Metalworking is a technological process of changing the shape , size and quality of metals and alloys [1] . During technological processes of metal processing by various methods, the shape and size of the metal change, and the physical and mechanical properties of metals can also change.
For the processing of metals in order to change them and achieve their goals, various metal processing methods are used. The main methods of metal processing are [2] :
- Casting
- Metal forming
- Mechanical restoration
- Metal welding
In metal processing, the shape and dimensions of the metal change, and the details are given the desired shape using one or more metal processing methods. The reliability of any production, any metal structure depends on the quality of metalworking.
Metalworking plant - the general name for plants manufacturing products using the above types of metal processing.
Content
History of metal processing
The history of the production and use of iron originates in the prehistoric era, most likely with the use of meteorite iron. Smelting in a syrup-making furnace was used in the 12th century BC. e. in India , Anatolia and the Caucasus . Also noted is the use of iron in the smelting and manufacture of tools and tools in 1200 BC. e. in sub-Saharan Africa [3] [4] . Already in the first millennium BC. e. wrought iron was used. Iron processing is mentioned in scripture ( Genesis 4:22 ).
Foundry
Metal forming
Metal forming involves technological processes, as a result of which the shape of the metal billet changes without violating its continuity due to the relative displacement of its individual parts, that is, by plastic deformation . When processing metal by pressure, the ability of metals under certain conditions, under the influence of applied external forces, to change, without breaking, the size and shape and maintain the shape after the termination of the force is widely used [5] .
When processing metals by pressure, metal losses are lower compared to other types of metal processing, therefore this method of metal processing is expanding. In addition, in the processing of metals by pressure, it is possible to ensure a high level of mechanization and automation of technological processes.
By metal forming, products can be obtained with a constant or periodically changing cross section (rolling, drawing, pressing) and piece products of various shapes ( forging , stamping ), corresponding to the finished parts in shape and size, or slightly differing from them.
The main technological processes of metal forming are:
- Rolling
- Drawing
- Pressing
- Forging
- Stamping
Rolling is the process of plastic deformation of bodies between rotating drive rolls. The words βdrive rollsβ mean that the energy needed to effect the deformation is transmitted through the rolls connected to the engine of the rolling mill. A deformable body can also be pulled through non-driven (idle) rolls, but this will not be a rolling process, but a drawing process. Rolling is one of the main methods of metal forming. Rolling receive products (rental) of various shapes and sizes. Like any other method of metal forming, rolling serves not only to obtain the desired shape of the product, but also to form a specific structure and properties in it.
Lug
Pressing
Forging
Stamping
Metal Cutting
Cutting is a set of processes in which a material takes a certain geometry by removing excess material using various types of tools, that is, the remaining part of the material is what was required to be done.
Turning
Threading
Abrasive
File Processing
Metal Welding
Gas welding
Electric Welding
Soldering
Related Processes
These processes are not the main metalworking processes. They are often performed before or after the main metalworking processes.
Heat Treatment
Cladding
Thermal spraying
Notes
- β Metalworking . Date of treatment May 1, 2013.
- β The main types of metal processing. (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment May 1, 2013. Archived on May 14, 2013.
- β Duncan E. Miller and NJ Van Der Merwe. Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa (Eng.) // Journal of African History. - Cambridge University Press, 1994 .-- March ( vol. 35 , iss. 1 ). - P. 1-36 . - DOI : 10.1017 / S0021853700025949 .
- β Stuiver, Minze and van der Merwe, NJ Radiocarbon chronology of the Iron age in sub-Saharan Africa (English) // Current Anthropology. - 1968. - Vol. 9 . - P. 54-58 .
- β Metal forming . Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Date of treatment May 1, 2013. Archived on May 14, 2013.