccessful attempt at a revolutionary uprising in Rome, the founder of the modern Italian state, Giuseppe Garibaldi, lived in the city.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population was 40 thousand inhabitants: 20,000 Muslims (with the predominance of Berbers over Arabs), 10,000 Jews, 9,000 Europeans (mainly Spaniards). At this time, Tangier became an important center of European politics, becoming the site of incidents that almost triggered a large-scale war in Europe (see Tangier crisis and Agadir crisis ).

In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates. The north of the country came under Spanish control, but Tangier in 1923 was recognized as an international zone with a total area of ​​373 km² under the control of representatives from France, Spain, and Britain, to which representatives from Italy, Portugal and Belgium were added in 1928 . In 1956, Tangier became part of the united independent state of Morocco.

The city consists of 4 main parts - areas:

• Medina - the old city in which Kasbah (fortress) is located - an ancient historical center;
• a new city stretching from the city beach and seaport in the north to the hills in the south and from the medina in the west to the Malabata region in the east;
• the Malabata region, which for the most part is located on the peninsula of the same name, is a provincial part of the city;
• the fourth district of Montaigne and the cape (peninsula) Spartal, located on a wooded hilly hill, is a prestigious area of ​​the city, where one of the residences of the king of Morocco is located.

The most important areas of the city:

• Marchand - the palace of official meetings and the stadium;
• Dradeb - sleeping quarter;
• Pastor Boulevard - administrative and financial center;
• April 9, the area of ​​embassies and consulates;
• Mohamed VI Boulevard - a coastal zone of entertainment centers, cafes and restaurants;
• Hassan II Boulevard - international educational institutions and consulates;
• Ibn Batouta International Airport, bordering the industrial zone;
• sea ​​international cargo, passenger and fishing port "Port de Tanger". Since 2010, the cargo terminal has been liquidated due to the commissioning of the first stage of the new multifunctional port “Tanger Med”, located 40-50 km northeast, in the area of ​​the settlement of Ksar Sgir (Small Palace, or Small Fortress). The passenger terminal has been saved, but it accepts only small-class ferries connecting Tangier with the Spanish port of Tarifa, as well as tourist liners. There is no regular maritime (non-ferry) service from Port de Tanger. A new fishing port is being built, and the territory of the old fishing and cargo terminals will be occupied by a giant marina (yacht port). Why new berths are filled in and old ones are reconstructed. The adjacent territory of the medina and the colonial part of the city are also being reconstructed and landscaped as part of the creation of the new Zone Portuaire de Tanger tourist and recreation zone. A cable car will also be erected for quick and comfortable communication with the Montagne region and the medina.

Tangier is an international city with about 42,000 residents of European and other nationalities living in it constantly, making up enclaves. The main enclaves: French , Spaniards , Germans , Italians , Belgians , Swiss , British , Americans , Portuguese , there is a small community of Russian speakers .

In the city, in addition to mosques, there are Anglican, Protestant, Catholic churches, as well as Lutheran churches, synagogues. At the Franciscan Catholic Monastery of St. Petra carries out her charitable activities as a boarding school for orphans of any religious orientation.

The main attraction of Tangier are the Hercules Grottoes , which are located in caves in the area of ​​Cape Spartel .

One of the longest beach lines in the world (47 km) extends from the Cape Spartel region.

•   Beaujancy ( French Beaugency ), France
•   Faro ( Port Faro ), Portugal
•   Cadiz ( Spanish: Cádiz ), Spain
•   Liege ( fr. Liège ), Belgium
•   Moulins ( Fr. Moulins ), France
•   Metz ( French Metz ), France
•   Setif ( Arabic: سطيف ), Algeria
•   Saint-Denis ( French Saint-Denis ), France
•   Bizerte ( Arabic: بنزرت ), Tunisia
•   Casablanca ( Arabic: الدار البيضاء ), Morocco
•   Malaga ( Spanish: Málaga ), Spain
•   Santiago ( Spanish: Santiago ), Chile

Born in Tangier :

• Ibn Battuta is a famous Arab traveler.
• The Spanish orientalist Jose Tapiro lived and worked in Tangier.
• Paul Bowles - American writer, most of his life lived in Tangier
• American writer William Burroughs lived in Tangier for a long time. This period greatly influenced his work and is reflected in such novels as “ Naked Breakfast ”, “The Ticket That Burst ”, etc.

Literature

• In the political detective novel "Nine is the number of cobras" by the Bulgarian writer Svetoslav Slavchev , appears under the slightly changed name Port Angers.
• In the novel by Paul Bowles “Let It Rain” (1952), the action takes place in Tangier from the last days of the International Zone . The action of his first novel , Under the Veil of Heaven (1949), filmed by Bernardo Bertolucci, also begins in Tangier.
• In the novel Alchemist of the Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho , part of the plot takes place in Tangier.
• In the adventure novel "Sand City" by the French writer Louis Jacolliot, the main events take place in Tangier.

In Tangier, scenes from the following films were shot:

• Black Sunday 1977
• The Living Daylights, 1987
• Under the Veil of 1990
• Legionnaire 1998
• The Bourne Ultimatum 2007
• "Angel at Sea" 2009
• The Beginning of 2010
• My Way 2012
• “ Only lovers will survive ” 2013
• Rock Kasbah 2013
• Gibraltar 2013
• “Threads of Fate,” TV series (2013-2014).
• " 007: Spectrum " 2015

•  

  Panoramic view of Tangier

•  

  Palace of Justice in Tangier Kasbah

•  

  Panoramic view of the Jewish cemetery in Tangier

•  

  Jose Navarro Llorens “The Bitch”

•  

  Market outside the walls of Tangier

•  

  American Embassy Courtyard

•  

  View of the old Tangier medina

•  

  Lighthouse in Sparel

•  

  Cuevas or Hercules in Spartel, near Tangier.

•  

  "Young Ladies on the Terrace in Tangier" (1880) by Rudolf Ernst.

•  

  Tangier Port

•  

  Street in the medina (Old City)

• Official site of The Tangier American Legation Institute for Moroccan Studies
• History, description, and images of Tangier on Archnet ( unopened ) (link not available) . Archived March 16, 2015.
• Tangier photo gallery (unopened) (link unavailable) . Archived February 19, 2012.
• Navigating Tangier's Labyrinth - slideshow by The New York Times
•   Tangier Travel Guide at Wikiguide
• Tangier (neopr.) . Islamic Cultural Heritage Database . Istanbul: Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived on April 27, 2013.
• Tangier on Archnet - History, sites, photos (historic and contemporary), and media