The first capital is the unofficial title of the city of Kharkov . It was confirmed that on December 19, 1919 Kharkov was formally declared the capital of the newly created Ukrainian Soviet Republic (later the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic as part of the USSR), as opposed to the then- UPR with its capital in Kiev . Kiev (the current capital of Ukraine ) received this status from Kharkov only in 1934 [1] . Earlier, at the beginning of the civil war in Russia, Kharkov was the capital of the Ukrainian People’s Republic of Soviets and the Donetsk-Kryvyi Rih Soviet Republic , which entered autonomy into Soviet Ukraine in 1918.
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Content
History
The administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine until 1923 was so unstable that even its capital was not officially proclaimed. The main cities were considered Kiev and Kharkov, depending on where the power structures were at that time ( UNSR , VTsVRK , VRKPU , congresses of Soviets ). [2] Only on July 13, 1923, the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR adopted a resolution defining Kharkov as the capital of the republic (the status was fixed by the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR of 1929). [3]
Kharkov - the capital of the Ukrainian SSR
During this period, Kharkov developed rapidly. To accommodate various government bodies, an administrative center was built on Dzerzhinsky Square (now Freedom Square ). The first building built for these functions was the House of State Industry (Gosprom, Ukr. Derzhprom ). The project of the House of State Industry was selected as a result of the competition. The first prize was awarded to the project “The Uninvited Guest” of Leningrad architects S. S. Serafimov, S. M. Kravets and M. D. Felger . The building was built in record time: preparatory work began in the summer of 1925 , commissioning on November 7, 1928 , on the eleventh anniversary of the October Revolution . In the spring of 1926, it was decided to close the construction site, but after the personal intervention of Felix Dzerzhinsky , who visited the construction site on May 8, 1926 , construction continued. On the ceremonial laying of the central building on November 21, 1926, the building was named after him. The building was erected using monolithic-concrete technology in the style of constructivism , and became the first Soviet skyscraper (height without a TV tower about 70 m). After construction, from 1928 to 1934, the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR was located in the building. Gosprom, rightfully, is the most powerful attribute of the capital period in the life of Kharkov , as well as the most recognizable symbol of the city in the post-Soviet space.
After the Gosprom, on the rounded part of the retort-shaped Dzerzhinsky Square, the buildings of the House of Design and Construction Organizations (after reconstruction - Kharkov State University , now the Kharkov National University named after Karazin ) and the House of Cooperation (later - the Military Academy named after Govorov, now the National University named after . Karazin ). On the rectangular part of the square was built the Hotel International (now - Kharkov ). From the side of Sumskaya Square, the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR closed (destroyed during the Great Patriotic War ).
7 km from the eastern outskirts of Kharkov (now the territory of the city) in 1930, construction began on the Kharkov Tractor Plant - the engineering giant of the Soviet period. Separated from KhTZ by green spaces, a working settlement was created in the form of a “social city”. Kitchens were not provided for in the workers' apartments; meals were provided in the kitchen factories, connected to the houses by warm walkways.
Kharkiv metropolitan developed as a cultural and scientific center. In the created theater " Berezil " Les Kurbas worked. A monument to Taras Shevchenko (opened in 1935 ), the best and unsurpassed monument in honor of the poet, was erected in the university garden according to the project of the sculptor Matvey Genrikhovich Manizer .
In Kharkov, for the first time in the USSR in 1932, the atomic nucleus was split .
In fact, Kharkov had a capital status until the Great Patriotic War . After 1934, many important people's commissariats (ministries) and all-Ukrainian departments continued to be in the city.
During the Great Patriotic War , during the second liberation of Kharkov from February 16 to March 10, 1943 , Kharkov temporarily, until the liberation of Kiev , again became the capital of the Ukrainian SSR . State institutions of the Ukrainian SSR began to arrive in Kharkov , the work of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR began . However, a powerful group of enemy troops again occupied Kharkov on March 10, 1943 . Arriving authorities had to urgently be evacuated .
Additional Information
- During excavation work on the territory of the 6th entrance of the Gosprom , a mammoth skeleton was found . Probably [ streamlined expression ] , the remains of this mammoth and the appearance of the reinforced concrete giant Gosprom built above them inspired Mayakovsky to the famous lines:
| Where the crows curled, over the carrion carrion, In railroad tracks bandaged The capital is buzzing Ukrainian Kharkov, Live, labor, reinforced concrete.Vladimir Mayakovsky. Three Thousand and Three Sisters (1928) [4] |
- In 1991, the First Capital Channel was opened in Kharkov .
Notes
- ↑ First capital . ATN, December 19, 2002 (Retrieved September 1, 2011)
- ↑ World Wide Historical Project: Adm. division of the Ukrainian SSR
- ↑ Vermenich Ya. V. Administrative and territorial structure of Ukraine: evolutsiya, an existing camp, problems and reform (in 2 hours) / V. A. Smoliy (science. Ed.). - K .: Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2009. - T. II. - S. 45, 339. - 370 p. - ISBN 978-966-02-5129-8 . (Ukrainian)
- ↑ Mayakovsky V.V. Three thousand and three sisters // Mayakovsky V.V. Complete Works: In 13 vols. - M .: Goslitizdat , 1955-1961. - T. 9. - S. 13.
Links
- Musiezdov A. Historical identity of Kharkov in Internet representations (inaccessible link) // Bulletin of Kharkov National University. V.N. Karazin. "Sociological studies of modern society: methodology, theory, methods." - 2009. - No. 844. - S. 218-224.
- Musiezdov A. City identity: the dynamics of the image of Kharkov in historical retrospective (inaccessible link) // Methodology, theory and practice of sociological analysis of conventional suspension: Збірник наукових праць. - Vipusk 15 - Kharkiv: KhNU im. V.N. Karazina, 2009 .-- S. 488-494.
- Shramko B. A. Birth of Kharkov: monograph / B. A. Shramko, V.V. Skirda. - Kharkov: East Regional Center for Humanitarian and Educational Initiatives, 2004. - 118 p. ISBN 966-7922-84-7
- Іfіmenko G. The relocation of the capital of the UTRR in Kiev / Tsei day in history. 2017 - 24 worms