Cetine

The name of the city comes from the Cetinje river (ancient Serb Cětinje ). Related names: Cetina - a river in Croatia, Cetinje - a river in Valev Podgorin, Tsetynia - a river in Poland, Cetinje - a settlement in the Czech Republic and others. Terms of unknown origin ^[2] . May come from the Indo-European root kaito - "forest, woodland" ^[3] .

The first settlements on the site of the Cetinje field existed 12 thousand years ago, as evidenced, in particular, by archaeological finds in the Koronina cave (3.5 km from the city). During the existence of the Zeta state, peasants and shepherds settled on the Cetinje field. In the XIV century, Bogomils appeared here. The necropolis with their remains was located at the Vlaška church .

XV century

The first mention of Cetinus dates back to 1440: the document mentions a certain Tudor Nenoy Ivanov from Tsetin, who owed money for chain mail . Tradition tells of the construction of a wicker-rooted church by the Wallach in the 1st half of the 15th century by the cattle breeders, as well as the settlement of Ivan Boroevich with four sons here ^{[4] [5]} .

In 1482, in the sparsely populated Cetinj, fleeing the Turkish conquerors, the Zeta lord Ivan Chernoyevich fled from the Rim. The rim was the capital of Montenegro for six years after the burning of Zabljak around 1475. The inaccessible Cetinje field was a natural refuge surrounded by mountains. In 1482, he established his residence on the side of a mountain, from which an overview of the Cetinje field was opened. Nearby was the Cetinje River and the Ladnica spring. In 1484, Ivan laid the foundation of the Nativity of the Virgin Monastery , which later became the residence of the Zeta Metropolitan . Since then, Cetinje has become not only the political, but also the spiritual capital of Montenegro. At the same time, in one description of the city was mentioned “Vitina street” ^{[4] [6] [7]} .

Since 1490, the son of Ivan Chernoyevich Georgy ruled Montenegro from here, who founded the first South Slavic printing house in the area of ​​the Cetinje Monastery, and in 1496, by the will of the Turkish sultan, was forced to go abroad. In the 1490s, the printing house printed ornamented Cyrillic religious books in the Serbian language - “ Serbuls ”. Subsequently, Cetinje, along with the other lands of the Upper Zeta, was included in the Skadar Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire. According to Serbian sources, from 1514 to 1528, Zeta lands were part of the Montenegrin sandjak allocated from Skadar sandjak under the control of Stanko Chernoyevich ^{[8] [7]} .

New time

In 1592 there were 44 houses in the city, in 1614 - 70 houses. In 1692, Cetinje was taken by Turkish troops, which until the foundation destroyed the monastery and palace of the Chernoyevichs. The Cetinos Metropolis remained the spiritual center of the Montenegrins. The period of the XVII-XVIII centuries was marked by the growth of the national liberation movement of Montenegro, which became the "Serbian Sparta" in the fight against the Turkish oppressors. In 1701, when Vladyka Danil Shchepchevich Negosha , the founder of the Montenegrin dynasty Petrovichi Negosha , rebuilt the city, the Tsetinsky Monastery and Vladyka’s palace were rebuilt from the stones of the destroyed buildings of the Chernoyevichs. In 1712 and 1714, the city and monastery were again attacked by the Turks and destroyed. At this time, on the initiative of the Bishop, the extermination of the Poturchans was carried out. In June 1785, the Turks, led by Mahmud Pasha of Bushatli , captured Cetina for the last time, burned the city and again destroyed the monastery. After the city was rebuilt, it was no longer destroyed and many buildings of the late XVIII century survived to the present day ^{[4] [7] [9] [10]} .

In 1834, the first school opened in the Cetinje Monastery. In 1835, the first literary and scientific annual publication of Montenegro, “Gorlitsa,” began to be published. At the same time, a printing press named after Negosh began to work at the monastery, which lasted until 1839. In the same years, the first hotel appeared. In 1838, Vladyka Peter II Nyegos built the first secular residence of the Montenegrin rulers, called “ Billiards ” - thanks to the billiard room with billiards brought from Venice, in which Vladyka Peter II passionately loved to play and made people close to him play. In addition to the lord, the Senate also met in it. Under Peter II, a rather chaotic development of the city took place: new high city buildings were erected among the multi-storey residential and utility buildings. City meetings were held in the "clearing" between the Cetinje Monastery and Billiards, which the rest of the time was used as a threshing floor . In 1872, about 500 inhabitants lived in the city, there were 115 houses; and in 1875 - 1400 inhabitants and 160 houses. In the second half of the 19th century, a hospital named after Danila I, an institute of noble maidens, a post office and a telegraph, the newspaper Golos Montogoretsa , a museum, a library, a theater were opened, and palace and city parks were opened. In 1858, a state printing house was established (in 1952 it received the name "Rim") ^{[4] [11]} .

After the recognition of Montenegro’s independence at the 1878 Berlin Congress , Cetinje became the full capital of the sovereign principality . This gave a powerful impetus to the architectural development of the city. The first Grand Hotel, the new princely residence “Danilov Dvor” in the style of provincial classicism and impressive buildings in an eclectic style to house the embassies of Russia, France, Italy, Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were built in the city. In 1879, the first solid road was built, connecting Cetinje with other cities: it initially lasted to Kstats, where it connected to the Austrian road to Kotor . In 1882, this road was extended to Podgorica. In these years, the future king of Yugoslavia, Alexander I, and his brother George , the grandchildren of the Montenegrin prince Nikola Petrovich, were born in Cetinje. In 1891, water was supplied. The city center was formed from the main square and Dvorskaya and Katunskaya streets (now Nyogosheva) ^{[4] [12]} .

XX century

The heyday of the capital continued until the First Balkan War and the First World War that followed. Four printing houses were working at that time, six newspapers were published, including The Voice of Montenegrin, Statutory Authority, Day News, Vyesnik, Tsetinsky Vyesnik, and The Day List.

During the period of the Austro-Hungarian occupation (January 1916 - October 1918), many of the city's cultural values ​​were looted and destroyed. On November 26, 1918, Podgorica was chosen as the place for the decision of the Great People’s Assembly on the abolition of the monarchy and the unification of Montenegro with Serbia, as residents of the capital and its environs were opposed to such a decision. On January 7, 1919, Montenegrin independence supporters who raised the Christmas uprising tried to occupy Cetinje, but were defeated.

As part of Yugoslavia, Cetinje was the administrative center of the Zeta region , and from 1929 to 1941 - the Zeta banovina . Before World War II, there was a project for the Cetinje-Vir railway line, but it was not implemented ^[13] . During the Second World War, Cetinje, along with the rest of Yugoslavia, was occupied by German-Italian troops. On October 27, 1944, battles for the liberation of Cetinje began, in which 38 partisans died. On November 13, the city was liberated. In 1975, the city was awarded the Order of the National Hero .

In 1947, after the formation of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, the capital was moved to the more accessible from a transport point of view, the city of Podgorica and Cetinje lost the function of the administrative center of Montenegrin lands. Subsequently, the city developed as an industrial center. According to the Montenegrin constitution of 1992 , Cetinje again received the status of the capital of the Montenegrin state; The official residence of the President of the Republic was moved to the city and the Ministry of Culture of Montenegro moved. Here, in the spring of 1992, the Assembly of the Republic of Montenegro held its first meeting ^{[4] [14]} .

The city of Cetinje is located in the south-west of the country, in the historical region of Old Montenegro , in the middle of a small barren closed basin - the Cetinje field ( Katun Karst ) with an area of ​​about 7 km². The field has a karst geological structure, there are no natural reservoirs. Sources of underground water supply ^[4] .

The area of ​​the city is about 6 km² ^[15] . The average height is 671 meters above sea level. The distance to the Adriatic Sea in a straight line is 12 km, to Skadar Lake - 15 km ^[16] . On the northern outskirts of Cetinje is Eagle Mountain, on the top of which there is the highest observation deck in the city and the mausoleum of Bishop Danila . The city includes the former villages of Gruda, Donye Pole, Donji Krai, Bogdanov Krai, Baitsa and Khumtsi, located on the Cetinje field ^[17] .

Cetinje refers to the region of possible earthquakes with an intensity of up to 8 points ( Primorye - up to 9 points). So, the earthquake in the region of Cetinje in 1667 reached a magnitude of 7.4. Strong shocks in the 20th century occurred in 1979 and 1985 ^[18] .

Parks

In Cetinje, there are two parks with a total area of ​​7 hectares, which were laid out next to the Blue Palace on opposite sides of Negos Street in 1891–1894: the French-style Negos park and the English-style park on July 13 . Park on July 13 was previously calledVaroshsky or City park. In 1968, parks were assigned to protected nature sites. To the west of the Negosh park is the glade of the Vladychna tower.

Negosh Park, formerly called Palace Park, is the oldest park in the city. It was created simultaneously with the New Palace as a landscape park. Over time, his appearance changed. Larch and coniferous trees grow here, including Norway spruce , Serbian spruce, blue spruce , black pine , white fir, plain fir , European larch , gray pseudotsuga , Lavson cypress , maple leaf , smooth elm, rough elm , white maple, acutifoliate , common lilac , anovirus beanbill , English oak , beech , fluffy linden, heart-shaped linden , horse chestnut ordinary , birch saggy , ordinary ash, American ash , robinia false acacia , home plum , gledich three-throated oia , orange maclore , cornel ordinary , juniper ordinary , hazel ordinary , privet oval-leaved , privet ordinary , Forsythia , crown marsh , black elderberry , Wangutta spirea , pinkish ^[19] .

Climate

The climate is temperate continental with an average annual temperature of 10.2 ° C. Summer is dry and warm; average temperature is 20 ° C. The driest month is August: the average number of sunny days is 14.6 days. Winters are wet, with an average temperature of 2.1 ° C. The influence of the Mediterranean climate is limited by the mountain ranges of Lovcen and Orien . The greatest impact on the temperature regime of the terrain is exerted by altitude.

Torrential rains with thunderstorms are frequent due to the influence of the sea and proximity to Mount Lovcen. The average annual rainfall is 3616 mm (1.6 times more than in Bergen , which has the glory of “the rainiest city in Europe”), which makes Cetinje the rainiest city in Montenegro and one of the rainiest cities in Europe. The city is subject to floods, so in December 1935 it rained for 27 days in a row ^[20] . Mists happen from November to December. The largest number of cloudy days falls from November to May, and sunny days from June to October. Snow cover (absolute height - 200 cm) on average lasts 42.6 days a year between December 1 and April 1. The average humidity level is high, due to a very large amount of precipitation: from November to February, the average humidity level is 82% (taking into account mitigation due to the low temperature and dry north wind), from July to August - 60%. The average annual duration of sunshine is 2500 hours. Due to the location in the hollow in the city, calm weather prevails, strong winds are very rare. Winds of southeast origin prevail. Typically, the wind speed is 1-3 m / s ^{[16] [21]} .

According to the 2011 census, the population of the city was 13,991 inhabitants (which is 1334 less than the 2003 census), or 83% of the community population.

According to the 2011 census for the community, the capital Cetinje together with the city, men accounted for 48.2% of the total population, women - 51.8%; 90% of the inhabitants called themselves Montenegrins (the highest rate in Montenegro), 4% are Serbs. Montenegrin was the mother tongue for 83% of the region’s inhabitants (the highest rate in Montenegro), for 11%, the mother tongue was Serbian . 92.1% of the population were Orthodox, 0.9% Catholics, 0.4% Muslims, 1.4% atheists ^[23] .

The population of Cetinje, like Podgorica, speaks the Zeta-South Sanjak dialect of the Shtokav dialect. Some authors also highlighted the special Cetin type of dialect and the Old Chernogorsk subdialect, the range of which covers four nearby nakhies of Old Montenegro ^[24] .

Coat of arms of the community The capital Cetinje is a red shield framed by a blue stripe with the image of two heads of an eagle in the lower part of the shield - the coat of arms of the emperor Ivan Chernoyevich , the founder of the city. In the shield field, a white silhouette of the bell tower of the Cetinje Monastery and Mount Lovcen is depicted, under it is an open “ Oktoikh ” of white color, the first printed book in Montenegro at the end of the 15th century.

The community flag is a horizontal field in a 1: 2 ratio of red color with a white equilateral cross in the center. The banner, the first mention of which dates back to 1687, was used by the Montenegrins as a state and military symbol ^[25] .

According to the constitution of Montenegro, Cetinje is one ( Montenegrin. Prijestonica - "capital", the English. Royal Capital ) of the two capitals of the state. The city is the official residence of the President of Montenegro , as well as the Ministry of Culture of the country.

Cetinje is the administrative center of one of the 20 regions of the country - the capital city of Cetinje . According to the charter of the community, adopted by the local assembly of the capital Cetinje in 2009, the capital’s authorities include: the assembly as a representative and the mayor ( mayor ) as an executive authority. Members of the assembly are elected by the population for a term of four years, the mayor is elected by the assembly for a term of four years. For their contribution to the development of the community, individuals may be awarded the title of honorary citizen of the capital, the award "November 13" on the day of the city, a certificate in honor of Ivan Chernoyevich, as well as a student prize ^[26] . The authorities of the community maintain international relations with more than 20 cities in Europe ^[27] .

The city exists as a conglomerate of three independent municipalities ( Montenegrin. Zajednica - “community”) without a single governing body (such as, for example, Santiago ): Stari Grad, Nova Varos and Gruda — Don Pole ^[28] .

The basis of the modern economy is trade, catering and services. Two enterprises operate in the city - the Obod printing house and the Cardboard packing factory. Hotel "Grand" with a capacity of more than 400 beds, built in 1984, and a guesthouse of less capacity. Fixed telephone operators: Crnogorski Telekom and M: Tel ; Mobile Communications - Crnogorski Telekom , Telenor and M: Tel . At one of the peaks of the Lovcen massif, a radio relay complex is installed. Major cable operators: Crnogorski Telekom and Total TV Montenegro .

The average monthly salary of residents of the capital Cetinje community in 2010 ranged from 415 to 619 euros, which was 13.4% less than in the rest of Montenegro. The development strategy of the city involves strengthening the cultural and educational functions of the city ^[29] .

The health care system consists of a clinic with an ambulance station and a hospital named after Danila I, which has several departments.

The main source of water supply - "Podgorsk lied" underground type. It is located at an altitude of 172 m above sea level, from where the water, through two lifting stations, overcomes a height of 657 meters. The second source, Obzovitsa, is also an underground type located at an altitude of 828 m above sea level. The combined sewage system for domestic and storm water covers 40% of urban facilities and discharges effluents on the southern outskirts of the Cetinje field in Donja Pole without prior treatment ^[30] .

Cetinje is connected with other parts of the country by roads. The distance by road to the nearest major cities is: 33 km to Podgorica, 32 km to Budva, 35 km to Kotor (via Negushi ), 41 km to the international airport " Podgorica ", 48 km to the international airport " Tivat ". The local road R 1 connects the city with Kotor (via road R 22 ) and Niksic, another local road R 13 leads to Mount Lovcen ^[31] .

•   Two-lane motorway M 2.3 of national importance Podgorica-Cetinje- Budva .

The nearest seaports are located in Bar and the cities of the Bay of Kotor . The nearest railway station is in Virpazar , through which the international fast train Bar - Belgrade runs. In Cetinje, all shuttle buses stopping from Podgorica to Budva and further to the Bay of Kotor stop in the opposite direction.

For five centuries, Cetinje has been the cultural center of Montenegrins. Here are the Ministry of Culture of Montenegro, the Department for the Protection of Cultural Property, the Institute for the Protection of Monuments of Culture of Montenegro (in the building of the former diplomatic mission of Austria-Hungary ), the State Archive of Montenegro ; the residence of the Metropolitan of Montenegro and Primorsky Serbian Orthodox Church. In addition to several Orthodox churches, there is also the Catholic Church of Anthony of Padua . In the Tsetinsky monastery the right hand of John the Baptist is kept.

Events

Theatrical performances are held in the Royal Theater “Zetsky Dom” and on the Summer Stage in the open air in the form of an amphitheater. Annual cultural events are held:

• Celebrating City Day - November 13th.
• The international art exhibition " Cetinje Biennale ", founded by Nikola Petrovich-Negosh in 1991 ^[4] .
• Cetinje cultural summer, which includes, in addition to music concerts, an international folklore festival, the Espressivo classical music festival, the jazz festival, the Cetinje Fest original music festival , and the On the other side festival ^[32] .

Museums

The National Museum of Montenegro has a library and archive fund, numbering about 100 thousand archival and about 50 thousand bibliographic items. It consists of four departments:

• The Historical Museum, which, in turn, includes the Museum of Peter II Negosh; the house where he was born; the mausoleum with its remains on Mount Lovcen; Church of the Nativity of the Virgin; Museum of King Nikola; Mausoleum of Bishop Danila on Mount Eagle; layout "relief of Montenegro."
• Art Museum with a gallery of modern art.
• Ethnographic Museum .
• Archaeological Museum with the Lapidarium ^[33] .

Libraries and Universities

Cetin Theological Seminary , three faculties of the University of Montenegro are located in Cetinje : the Faculty of Fine Arts, the Academy of Music and the Faculty of Drama.

In addition to the library of the Negos elementary school (founded in 1834), the oldest libraries in Montenegro are located in Cetinje, where ancient books and documents are stored:

• The city library and reading room named after Negosh, with a fund of 125,470 units of storage ^[34] .
• The library of the Cetinje Monastery, leading its history since the founding of the city. Cyrillic manuscript books, incunabula and many old liturgical books are kept here.
• The central national library of Juraj Chernojevich , located in the building of the former Italian embassy ^[35] .

Media

Local media: Radio Cetine, broadcasting at 94.5 and 103.5 MHz, and its online edition Cetinjski list .

Cetinj has a city stadium and a swimming pool at the Grand Hotel. Since 1913, the oldest football club of Montenegro “ Lovcen ” has been playing, since 1947 - the basketball club “ Lovcen ”, since 1949 - the handball club “ Lovcen ”. The annual sports competitions are held:

• International bicycle race “On the roads of King Nikola”
• International Mountain Car Race "Lovcen"
• International Boxing Tournament
• International Athletic Run Cetinj Liberation
• International Judo Tournament "November 13th"
• School Olympic Games of elementary schools in Montenegro ^[36] .

Cetinje has a strip-like planning structure that has developed under conditions of limited natural space in the intermountain basin. The axis of the city runs along the main streets parallel to each other - Bay Pivlyanin (named after the accelerator Bayo Pivlyanin ) and the pedestrian Negosheva (formerly called Katunskaya), the continuation of which is the boulevard of the Montenegrin heroes (until the 1990s - Lenin Boulevard). Opposite the royal palace, perpendicular to Nogosheva street is Palace Square. Another important area is Balshich Pazar. The ancient historical core of the city is the Cetinje Monastery.

The architectural style of the preserved buildings of the late XIX - early XX centuries, the period of intensive urban construction, is rich in variety. For example, the public building built in 1910 was made in the Neo - Baroque style , and the reinforced concrete mansion Vukotich built in the same year - in the innovative spirit of the forerunners of Cubism . The historical part of the city, therefore, is a kind of monument to the development of urban art ^[37] .

Cultural Monuments

There are many cultural monuments in the city, divided into three categories. The monuments of the first category include the following. “ Billiards ” is the secular residence of Vladyka Peter II Negosh , built in 1838 as the “New House”; since 1951, the Negosh Museum has been operating in it, in which the manuscript of the “ Mountain Crown ” is stored. The Cetinje Monastery with the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, built by Vladyka Danila in 1701-1704. The two-story palace of Prince Nikola I , erected in 1871, in which the prince moved from Billiards. The palace acquired its modern look in 1910 after the adoption of the royal title by Nicholas I, and since 1926 - the State Museum. The remains of the Chernoevichy monastery in Jipur in 1484. "Vladin Dom" is the former residence of the government of the Kingdom of Montenegro, erected in 1910, since 1989 - the National History Museum and the Art Gallery of Montenegro. " Zetsky Dom " - the theater of the Principality of Montenegro, built in 1888 ^{[4] [37]} .

The monuments of the second category include the following. Hospital of Prince Daniel I. The Blue Palace , erected in 1895 as the residence of the heir to the throne. Church of the Nativity of the Virgin , in its modern form built by Nicholas I in 1890, since 1989 - the tomb of the remains of the royal couple Nicola and Milena, transferred from San Remo . The building of the former English mission is a two-story mansion built in 1912. Здание бывшей французской миссии — двухэтажный особняк, построенный в 1910 году. Бывшая российская миссия — двухэтажный особняк, построенный в 1903 году. Могила владыки Данилы на Орловой горе. «Рельеф Черногории». Влашская церковь , основанная в 1450 году и перестроенная в 1864. Ограда церкви сделана из двух тысяч стволов трофейных ружей, захваченных черногорцами в боях с турками. Здание архива Черногории. Аптека на улице Негоша, дом 17 ^{[4] [5]} .

К памятникам третьей категории относятся следующие. Гранд-отель «Локанда», построенный в 1864 году и ставший первым отелем в городе. Мельница Ивана Черноевича. Памятник «Ловченская вилла». «Табля» — башенка, построенная Петром II Негошем в 1833 году для произведения залповых выстрелов по случаю визитов почётных гостей. В 1938 году была снесена, ныне восстановлена. Здание бывшего турецкого посольства, построенное в 1910 году. Здание первого черногорского банка . Здание бывшего «Войни стана», построенное как казармы в 1896 году. Монументальное здание бывшего «женского института царицы Марии Александровны », построенное на пожертвования российской государыни в 1871 году ^{[16] [4] [37]} .

Comments

Sources

• Белоусов В. Н. Поэтика черногорской архитектуры / под редакцией Драгана К. Вукчевича, пер. с русского Бильаны Милованович. — Подгорица: ЦИД, 2009. — С. 78—91. — 238 с. — ISBN 978-86-495-0382-3 .
• Цетинье // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Цетине // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• Стаматовић, Александар. Историја Митрополије црногорско-приморске до 1918. године . — Цетиње: Светигора, 2014. — 620 с. — ISBN 978-86-7660-180-6 . Архивная копия от 2 июля 2015 на Wayback Machine
• Cetinje (хорв.) . Hrvatska enciklopedija . Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. Дата обращения 12 августа 2015.
• Cetinje (хорв.) . Proleksis enciklopedija . Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. Дата обращения 12 августа 2015.

• Общественный сайт города Сetinje-mojgrad.org
• Официальный сайт региональной администрации Столица Цетине
• Карта города в трёхмерном изображение Cetinje moj grad
• Карта улиц Cetinje moj grad
• Старые фотографии Цетиня