The chapel is a small Christian building of religious use with icons , which does not have a special room where the altar would be located [1] [2] . The Orthodox chapel is usually a free-standing church building in cities, villages, on roads and cemeteries [2] . In the Old Believers is a chapel [3] . Catholics have a close analogue to the Orthodox chapel is the chapel [4] .
Chapels can be erected in places where there is a need for a room for public and private prayer (for example, in a cemetery, at a train station), in a historically and spiritually important place, in burial places (burial chapel), over holy springs and wells (overhead chapel). A chapel is being built over some significant holy springs. Prayers and akathists are read in the chapels, prayers are held , believers place candles in front of revered icons , etc. The liturgy in the chapel is not generally performed, but in special cases this is allowed.
Content
- 1 Etymology
- 2 History
- 2.1 Russia
- 3 See also
- 4 notes
- 5 Literature
Etymology
The name “chapel” comes from the word “hour”, “clock”. Hours are called short services that take place in the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. An hour in Old Russian meant "time." The Russian word "chapel" has passed into some other languages; in Finnish, for example, the word “tsasouna” is sometimes used along with “Kappeli” with the same meaning.
In Greece, chapels are called εύκτήρια or οίκοι προσευχής - houses of prayer, for Catholics - a barn or capellae, in Polish kaplice, and are arranged in houses and in open places, as well as roads and intersections; there were chaplains for serving in house chapels in knights' castles and palaces [2] .
History
Chapels were built in places where the ascetics of the faith are buried, as well as in places where miraculous icons and sources appear, and in other places where it is appropriate. The custom to build chapels was enshrined in the acts of the Cathedral of Troll and the surrender of Charlemagne [2] .
Russia
Chapels appeared in Russia with the beginning of the spread of Christianity and were often built on the ground of trees, stones, springs revered by pagans. Over time, the sources near the new chapels were consecrated and could become revered. The enlightener of Perm, Saint Stephen of Perm, set up several chapels that still exist. Often thanks to the hermits around the chapels they built, famous monasteries and churches arose. Thus, a modest chapel, cut down in the thicket of the Radonezh forests by the Monk Sergius of Radonezh , served as the basis for the famous Trinity-Sergius Lavra [2] .
During the reign of Peter I , the rules for the existence of chapels were tightened legislatively, the reason for which was the secret services that the Old Believers performed in them. So, the imperial decrees of 1707 and 1722, without any restriction, demanded to dismantle all the chapels, regardless of whether they were old believers or not. However, the execution of decrees was not carried out everywhere, since in some places the churches were remote from the settlements, in which case the chapels partially replaced them. From here petitions began to come to the Holy Governing Synod , so that it was allowed not to dismantle the chapel. In 1727, it was officially allowed to restore the old chapels and build new ones, but in 1734 the decree of 1707 was confirmed, which entailed a ban on the construction of new chapels, although it was allowed not to disassemble the existing ones. Nevertheless, the need for a place of worship led to the fact that people built chapels without permission, hoping that later it would be possible to prove that they were built before the adoption of prohibitions. Subsequently, apparently, this need was taken into account by the authorities and the builders were not subjected to persecution, since it was enough that the Orthodox gathered in the chapels, and otherwise the building was dismantled without any prior approval. Also, at the great request of the residents, to leave the chapel for prayer past people who were walking and traveling, the Synod allowed to put a pillar with an icon in place of the chapel, and applicants who wanted to build a chapel to collect donations to the church were allowed to put an icon on the table. In 1853, the Synod issued a decree on setting up parishioners to build churches in those places where they are needed, and allowing them to be built in the simplest form, and also not to prevent the construction of chapels with the aim that they have Orthodox clergy in due time held praises . In 1865, the Synod announced to the Governing Senate a personal decree stating that diocesan bishops are given the right to independently authorize the construction of chapels in villages and cities, except for capitals, and also to finally resolve all cases of unauthorized construction or rebuilding of chapels [2] .
Chapel at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery
Chapel of St. John of Rylsky at the station of St. Clement of Ohrid in Antarctica
Chapel on the top of Wendelstein ( Bavaria , Germany )
Roadside chapel in Ukraine.
( K. A. Trutovsky )Pillar-chapel in Poland ( A. Kozakevich )
See also
- The goddess
- Pareclesia
- The droplet
- Church (building)
Notes
- ↑ SES, 1981 , p. 1494.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chapels // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Chapel / Efremova T.F. New Dictionary of the Russian Language. Interpretative and derivational. - M .: Russian language , 2000.
- ↑ BDT, 2017 , p. 411.
Literature
- Vasnetsov N. Chapel // Faith. Anastasis.me. - S. 143.
- Materials for the history of village shrines: Inventories of the chapels of the St. Petersburg diocese of 1808-1816. / Comp., Sub. texts and intro. Art. E.V. Platonova. - SPb. : Humanitarian Academy, 2014 .-- 352 p. - ISBN 978-5-93762-091-0 .
- Nikolsky K.T. , prot. About the chapels. - SPb., 1889.
- Platonov E.V. Chapels of the Tikhvin County (turn of the 19th – 20th centuries). - SPb. : Humanitarian Academy, 2011. - 304 p. - 600 copies. - ISBN 978-5-93762-078-1 .
- Snegirev I.M. Chapels in the Russian world // Mindful reading . - 1862. - XI.
- Chapel // Conifer - Shervinsky. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2017. - P. 411. - ( Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 34). - ISBN 978-5-85270-372-9 .
- Chapel // Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary / Scientific Ed. Advice: A.M. Prokhorov (previous). - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1981. - S. 1494. - 1600 p.