Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Geographical position

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located in the north of the West Siberian Plain and is washed by the Kara Sea from the north. The extreme west of the okrug, on the left side of the Ob River , passes through the eastern slopes of the Polar ( Labytnangi , Obskaya, Kharp , Laborovaya) and the Subpolar Urals .

The region belongs to the regions of the Far North , and more than half of its territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle .

The district covers a vast area of 769,250 km² , which is one and a half times the territory of France (547,030 km²) or Spain (504,782 km²).

The Yamal Peninsula is located on the territory of the okrug - the northernmost continental point of the okrug and is located at 73 ° north latitude, 800 km from the Arctic Circle .

Climate

The territory of the district is located in three climatic zones: the Arctic, subarctic and the zone of the northern strip of the West Siberian Lowland

The climate is determined by the presence of permafrost , the proximity of the cold Kara Sea , the abundance of bays, rivers, swamps and lakes. In general, the district is characterized by long winters (up to 8 months), short summers , strong winds, and small snow cover ..

The climate of the Arctic part is characterized by long, cold and severe winters with strong storms, frosts and frequent snowstorms, low rainfall, very short summers (50 days), and strong fogs.

The subarctic zone occupies the southern part of the Yamal Peninsula. Here the climate is sharply continental: rainfall in the form of rains, summer up to 68 days.

The climate of the northern (taiga) strip of the West Siberian Lowland is sharply continental, the average temperature is higher, the summer is quite warm and humid (up to 100 days).

The average annual air temperature in the okrug is negative, in the Far North it reaches −10 ° С. Minimum temperatures in winter drop to −70 ° C . In summer, in July, can rise throughout the territory to +30 ° С. Frequent magnetic storms , accompanied by aurora .

Natural landscape

The relief of the district is flat, consisting of taiga in the south and tundra in the north with many lakes and marshes, and the mountainous part. The mountain range, located in the west of the okrug, extends for 200 km, reaching a height of up to 1.5 thousand meters.

The region’s water resources are rich and diverse. They include: the Kara Sea coast , numerous bays and lips, rivers, lakes, swamps and groundwaters. The Gulf of Ob - the Gulf of the Kara Sea, is one of the largest marine bays of the Russian Arctic, its area is 44,000 km² . About 300 thousand lakes and 48 thousand rivers are located on the territory of the okrug, the largest of which are the Ob at its mouth, as well as the Nadym , Taz and Pur rivers. The Ob River , one of the longest in Russia, flows within the okrug with two powerful arms. The presence of lakes, most of which are of glacial origin, is one of the characteristic features of the landscape of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Groundwater is characterized by a huge artesian basin with an area of 3 million km² , including thermal water reserves.

Fish stocks and fauna

Nature amazingly created here 70 percent of the world's whitefish stocks ( muksun , chokur , nelma ). About 50 thousand heads of reindeer are grazed on 50 million hectares of tundra.

The region is one of the leading places in Russia for hydrocarbon reserves, especially natural gas and oil. The following deposits are located on the territory of the okrug:

• Bovanenkovo ​​gas field
• East Tarkosalinskoye oil and gas condensate field
• Ety-Purovskoye oil field
• Zapolyarnoye oil and gas condensate field
• Bear gas field
• Nakhodka gas field
• Samburgskoye oil and gas condensate field
• Sterkhovoye gas condensate field
• Tazovskoye oil and gas condensate field
• Thermokarst gas condensate field
• Urengoy gas field
• Khancheyskoye gas condensate field
• Kharasavey gas condensate field
• Yuzhno-Russkoye oil and gas field
• South Tambey gas field
• Yurkharovskoye oil and gas condensate field
• Yamburgskoye oil and gas condensate field
• Yamsoveyskoye oil and gas condensate field
• Yaro-Yakhinskoye oil and gas condensate field
• Yarudeyskoye oil and gas condensate field

The state balance takes into account 136 deposits (62 oil, 6 oil and gas, 9 gas and oil, 59 oil and gas condensate), explored recoverable reserves for which account for 14.49% of all Russian oil reserves. 37 fields are being developed, annual production was 8.5%. Of the 136 fields in the okrug, one is unique - Russkoye , with oil reserves of 16.15% of the okrug and 30 large ones, which concentrate 67.25% of reserves and 69.1% of okrug oil production. Cumulative oil production in the district is 375.2 million tons ^[12] .

The foundation of Russian statehood on the territory of the okrug can be considered the foundation in 1595 by the Cossacks of the Obdor fortress . The Obdorsk prison was the northernmost Russian settlement in Siberia at that time.

In the 16-17th centuries, Obdorsk land was part of the Tobolsk rank of the Russian Kingdom, then part of the vast Siberian province formed in 1708 by Tsar Peter I , from 1782 - into the Tobolsk governorship , from 1796 to 1920 - into the Tobolsk province .

In 1921-1922, the territory of the present Yamal-Nenets okrug was swept by the West Siberian uprising , including the city of Obdorsk .

The Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug was formed (initially as a national one ) as part of the Ural Region on December 10, 1930.

Later it was part of the Ob-Irtysh and Omsk regions, and from August 14, 1944 the district was included in the Tyumen region . Krasnoselkupsky District was annexed on August 10, 1944.

Since 1977, the Yamal-Nenets okrug has been autonomous. On October 18, 1991, the Yamalo-Nenets District adopted a declaration of sovereignty.

Since 1992, after the signing of the Federal Treaty , the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug has become a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation.

The modern name of the Autonomous Okrug of Russia, as the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, mentions the Nenets as the titular nationality inhabiting the okrug, despite the fact that the majority of the okrug’s population is Russian.

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, the population of the okrug is 541,479 ^[6] people. (2019). The population density is 0.70 people / km ² (2019). The urban population is 83.37 ^[27] % (451404).

The demographic situation in the district is characterized by a steady natural population growth . In 2010, 8309 people were born (birth rate 15.1), 2885 people died (mortality rate 5.3), which exceeded last year's figures. In 2009, 8216 people were born (birth rate 15.1), and 2924 people died (mortality rate 5.4).

According to censuses of 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2002, and 2010 , the national composition of the district’s population was as follows:

Indigenous Languages

In the Yamal-Nenets okrug there are three indigenous peoples of the north: Nenets, Selkups, Khanty. From the languages ​​of the peoples represented:

• Nenets can be used in official records management in places of traditional residence of the indigenous peoples of the North ^[29]
• Selkup can be used in official records management in places of traditional residence of the indigenous peoples of the North ^[29]
• Khanty can be used in official paperwork in places of traditional residence of the indigenous peoples of the North ^[29]

As part of the administrative-territorial structure , the Autonomous Okrug is divided into administrative-territorial units : 7 cities of district significance ( Salekhard , Gubkinsky , Labytnangi , Muravlenko , Nadym ^[30] , Novy Urengoy , Noyabrsk ) and 7 districts ( Krasnoselkupsky district , Nadym district , Priuralsky district , Purovsky district , Tazovsky district , Shuryshkarsky district , Yamal district ).

Within the framework of the municipal structure , within the boundaries of the administrative-territorial units 55 municipalities were formed :

• 6 urban districts ,
• 7 municipal districts ;
  • 6 urban settlements ,
  • 36 rural settlements .

Settlements

Settlements with a population of more than 5 thousand people

The basis of the economy of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is oil and gas production.

The main gas producer is Gazprom , which accounts for approximately 90% of all gas production in the district. Oil and gas condensate are produced by more than 30 enterprises, the main oil companies in the district are subsidiaries of OJSC Gazprom Neft ( OJSC Gazpromneft-Noyabrskneftegaz and the Branch of Gazpromneft-Muravlenko and OJSC NK Rosneft ).

In 2009, 431 945 million m³ of natural gas, 24 761 thousand tons of oil, 8824 thousand tons of gas condensate were produced ^[33] . In 2011, 35.9 million tons of oil was produced. This is 7.1% of all oil produced in the country ^[34] .

The average salary in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 2013 amounted to 52,400 rubles. ^[35] In the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, according to RiaRating, in 2017, more than 23% of employees had salaries of more than 100 thousand rubles per month. According to this indicator, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ranks first among the regions of the country. The share of workers with wages below 10 thousand rubles amounted to 0.6% of the region’s population.

In the post-Soviet period, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug took first place in Russia in the number of deer: in 1990 there were 496 thousand deer in the okrug, in 2000 it was already 501 thousand, and in 2010 - 660 thousand ^[36] As of January 1, 2011 only 44.9% of the district's deer stock belonged to agricultural enterprises ^[37] . The predominance of family property leads to the preservation in the district of a significant number of nomadic farms - as of January 1, 2010 there were 3132 (14704 people) ^[38] . As of January 1, 2010, the majority of nomadic farms (2206 units, 11023 people) belonged to two districts - Tazovsky and Yamalsky ^[38] . It is worth noting that even in the Soviet period, despite the constant campaign of resettlement, it was not possible to completely abandon the migrations: for example, in 1984, 2,080 households wandered (about 10.6 thousand people) ^[39] . There is developed fishing in the okrug, and the catch volume even in the 1990s did not change much: in 1991 it amounted to 6688 tons, and in 2001 - 6438 tons ^[40] .

The Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug does not have its own higher education institutions, but there are 13 branches of state and non-state universities ^[41] .. ^[42]

• Paleolithic tools 50–150 thousand years old were found at the southern foot of the Satta Upland in the upper reaches of the Northern Tydeotta River ^[43] .
• The Neolithic settlement of Samotnol on the right bank of the Ob, between Aksarka and Salemal , dates back over 5 thousand years ^[44] .
• The village of Zelyony Yar is known as the archaeological site of a medieval burial ground (IX-XIII century) and the finds of mummies ^{[45] [46]} .
• Nadym settlement
• A find in the Nadym of the Middle Paleolithic instrument - chopper ^[47] .
• Archaeological sites of the 11th – 12th centuries of Jura Yah III and Yarte VI ^[48] .

• Bushuev, Andrey Nikolaevich (1950-2003) - Honored Builder of the Russian Federation .
• Elena Terleeva is a singer. Born in Surgut (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug), but spent all her childhood in Novy Urengoy (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug)
• Irikov Sergey Ivanovich (1935-2003) - one of the prominent representatives of the Selkup intelligentsia, a consistent fighter for the social and national revival of the small peoples of the Far North. Born on June 11, 1935 near the village of Kikki-Akki, Krasnoselkupsky District, Yamal-Nenets National District, Tyumen Region.
• Kelchin Gennady Pavlovich - Khanty writer, translator. Editor-in-chief of the national newspaper “Ukh Avt” (published in the Khanty language). Born on December 2, 1957 in the village of Shuryshkary, Shuryshkarsky District, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District.
• Laptsuy Leonid Vasilievich (1929-1982) - Nenets writer. Born February 28, 1929 in the Yamal tundra in the family of a reindeer herder. In 1964 he was admitted to the Union of Writers of the USSR. From 1974 to 1982, he was the editor of the national newspaper Naryana Kerm.
• Massva , Lera (b. 1988, Novy Urengoy) - Russian singer. Winner of the MTV Russia 2005 Award as “Discovery of the Year”. She lived and studied in Novy Urengoy.
• Nerkagi Anna Pavlovna - Nenets writer. She was born on February 15, 1952 in the mountains of the Polar Urals at the foot of the Sayrey ridge.
• Okotetto Nikolai Lachevich is an honorary citizen of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Born on January 1, 1937 in the Syoyakha tundra of the Yamal district of the Yamalo-Nenets National District. He was awarded the orders of the Badge of Honor and the Red Banner of Labor, medals of the Veteran of Labor and For the Development of the Subsoil and the Development of the Oil and Gas Complex of Western Siberia.
• Puiko Gennady Alekseevich (1935–2000) - poet, artist, woodcarver, performer of ritual songs in the Nenets language, participant of regional, all-Russian and all-union amateur art shows. The creative pseudonym is Nyambara. Born on January 1, 1935 in the village of Numga, Nadym district, Yamalo-Nenets national district of the Tyumen region.
• Saltykov Prokopiy Ermolaevich (1934-1994) - Khanty poet. Born June 25, 1934 in a fisherman's family in the yurts of Nartykurt, Shuryshkarsky district.
• Sergey Peregudov is a Russian theater and film actor. Born on October 6, 1981 in Nadym .
• Susoy Elena Grigoryevna (1933-2015) - creator and head of the Museum-Apartment named after L.V. Laptsuya (Salekhard), candidate of pedagogical sciences. EG Susoy is the author of several textbooks of the Nenets language. In 1970, she was awarded the title "Excellence in Public Education" and the jubilee medal "For Valiant Labor". In 1980, she was awarded the honorary title "Honored Teacher of Schools of the RSFSR." In January 2003, Susa was awarded the title “Honorary Citizen of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug”. Born on February 5, 1933 in the Myskamensky tundra of the Yamal region of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District.
• Syugney Oleg Prokopyevich - the first certified Nenets journalist. In 2004, she was awarded the degree of candidate of philological sciences. Born on October 8, 1975 in the village of Tazovsky, Tazovsky District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
• Yamkin Miron Aleksandrovich (1942-2003) - political and public figure. Born on September 25, 1942 in the village of Nyamboito, Tazovsky district, Yamalo-Nenets national region, Tyumen region.
• Yaungad Khabeca Hivarevich (Fedor Konstantinovich) - editor-in-chief of the district national newspaper “Naryana Kerm” (published in the Nenets language). Creative pseudonym - Karsky Fedor Konstantinovich. Born July 15, 1950 at the Malygin Strait in the Yamal Region of the Yamal-Nenets National District of the Tyumen Region.

• Bartenev V.V. In the extreme northwest of Siberia: Essays on the Obdorsky Territory . - SPb. : Typ. M.F. Paikin, 1896 .-- 154 p.
• Dunin-Gorkavich A. A. Needs of the Tobolsk North and measures for their satisfaction . - Tobolsk: Tobol. lips. стат. комитет, 1908. — 87 с.

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