Trizna

V.M. Vasnetsov . "Trizona by Oleg". 1899

G. I. Semiradsky . "The trizona of Russian warriors after the Battle of Dorostol in 971" 1884

Trinity - part of the pagan burial rite of the Eastern Slavs , consisted of songs, dances, feasts and military competitions in honor of the deceased. Trizna was committed near the burial site after the burning of the deceased. Later this term was used as a synonym for the commemoration rite.

Content

Etymology

The etymology of the word "trizona" is unclear to the end. Trizna is found in Slavic languages. In I. Sreznevsky, under a triznaya it is meant “struggle, competition; suffering, feat; reward; commemoration " ^[1] . M. Vasmer assumed that in the Proto-Slavic language the original form was * tryzna. Some researchers (A. Meie, P. Persson, F. F. Fortunatov) considered the original * trizna and brought it closer to the Old Norse word strið , meaning "dispute, war, anxiety, agony" ^[2] . O. N. Trubachev erected fame. * trizna to the word * triz "three-year (about animal)", associated with the numeral * tri. The word "trizona", thus, originally meant the sacrifice of a three-year-old animal ^[3] . Based on this assumption, V. N. Toporov cited a wide range of comparisons of the word with the Indo-European tradition within the framework of the idea of triplicity. In particular, he put forward the idea that the three-sign meant three types of contests, like triathlon, or the sacrifice of three types of animals, symbolizing the three worlds - underground, earthly and heavenly ^[4] . R. M. Tseitlin suggested, in accepting the opinion that the noun “three sign” is the numeral “three”, as well as the special meaning of the concept of the triple in Slavic mythology, the assumption that the old Slavonic “three sign” has the formant “izna” and the meaning “ triple reward " ^[5] .

Mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years

The scant news of the treasure in written sources does not make it possible to accurately determine all the actions that were carried out during this ceremony. V.N. Toporov noted this problem, saying that there are either descriptions of some rituals without designating them by the term "three signs", or the word "three signs" are present in the text, but without clarifying the essence of the concept ^[6] . Such are the data from the "Tale of Bygone Years". There are not so many references to the treasure, but the descriptions are characteristic of the funeral rites of the Slavs.

The first mention of the trophies is in the description of the Slavic peoples and their life in the undated part of the PVL:

“And if anyone is a better man, he creates a three-fold treasure, and I lay great with seven pieces of work, and lay it down on the treasure; ^7] .

Different chronicle lists are referred to as “I put” and “steal” ^[8] . In the Chronicler of Pereslavl of Suzdal, this word is replaced by “hail of firewood” ^[9] . B. A. Rybakov under this name meant “a fire burning altar,” and “pillar” a wooden domino for an urn ^[10] .

The following reference to the description of the funeral actions of Princess Olga over the deceased husband of Prince Igor and at the same time the veneration of vengeance for the murder (945):

"And the ambassador to the Derevlyan rykuschi sitsy:" Behold, I am already coming to you, yes, add honey to many cities, the idea is to clean up my husband, and weep for his grave, and let my husband be in trouble. " They heard it, eaten up a lot of evil and horned honey. Olga, take a few squads, just walked to come to his coffin, and cry for her husband. And I commanded my lyceum to lift a grave great, and like the Almighty, and I commanded the creature to sneak ” ^[11] .

The last three days were mentioned in the PVL, when the death of Princess Olga (969) is mentioned:

“And Olga didn’t bother doing the same thing over herself, moreover she would bless her property, bury Olga blessed” ^[12] .

Description

The purpose of the treasure was to drive away the evil forces from the living. In modern Russian, the word Trizn is mainly used as part of a phraseological unit to perform a trinity and is understood mainly as a feast in honor of the deceased, a wake .

In addition to the commemoration, the Trinity included a ritual of washing the deceased, dressing (dressing in the best clothes, jewelry), a ritual vigil near the body of the deceased, which could be accompanied by ritual fun, and burning the corpse on a special platform called steal . The Slavs-pagans often met the usual burial, without burning, but it became overwhelming only after the spread of Christianity.

Similar traditions of funeral rites existed among other nations. In particular, the ancient Greeks held games (sports competitions) in honor of the deceased.

Notes

↑ Sreznevsky I. I. Materials for the dictionary of ancient Russian language on written records. - SPb .: Type. Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1912. - Vol. 3. - Stb. 995-996.
↑ Trizna // Etymological dictionary of the Russian language = Englisches etymologisches Wörterbuch : in 4 t. / By-comp. M. Vasmer ; per. with him. and add. tsp Academy of Sciences of the USSR O. N. Trubachev . - Ed. 2nd, erased. - M .: Progress , 1987. - T. III: Muse - Syat. - p. 102.
↑ Trubachev O. N. Traces of paganism in Slavic vocabulary (1. Trizna. 2. Pěti. 3. Kob) // Questions of Slavic linguistics. - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959. - Vol. 4. - p. 134-135.
↑ Toporov V.N. On the semantics of the trinity (glory * trizna, etc.) // Etymology, 1977. Moscow: Nauka, 1979. P. 3-20.
↑ Tseytlin R.M. Lexicon of the Old Slavonic language: The experience of analyzing motivated words according to the data of ancient Bulgarian manuscripts of the 10th — 11th centuries. - M .: Science, 1977. - p. 179.
↑ Toporov V.N. On the semantics of the trinity (glory * trizna, etc.) // Toporov V.N. Studies in etymology and semantics. T. I. Theory and some of its particular applications. - M .: Languages of Slavic culture, 2004. - p. 273-274.
↑ Tale of Bygone Years: Part One. Text and Translation / Ed. V.P. Adrianova — Peretz. - M. —L .: Izd — in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - P. 15.
↑ Tale of Bygone Years: Part Two. Applications / Ed. V.P. Adrianova — Peretz. - M. —L .: Izd — in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. — pp. 227-228.
↑ Chronicler of Pereslavl of Suzdal (Chronicler of the Russian Tsars) // Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles / Ed. ed. Volumes V.I. Buganov. - M .: Archeographic Center, 1995. - T. 41. - P. 6.
↑ Rybakov B. A. Paganism of the ancient Slavs. - M .: Science, 1994. - p. 274.
↑ Tale of Bygone Years: Part One. Text and Translation / Ed. V.P. Adrianova — Peretz. - M. —L .: Izd — in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - P. 41.
↑ Tale of Bygone Years: Part One. Text and Translation / Ed. V.P. Adrianova — Peretz. - M. —L .: Izd — in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. — p. 48-49.

Literature

Anichkov E.V. Folk poetry and the ancient beliefs of the Slavs // History of Russian literature. - M .: Type. T.-Ia. D. Sytin, 1908. - T. I. - 428 p.
Anichkov E.V. Paganism and Ancient Russia. - SPb .: Type. M.M. Stasyulevich, 1914. - 424 p.
Veletskaya N. N. About some ritual phenomena of pagan burial rites (to the analysis of Ibn-Fadlan’s message about the funeral of “Russ”) // History, culture, folklore and ethnography of Slavic peoples: VI International Congress of Slavists (Prague, 1968). Reports of the Soviet delegation. - M .: Science, 1968. - P. 192-212.
L. Gindin. The rite of burial of Attila (Iord. XLIX, 256–258) and Olga’s “treason” according to Igor (PVL, 6453) // Soviet Slavonic Studies. - 1990. - № 2. - p. 65-67.
L. Gindin. The rite of burial of Attila and Olga's "trinity" according to Igor / / Balto — Slavic ethnocultural and archaeological antiquities. Burial rite: Conference Abstracts. - M .: Institute of Slavonic and Balkan Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1985. - P. 30-33.
Dudko D. M. The Funerary Rite of Noble Rus: Ethno-Historical and Mythological Roots // Khazar Almanac. - 2005. - V. 4. - p. 158-167.
Kotlyarevsky A. A. About the burial customs of pagan Slavs. - M .: Synodal Printing House, 1868. - 306 p.
Martynov V.V. Trizna and Strava // Balto — Slavic ethnocultural and archaeological antiquities. Burial rite: Conference Abstracts. - M .: Institute of Slavonic and Balkan Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1985. - p. 56.
Muryanov M. F. New about St. — gl. three signs // Etymology. 1985. - M .: Science, 1988. - p. 54-56.
Niederle L. Life and culture of the ancient Slavs. - Prague: The Flame, 1924. - 288 p.
Niederle L. Slavic Antiquities / Ed. A.L. Mongayta. - M .: Izd — in foreign literature, 1956. - 450 p.
Rybakov B. A. Paganism of ancient Russia. - M .: Science, 1987. - 784 p.
Rybakov B. A. Paganism of the ancient Slavs. - M .: Science, 1994. - 608 p.
Sedakova O. A. Poetic of the rite. The funeral rites of the eastern and southern Slavs. - M .: Indrik, 2004. - 320 p.
VN Toporov. Notes on funeral ceremonies // Balto — Slavic studies. 1985. - M .: Science, 1987. - P. 10-52.
VN Toporov. On the semantics of the trinity (Slav. * Trizna, etc.) // Toporov V.N. Studies in etymology and semantics. T. I. Theory and some of its particular applications. - M .: Languages of Slavic culture, 2004. - p. 273-291.
Toporov V.N. Horseback Racing at a Funeral // Studies in the Field of Balto — Slavic Culture: The Funerary Rite. - M .: Science, 1990. - pp. 12-47.
Trubachev O. N. Traces of paganism in Slavic vocabulary (1. Trizna. 2. Pěti. 3. Kob) // Questions of Slavic linguistics. - M .: Izd — in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959. - Vol. 4. - pp. 130-139.

Links

[1] Sreznevsky I. I. Materials for the dictionary of ancient Russian language on written records. - SPb .: Type. Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1912. - Vol. 3. - Stb. 995-996.

[2] Trizna // Etymological dictionary of the Russian language = Englisches etymologisches Wörterbuch : in 4 t. / By-comp. M. Vasmer ; per. with him. and add. tsp Academy of Sciences of the USSR O. N. Trubachev . - Ed. 2nd, erased. - M .: Progress , 1987. - T. III: Muse - Syat. - p. 102.

[3] Trubachev O. N. Traces of paganism in Slavic vocabulary (1. Trizna. 2. Pěti. 3. Kob) // Questions of Slavic linguistics. - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959. - Vol. 4. - p. 134-135.

[4] Toporov V.N. On the semantics of the trinity (glory * trizna, etc.) // Etymology, 1977. Moscow: Nauka, 1979. P. 3-20.

[5] Tseytlin R.M. Lexicon of the Old Slavonic language: The experience of analyzing motivated words according to the data of ancient Bulgarian manuscripts of the 10th — 11th centuries. - M .: Science, 1977. - p. 179.

[6] Toporov V.N. On the semantics of the trinity (glory * trizna, etc.) // Toporov V.N. Studies in etymology and semantics. T. I. Theory and some of its particular applications. - M .: Languages of Slavic culture, 2004. - p. 273-274.

[7] Tale of Bygone Years: Part One. Text and Translation / Ed. V.P. Adrianova — Peretz. - M. —L .: Izd — in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - P. 15.

[8] Tale of Bygone Years: Part Two. Applications / Ed. V.P. Adrianova — Peretz. - M. —L .: Izd — in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. — pp. 227-228.

[9] Chronicler of Pereslavl of Suzdal (Chronicler of the Russian Tsars) // Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles / Ed. ed. Volumes V.I. Buganov. - M .: Archeographic Center, 1995. - T. 41. - P. 6.

[10] Rybakov B. A. Paganism of the ancient Slavs. - M .: Science, 1994. - p. 274.

[11] Tale of Bygone Years: Part One. Text and Translation / Ed. V.P. Adrianova — Peretz. - M. —L .: Izd — in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - P. 41.

[12] Tale of Bygone Years: Part One. Text and Translation / Ed. V.P. Adrianova — Peretz. - M. —L .: Izd — in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. — p. 48-49.