The federal budget of the Russian Federation is an estimate of income and expenses ( budget ) intended to fulfill the obligations of the Russian Federation , part of the budget system of the Russian Federation, approved and executed by federal authorities . Together with the consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it forms the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation. It is developed by the government and approved by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in the form of a federal law. Expresses economic relations that mediate the process of accumulation, distribution and use of the monetary fund of the Russian Federation [1] .
- From an economic point of view, the federal budget is a combination of monetary relations regarding the redistribution of national income and part of national wealth for accumulation, distribution and further spending on the execution of expenditure powers within the competence of the Russian Federation [1] .
- From a material point of view, the federal budget is a centralized monetary fund concentrated within the borders of the state and is at the disposal of federal authorities [1] .
- From a legal point of view, the federal budget is nothing more than a legal act, approved in the form of federal law and securing the rights and obligations of participants in budgetary relations [1] .
The right of the Russian Federation to an independent federal budget is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 71), and the Budget Code of the Russian Federation regulates the procedure for its formation and execution. The federal budget accounts for a significant part of the distribution process, which consists in the distribution of funds between sectors of the national economy, production and non-production sectors, and regions of the country. Geographically, federal budget revenues are not evenly distributed, so 28% of all revenues comes from the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, 16% from Moscow, 10% from the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 5% from St. Petersburg, so four subjects of the Russian Federation give up to 60% of all tax revenues to the federal budget.
Content
- 1 Budget process
- 1.1 Design
- 1.2 Review and approval
- 1.3 Execution
- 1.4 Preparation and approval of the report
- 2 The structure of the federal budget
- 3 Change History
- 3.1 Income from natural resources
- 3.2 Costs associated with tobacco use
- 4 Budget transparency
- 5 See also
- 6 notes
- 7 References
Budget Process
Designing
The draft federal budget is prepared by the federal executive authorities (the Ministry of Finance , the Ministry of Economic Development , etc.). Pre-developed plans and forecasts for territories, industries; creates a consolidated financial balance [1] .
Review and approval
The Russian government submits to the State Duma a draft federal law, other mandatory documents and materials no later than October 1 of this year. This project is considered by the State Duma in three readings:
- In the first reading, the main budget parameters are accepted. According to the Budget Code, during the first reading the State Duma has no right to increase revenues and the federal budget deficit if there is no positive government conclusion on these changes. The State Duma may reject the draft budget; in this case, a conciliation commission is formed together with the government.
- In the second reading, the State Duma approves the budget for the sections.
- In the third reading, the State Duma approves the budget by subsection.
After the adoption of the federal budget by the State Duma, it is approved by the Federation Council and sent for signature to the President of the Russian Federation. In the event the President of the Russian Federation rejects the Federal Law on the Federal Budget for the next financial year and planning period, the said law shall be transferred to overcome the differences to the conciliation commission. At the same time, a representative of the President of the Russian Federation is included in the composition of the conciliation commission. After this, the Federal Law on the budget must be published in the media and made public.
Execution
The federal budget is executed on expenditures, revenues and sources of financing the deficit starting January 1. Directly execute the budget of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, managers and administrators of budgetary funds. Cash execution services are performed by the Federal Treasury [1] .
Budget execution work ends December 31.
Report compilation and approval
As a result of budget execution, a federal law is adopted that encompasses actual indicators of income expenses and sources of deficit financing.
The structure of the federal budget
Change History
During 2000-2005, expenses on intergovernmental transfers increased at the fastest pace (due to the reduction of own revenues of regional and municipal budgets and the redistribution of these funds through the federal center and due to the transfer of funds to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation to cover its deficit), as well as spending on public administration and security. This is also explained by an increase in the state apparatus (in 2005 , according to the Federal State Statistics Service, the number of civil servants increased by 11%, or by 143 thousand people). Relatively decreased expenses for road construction, economic development, as well as interest expenses (i.e. servicing external debt) .
Income from natural resources
As one of the largest oil and gas producing countries in the world, Russia receives significant revenues from the use of its resources, part of these revenues are withdrawn to the country's budget system in the form of taxes and fees. Moreover, the seizure rate has changed over time. Thus, in the course of a large-scale tax reform carried out in Russia in the 2000s, the system of taxation of the commodity sector was radically changed: the export duties mechanism was reconfigured and a mineral extraction tax was introduced, which made it possible to increase the share of oil and gas rent captured by the state budget from less than 40% in 2000 to 84% in 2005 [3] .
Moreover, at present, over 98% of all taxes for the use of natural resources and 100% of all income from foreign economic activity (including export duties on oil, oil products, etc.) go to the federal budget, and not to the regional ones. Therefore, the share of “raw material” revenues in the federal budget is relatively high compared to the same share in the consolidated budget (includes, in addition to the federal, all regional budgets and the budgets of state extra-budgetary funds). So, if the 2008 federal budget consisted of 50% of oil and gas revenues, then the same indicator for the consolidated budget of the same year was just over 30% [4] [5] .
The 2011 budget was drawn up on the basis of a forecast oil price of $ 105 per barrel [6] .
Since 2013, the so-called budget rule has officially begun to operate, which determines the maximum level of budget spending based on oil prices [7] .
According to some estimates, before the fall in oil prices in 2015, energy exports (oil, gas, etc.) accounted for about half of the Russian budget [8] .
Tobacco Costs
In total, the total indirect losses from smoking due to lower labor productivity (unconfirmed information) and additional losses from the incapacity for work of smokers correspond to 21.59% of the consolidated budget expenditures on health [9] .
Economic losses from smoking make up about 3% of Russia's GDP [10] .
Budget Transparency
In the rating of transparency (openness) of budgets compiled by the International Budget Partnership (IBP), Russia ranked 15th in the world (out of the 100 countries studied) in 2017. The IBP indicates that the Russian government provides the public with significant information about the budget, but at the same time, the public has few opportunities to participate in the budget process [11] [12] .
See also
- Constitutional economy
- Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
- Budget Classification Codes
- Intergovernmental Relations
- External debt of Russia
- Russian economy
- USSR economy
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Krokhina Yu. A. Financial Law of Russia / Krokhina Yu. A. .. - 4th ed., Rev. and additional .. - Moscow: Norma, 2011. - P. 318. - 719 p. - ISBN 9785917681627 . - ISBN 5917681627 .
- ↑ 1 2 Data Constructor [INYR03.DB] // Electronic Budget URL: http://budget.gov.ru/static-report/mdxexpert/index.html (accessed: 02/03/2019).
- ↑ Safe finance is dangerous for the economy . expert.ru. Date of treatment February 3, 2019.
- ↑ Net capital outflow from Russia for two months - $ 33 billion . Newspaper.Ru. Date of treatment February 3, 2019.
- ↑ CONSOLIDATED BUDGET, 2015 . www.gks.ru. Date of treatment February 3, 2019.
- ↑ Budget without deficit . expert.ru. Date of treatment February 3, 2019.
- ↑ Dmitry Yakovenko. Nothing can be fixed here . "Expert" No. 18-19 (897) (April 28, 2014). Date of treatment May 3, 2014.
- ↑ Oil prices: How are countries being affected? (English) (January 18, 2016). Date of treatment February 3, 2019.
- ↑ Borisov K. N. Smoking is a dangerous virus for the economic development of Russia - Modernization. Innovation Development. - 2014. - No. 1 (17).
- ↑ All-Russian Parents' Meeting (inaccessible link from 03-01-2016 [1351 days])
- ↑ The Open Budget Survey . International Budget Partnership. Date accessed August 26, 2019.
- ↑ Open Budget Survey (Russia) ( PDF )
Links
- Electronic budget . EPBS RF . Date of treatment February 3, 0219.
- The federal budget of Russia on the website of the Ministry of Finance
- Voronov V. Realities and myths of the military budget of Russia // Moskovsky Komsomolets. 2007, February 1.
- Zatsepin V. B., Lebedeva A. V. Military expenditures in the federal budget of 2006 // Economic and political situation in Russia, 2006 (the same for 2007 and , 2008 and the medium-term budget for 2008-2010 ).