Ganja or Ganja ( azerb. Gəncə́ , in 1804-1918 - Elizavetpol, Elizavetpol [3] , in 1918-1935 - Ganja , in 1935-1989 - Kirovabad ) - the second largest and largest city in Azerbaijan .
| City | |||
| Ganja, Ganja | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| azerb. Gəncə | |||
 | |||
| |||
| A country |  Azerbaijan | ||
| City of Republican Subordination | Ganja | ||
| Internal division | 2 districts in the city and village | ||
| Head of Executive | Ibrahim Mammadov | ||
| History and Geography | |||
| Founded | |||
| First mention | |||
| Former names | until 1804 - Ganja until 1918 - Elisavetpol until 1935 - Ganja before 1989 - Kirovabad | ||
| City with | 859 | ||
| Area | 298 km² | ||
| Height above sea level | 408 m | ||
| Climate type | subtropical | ||
| Timezone | UTC + 4 | ||
| Population | |||
| Population | ▲ 331,400 people ( 2015 ) | ||
| Density | 1198 people / km² | ||
| Nationalities | Azerbaijanis (98%) [1] , Lezgins [2] , Tsakhurs , Russians , Rutulians , Kurds , Udins , and others | ||
| Denominations | Shiite Muslims and other faiths | ||
| Katoykonim | Ganja, Ganja, Ganja | ||
| Official language | Azerbaijani | ||
| Digital identifiers | |||
| Telephone code | +994 22 | ||
| Postcode | AZ 2000 | ||
| Car code | twenty | ||
| Other | |||
| Nickname | Treasure city | ||
| ganja-ih.gov.az (azerb.) | |||
Located in the Caucasus . Until 1804, the city was known as the capital of the Ganja Khanate , and later became the center of the Elizavetpol district (1840-1929), the Elizabethpol province (1867-1929) and the Ganja region (1952-1953) [4] .
Content
- 1 Geography
- 2 Administrative divisions
- 3 History
- 3.1 The first centuries of the city
- 3.2 From the Seljuk conquest to the Mongol invasion
- 3.3 The capture of the city by the Tatar-Mongols
- 3.4 As part of the Safavid state. Ganja Khanate
- 3.5 As part of Russia (Elizavetpol)
- 3.6 XX century
- 4 population
- 5 Climate
- 6 Science and education
- 7 Transport
- 8 Chapters
- 9 International Relations
- 9.1 Twin Cities
- 9.2 Consulates
- 10 Photo Gallery
- 11 Notes
- 12 Links
Geography
It is located on the Ganja-Kazakh lowland at the north-eastern foot of the Lesser Caucasus , on the Ganja River in the Kura basin. The center of the historical region of Arran . Railway station on the Baku - Tbilisi line , airport .
As an administrative territory, it includes two urban areas ( Kyapazsky - 178,500 inhabitants, Nizami [5] - 164,500 inhabitants) and the urban-type village of Adjikent with the relevant local authorities.
Administrative division
As of 1861 , the city was located on both sides of the Ganja River, and consisted of three districts: on the right side of the river was the Armenian-populated region of Kelissa Kend (church village), on the left side where mainly Muslims lived, there was a fortress, and Ganja itself. The latter was adjoined by the Norashen district (new city). All these three parts of the city were surrounded by a wall with round towers [6]
History
Early Centuries of the City
Ganja arose as a settlement due to its favorable geographical location on the Great Silk Road . The post-Mongolian historian Hamd-Allah Mustawfi testifies that the Arab city of Ganja was founded in 659-660. (that is, during the first Arab invasions of eastern Transcaucasia), but does not give details [7] . According to the anonymous “History of Shirvan and Derbent” (“Derbend-name”), Ganja was founded in 859 by Mohammad bin Khaled bin Yazid bin Mazyad from the Arab family of the Yazidids of Shirvan , who ruled Azerbaijan (a historical region in the south of the Araks river, mainly in the north- western Iran), Arran and Armenia during the caliph al-Mutawakil, and so named because of the treasury discovered there [8] . The role of Mohammad bin Khaled as the founder (who rather re-founded the city) was confirmed by the 10th century Armenian historian Movses Dashuranzi , who writes that the son of Khazra [9] Patgosa built Ganjak in Arshakashen district in 295 (846-847 CE) .) year according to the Armenian calendar [10] . The origin of the Islamic name of the city is associated with the Pahlavi word “ganza” (“janza” for the Arabs , “ganza” for the Georgians , “ganza” for the Armenians ), which meant “treasure, treasure”, “place of storage of the harvest”. The Persian name "Ganja" or "Hansa" indicates the existence of an older, pre-Islamic city [11] . From here Ganja also bears the nickname "City of Treasures" [12] .
One of the evidence of the age of Ganja can be considered the mausoleum of Jomard Gassaba, who lived during the reign of the fourth Khalifa Ali ibn Abu Talib (656-661). On the ancient territory of the city ( Old Ganja ), the remains of fortress walls, towers, bridges (XII - beginning of XIII centuries) were discovered. To the north-east of Old Ganja is the cult complex Goy-Imam (or Imamzadeh: the mausoleum of the XIV-XVII centuries, built in the XVII century by the buildings of mosques and tombs). On the territory of the city, the Juma Mosque ( 1606 , architect Bahaaddin), domed residential buildings (XVII — XVIII centuries) have been preserved. Ganja begins to play an important role in international trade, socio-economic and cultural life of the region. In the life of the city, trade and craft occupied an important place. For the development of crafts there was an economic potential. Iron, copper, alum and other mines located near Ganja supplied the artisans with raw materials. As Ganja was formed as the capital of the country, special attention was paid to strengthening the military power of the city. Already during this period, fortress walls were built, ditches were dug. In the IX — X centuries. in connection with the weakening of the Arab caliphate, part of the territory of Arran was part of the feudal states of the dynasties of the Shirvanshahs , Sajids , Salarids , and Ravvadids .
In the middle of the 10th century, Ganja, which was under the rule of the Iranian Salarid dynasty, became the capital of the Kurdish Sheddad dynasty. During the reign of Fadlun I (895-1030), Ganja became even stronger. The Sheddadids built a fortress, palaces, bridges, caravanserais here and began to mint money. A new, more solid fortress was built around the city. In 1063, the famous Ganja Gate was created. As Ganja became a large center, its territory expanded, new commercial and industrial districts were built. Silk and products from it won the sympathy of customers not only of local bazaars, but also of foreign ones.
From the Seljuk conquest to the Mongol invasion
In the middle of the XI century, Arran was subjected to invasions of the Seljuks . After the capture of Tabriz Togrul I in 1054 moved towards Ganja. The ruler of Ganja, Emir Shavur from the Sheddadid dynasty, agreed to become Togrul-bek's vassal. However, the invasions of the Seljuks did not stop. In the 70s of the XI century, the descendant of Shavur Fadlun III, seeing the meaninglessness of the war, surrendered, but after a while, taking advantage of the convenient moment, he returned to power again. In 1086, the Seljuk ruler Malik Shah sent his commander Bugai to Ganja. Despite the fierce resistance of the local population, the Seljuks captured the city. During the war, the ruler of Ganja Fadlun III was captured, thus putting an end to the reign of the Shaddad dynasty, which ruled for more than 100 years. The reign of Ganja, Malik Shah entrusted his son Giyas ad-din Tapar. Giyas ad-din Mohammed Tapar, and after his election as sultan, was still one of the main residents of the Seljuk rulers of Ganja.
In the first half of the XII century. Ganja was several times subjected to invasions of Georgians, became a vassal of Georgia until the invasion of the Mongols. Another event related to Ganja was a huge earthquake that occurred on September 30, 1139 and destroyed the city, which was therefore relocated to another place. As a result of the earthquake in this area, a number of blocking lakes formed - Goygol , Maralgol , Dzheyrangol, Ordekgol, Zaligelu, Aggol, Garagol and Shamlygol. The ruins of ancient Ganja are located seven kilometers from the modern city, downstream of the river. Taking advantage of the destruction of the city and the absence of a ruler, the Georgian king Demeter I attacked the city, captured many trophies and took with him the famous Ganja Gate , which is still stored in the courtyard of the Gelati Monastery in Georgia. With the formation of the State of Ildehyzids, Ganja became the residence of the Ildegizid ruler of Arran . In 1225, Ganja captures the Khorezmshah Jalal ad-Din from the Ildegizids and rules it until his death in 1231 . The people of Jalaleddin did all kinds of arbitrariness and violence, as for the Christians, an order was given to forcibly convert them to Islam. The result of these violence was the uprising of 1231 led by the artisan Bender. The rebels killed the Jalaladdin garrison, but in the end the uprising was crushed, 30 of its leaders were executed, Bender himself was quartered.
On the territory of Ganja, finds of Byzantine coins are known [14] .
XII-XIII centuries. can be called the heyday of Ganja - the second capital of the State of Ildehyzids . The fabric, which was manufactured here and was called "Ganja silk", was highly appreciated in the markets of neighboring countries and the Middle East. According to Western and Russian experts, Ganja at that time maintained its formerly predominantly Iranian population [15] [16] and was one of the centers of Persian culture. Such outstanding classics of Persian poetry [17] [18] as Nizami Ganjavi and Mehseti Ganjavi created here . (University of Oxford) notes that in the second half of the 12th century, a significant Armenian population also lived in the city [19] .
The capture of the city by the Tatar-Mongols
Soon after the death of Jalaladdin, in 1235 , Ganja was taken by the Tatar-Mongols. According to the Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi, the Mongols in different places destroyed the wall with machines.
But none of the enemies [immediately] entered the city, fully armed, they besieged it for a week. When the inhabitants saw that the city was captured by the enemy, everyone locked themselves in their house and set fire to their homes with them, so as not to fall into the hands of the enemy; others burned everything that could be burned, remaining themselves [alive]. At the sight of this, the enemies became even more furious, launched swords and betrayed everyone to the sword: men, women and children. And none of them escaped, with the exception of a small detachment of well-armed soldiers in full gear, who broke through part of the wall at night and fled, and a small group of naughty people who were detained and tortured so that they showed where the treasures were hidden. Later, some [of them] were killed, some were stolen, and they themselves began to rummage through the ashes of houses and took everything they found from the hidden one. (...) And the city remained so deserted and destroyed for four years, then an order was issued to restore it. And [little people] began to gather in it a little and began to be built, but the city walls were not erected.
As part of the Safavid state. Ganja Khanate
In the XVI — XVIII centuries. Ganja was part of the Safavid state , being the center of the Karabakh beylerbekstvo . Shah Tahmasp I appointed Shahverdi Sultan from the Khajar tribe to be the first baker . Representatives of this kind - the Ziyad-oglu dynasty, ruled Ganja all the time of the Safavid reign. Shahverdi ruled not only Ganja and Plain Karabakh (at the same time, Nagorno-Karabakh remained in the hands of his Armenian rulers [20] ), but also Shamshadil and Kazakh [21] were among his possessions. Ganja being the traditional center of the Karabakh beglarbekstvo . In 1588 the city was conquered by the Turks , but in 1606, Shax Abbas I again restored Safavid domination here. After this, the city for several years remained in a dilapidated state, and in 1615 it experienced a new (this time solid) destruction. In 1616, the city, by order of the shah, was moved to a new place, that is, the construction of New Ganja began. Construction proceeded rapidly, and by the end of the first quarter of the 17th century, New Ganja was again the residence of the ruler and a significant trade and craft center [22] . At the end of the 17th century, the Ottoman traveler Evliya ебelebi counted 6,000 houses in the city. The population of the city was motley in ethnic and religious senses: if the majority of the city walls were Azerbaijani Turks and Persians, then behind the walls were vast Armenian suburbs (faubourg des Armeniens, according to a French source, “Armenian settlements outside the city” - in Russian) [23 ] [24] The number of Armenians was so great that it was planned to recruit 15,000 Armenian soldiers in Ganja in the plans to restore the independence of Armenia. Israel Oria [25]
In 1723, the Ottoman army approached Ganja and in October launched its assault, which ended in failure. However, the Armenian suburbs were destroyed. The surviving Armenians fled under the protection of the Armenian army in Nagorno-Karabakh. [26] Ganja was deserted, at the beginning of 1726 a Russian spy reported that “Now in Genge, there are a finder of the Genghin Basurmans of families of 5 or 6, and Armenians from 50 families, while the other Basurmans went to Ardeville and to different cities, and the Armenians to Sognagni (that is, in Karabakh) ” [23] .
Subsequently, Ganja again returned its population, after the death of Nadir Shah turned into the capital of the semi-independent Ganja Khanate . The representative of the Ziyadoglu clan, Shahverdi Khan, who ruled for a long time in Ganja, became Khan of Ganja. Ganja became the center of the khanate. In the 80s of the XVIII century during the reign of Javad Khan , the Ganja Khanate significantly strengthened. It pursued an independent foreign policy. The khanate had its own mint in Ganja.
However, in 1803 he encountered Russia, which at that time entered the war with Persia, whose troops invaded Eastern Transcaucasia. The command of the Russian army considered Ganja "the key to the northern provinces of Persia." General Tsitsianov wrote that, due to the favorable geographical position, the Ganja fortress occupied an important place in Azerbaijan and therefore the primary task of Russia was to capture this fortress. Tsitsianov several times invited Javad Khan to surrender voluntarily and was refused every time.
- Monuments
Mausoleum of "Imamzade" of the XIV century [13] in Ganja
Ganja fortress. XVI century
Bath of the XVI century [27]
Armenian Church of St. Sarkis , XVI century
Mausoleum of the last Khan of the Ganja Khanate - Javad Khan in Ganja
The ruins of the palace
Armenian Church of St. Hovhannes , 1633
Khan's Palace
As part of Russia (Elizavetpol)
November 20, 1803 Tsitsianov through Tiflis headed towards Ganja with a relatively small detachment (a little more than 2 thousand people), in December he approached the fortress. After appropriate preparation, on January 15, 1804 at 5 o’clock in the morning he gave the order to attack her. Tsitsianov’s troops in two columns went on the attack of Ganja . In addition to the Russian troops, the assault involved up to 700 volunteer and Armenian militias from other khanates - opponents of Javad Khan. Ganja was surrounded by double walls (the outer one was adobe and the inner one was stone), the height of which reached 8 meters. The walls were reinforced with 6 towers. On the third attempt, the besiegers managed to overcome the walls and break into the fortress, and Javad Khan died in the battle on the walls. By noon, Ganja was taken. The Ganja Khanate was annexed to Russia, and Ganja itself was renamed Elizavetpol in 1804 (in honor of Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna - wife of Alexander I ) [28] . Over time, the city began to pronounce, like Elizabeth. In October 1813, Persia was forced to conclude the Gulistan Peace Treaty , by which it recognized the accession of the Ganja Khanate to Russia.
After the conquest of the Khanate, commandant control was introduced in it: all power, both military and civil, was concentrated in the hands of the commandant. In 1806, a district court was created in Elizavetpol, in 1824 - a police department. The latter caused discontent among the population, due to the arbitrariness and extortion of the police. In 1840, the commandant system was liquidated, Elizavetpol became the center of the county and in this capacity became part of the Georgian-Imereti province . In 1868, the city became the center of the newly formed Elizabethpol province . In 1883, it was connected by rail with Baku , Tiflis and Batum .
According to information for 1861, 15029 people lived in the city, of which 1300 Muslim families and 1000 Armenian families. At that time, there were religious institutions in the settlement: 1 church of the Russian Orthodox Church in the name of St. Zechariah and Elizabeth; 5 Armenian churches and 10 Muslim mosques [6] According to the data for 1892, there were 25 758 inhabitants in Elisavetpol, including 13 392 Muslim Tatars ( Azerbaijanis ), 10 524 Armenians. 13 mosques, 6 Armenian churches and 2 Russians functioned in the city. Orthodox churches [29] , one Lutheran church . The main Juma Mosque (Jaami Ganja), built by Shah Abbas I in 1620, is crowned with a huge dome and is surrounded by many cells and rooms for Muslim students.
Station in Elizavetpol. 1891
Carpet trade in Elizabethpol. The end of the XIX century.
XX century
Elisavetpol of the first half of the 20th century is a city with predominantly two-story houses, with obligatory arched gates, in which a wicket-shaped arched form is carved. The presence of personal courtyards was also an obligatory attribute of Ganja houses. Almost all types of fruits known in the Caucasus grew in orchards; Ganja persimmons and pomegranates were especially famous.
November 18, 1905 in the city there were bloody clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, who at that time were called Transcaucasian Turks or Tatars. On this day, three Azerbaijanis from the village of Toganaly were killed on the road between Elizavetpol and Yelendorf. When trying to pick up the corpses, a skirmish between opposing factions began. The pogroms of Armenian shops were also carried out that day, during which 20 Armenians died. By November 23, unrest subsided, but tension between communities continued [30] . As a result of the clashes, the population was divided: Muslims ("Tatars") concentrated on the left, Armenians on the right bank of the river. Interethnic clashes were also in January 1918 [31] .
In June 1918 the first government of Azerbaijan moved to Ganja from Tiflis, which restored the historical name of the city on July 30 [32] . It was here until September, when it moved to Baku, taken by units of the Caucasian Islamic Army . On May 1, 1920, units of the 11th Red Army entered the city. On the night of May 25-26, an anti-Soviet uprising broke out in the city, which was suppressed during the week.
In Soviet times, Ganja ( 1935 ) was renamed Kirovabad and turned into the second industrial and cultural center of Azerbaijan after Baku. After the beginning of the conflict around Nagorno-Karabakh on November 21, 1988, Armenian pogroms began in the city. At that time, 40 thousand Armenians lived in a city with a population of 280 thousand people. The pogroms began with a rally on Lenin Square, where workers of industrial enterprises of the city and students gathered. The local police were inactive, and republican television heated the atmosphere by broadcasting nationalist rallies from Baku. The Armenian church and the bust of Marshal Baghramyan were the first to suffer. The commandant of the city announced a curfew . The local Armenians, using the compactness of their residence, organized a two-week defense [33] [34] [35] [36] . During the first week, 18 people died, 60 went missing and 74 were seriously injured [37] . By the efforts of the Soviet army, large-scale bloodshed was stopped. The Armenian population was forced to leave the city [38] .
Population
| 1825 | 1833 | 1840 | 1856 | 1897 | 1912 | 1915 | 1920 | 1923 | 1926 | 1939 | 1959 | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 | 2003 | 2004 | 2011 | 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10.8 | 11.1 | 7.8 | 10.9 | 33.6 | 59.6 | 63,4 | 40.7 | 38.9 | 57.4 | 98.9 | 116.1 | 189.5 | 231.9 | 278.0 | 302 | 320 | 316 | 322.9 |
(Thousand people)
Climate
- The average annual temperature is +13.4 C °
- The average annual wind speed is 2.5 m / s
- The average annual humidity is 68%
| Climate of Ganja | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicator | Jan | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | July | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Absolute maximum, ° C | 22.8 | 25.0 | 28.0 | 35.6 | 39.5 | 39.2 | 42.0 | 40.5 | 38.8 | 33,4 | 28.0 | 23.3 | 42.0 |
| Average maximum, ° C | 7.0 | 8.2 | 12.7 | 18.7 | 23,4 | 28.7 | 31.6 | 31.1 | 26.3 | 19.5 | 12.9 | 8.4 | 19.0 |
| Average temperature, ° C | 3.2 | 3.9 | 7.8 | 13,4 | 18.1 | 23,2 | 26.2 | 25.6 | 21.1 | 15.0 | 8.9 | 4.7 | 14.3 |
| Average minimum ° C | 0.5 | 1,0 | 4.3 | 9,4 | 13.8 | 18.6 | 21,4 | 21.0 | 16.8 | 11.6 | 6.2 | 2.1 | 10.6 |
| Absolute minimum, ° C | −17.8 | −15.2 | −12 | −4.4 | 1,5 | 5.8 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 2,8 | −1.3 | −7.9 | −13 | −17.8 |
| Precipitation rate, mm | 8 | 12 | 24 | 31 | 40 | 32 | 17 | fifteen | fifteen | 24 | 16 | 7 | 241 |
| Source: Weather and Climate | |||||||||||||
Science and Education
Ganja is one of the main centers of science and education in Azerbaijan. There are 3 state higher educational institutions in the city: Azerbaijan State Agrarian University , Ganja State University (former pedagogical institute), Azerbaijan State Technological University [39] .
Transport
From 1933 to 1976, a tram system operated in the city.
From 1955 to 2004, a trolleybus operated.
In 2019, an agreement was concluded on the supply of 4 Belarusian AKSM-E321 electric buses to Ganja with the subsequent organization of their assembly at the Ganja Automobile Plant [40] .
There is a civil airport in Ganja, which received international status in 2007 . From Ganja flights are carried out to Kiev , Moscow , Nakhichevan , St. Petersburg , Krasnoyarsk and Istanbul [41] .
Chapters
- Abdinov, Sabuhi Saleh oglu 1992, - 1992, July 4
- Mammadov, Murshud Asad oglu 1992, January 16 - 1993, February 21
- Gadimov, Elkhan Islam oglu 1993, February 21 - 1993, June 16
- Veliyev, Vagif Suleiman oglu 1993, June 16 - 1993, June 24
- Ibragimov, Elsever Alekper ogly November 3, 1993 - November 22, 1994
- Dashdamirov, Rasim Bayram oglu November 22, 1994 - July 27, 2000
- Babaev, Eyvaz Ilyas oglu July 27, 2000 - April 8, 2003
- Azizov, Eldar Aziz oglu April 8, 2003 - February 18, 2011
- Veliyev, Elmar Rustam oglu from January 18, 2011 - August 28, 2018
- Bayramov, Niyazi Muzaffar oglu since August 28, 2018
International Relations
Twin Cities
- Olomouc ( Czech Republic ) [42]
- Derbent ( Russian Federation )
- Kars ( Turkey ) [43]
- Izmir ( Turkey ) [44]
- Ankara ( Turkey )
- Bursa ( Turkey ) [45]
- Elazig ( Turkey ) [45]
- Moscow ( Russian Federation )
- Newark , New Jersey ( USA )
- Rustavi ( Georgia )
- Kutaisi ( Georgia )
- Dnipro ( Ukraine )
- Dushanbe ( Tajikistan )
- Vung Tau ( Vietnam )
Consulates
In 2010, the Consulate General of the Republic of Turkey was opened in the city [46] .
In 2014, the Consulate General of the Republic of Georgia opened in the city.
Photo Gallery
Museum of Local History
Ganja branch of NAS of Azerbaijan
City center
Bottle House in Ganja
Khan Garden Park
Alexander Nevsky Church
Lutheran Church (today - the building of the puppet theater)
European-style bath XIX century
Ganja State Philharmonic
Office of Javad Khan
House-Museum of Israfil Mammadov
Javad Khan Street
Javad Khan Street in the evening
Alley of Martyrs
Nizami Ganjavi Park
Notes
- ↑ Azerbaijan Ethnic Composition 2009
- ↑ Azərbaycanın azsaylı xalqları
- ↑ Levashov E.A. Dictionary of adjectives from geographical names. - Moscow: Russian language, 1986. - 163b p.
- ↑ The Baku and Ganja regions of the Azerbaijan SSR were formed by Decree of April 3, 1952 (Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 1952 No. 8). After 1 year, the region was abolished ( Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 23, 1953 ).
- ↑ Ganja. Nizami municipality. (Azerb.) (Eng.) (Rus.) Archived March 5, 2016 to Wayback Machine
- ↑ 1 2 P.Semenov. Elizavetpol // Geographic and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire. Volume II - St. Petersburg, 1865. - S. 188-189.
- ↑ C. Edmund Bosworth. GANJA (English) . Iranica (December 15, 2000). Date of treatment September 5, 2010. Archived August 23, 2011.
The post-Mongol historian Ḥamd-Allāh Mostawfī says that the Arab town of Ganja was founded in 39 / 659-60 (i.e., at the time of the first Arab incursions into eastern Transcaucasia) but gives no details (Nozhat al-qolūb, p 91, tr. P. 93).
- ↑ C. Edmund Bosworth. GANJA (English) . Iranica (December 15, 2000). Archived August 23, 2011.
A passage of the anonymous Taʾrīḵ Bāb al-abwāb (extant in the Ottoman historian Monajjem-bāšī's Jāmeʿ al-dowal) states that Ganja was founded in 245 / 859-60 by Moḥammad b. Ḵāled b. Yazīd b. Mazyad, of the family of Yazīdī governors in Šarvān, who was governor of Azerbaijan, Arrān, and Armenia for the caliph al-Motawakkel, and so-called because of a treasure unearthed there ...
- ↑ Khazr - according to Marcart from Hald (J. Marquart, Osteuropäische und ostasiatische Streifzüge, Leipzig, 1903, p. 462)
- ↑ C. Edmund Bosworth. GANJA (English) . Iranica (December 15, 2000). Date of treatment September 5, 2010. Archived August 23, 2011.
Moḥammad b. Ḵāled's role as founder (or rather, as re-founder, see below) of Ganja is confirmed by the Armenian historian Movsēs Dasxurancʿi, where he says that the son of Xazr (for Xald, as explained by Marquart, p. 462) Patgos built Ganjak in the canton of Aršakašēn, with the date given in one manuscript as Armenian era 295 / 846-47 (bk. 3, ch. 20, tr. Dowsett, p. 218).
- ↑ C. Edmund Bosworth. GANJA (English) . Iranica (December 15, 2000). Date of treatment September 5, 2010. Archived August 23, 2011.
The Persian name Ganja / Ganza (<ganj “treasure, treasury"; see MacKenzie, p. 35) points, however, to there having existed a much older, pre-Islamic town there.
- ↑ C. Edmund Bosworth. GANJA (English) . Iranica (December 15, 2000). Date of treatment September 5, 2010. Archived August 23, 2011.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Kirovabad . “Popular Art Encyclopedia.” Ed. Field V.M .; M .: Publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986
- ↑ Pachkalov A.V. Unpublished treasure of golden Byzantine and Muslim coins from the Ganja Archaeological Museum // Current status and development prospects of museums. Materials of the International Scientific Conference. Baku, 2011.
- ↑ Charles Ambrose Storey. Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period / François de Blois. - 2nd revised edition. - RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. - Vol. V. - P. 363. - 544 p. - (Persian Literature - A Biobibliographical Survey). - ISBN 0947593470 .
"Nizami Ganja'i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi. His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population .... "
- ↑ I. M. Dyakonov . Book of memories. - St. Petersburg, 1995 .-- S. 730-731.
And now the anniversary of the great poet Nizami was being prepared in Azerbaijan. There was some slight awkwardness with Nizami: firstly, he was not an Azerbaijani, but a Persian (Iranian) poet, although he lived in the now Azerbaijani city of Ganja, which, like most of the local cities, had an Iranian population in the Middle Ages.
- ↑ About Nizami as a Persian poet:
- Encyclopedia Britannica , article " Neẓāmī ": "Neẓāmī - Persian poet - greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature, who brought a colloquial and realistic style to the Persian epic."
- Brockhaus Encyclopedia ( site ), Nisami article (link not available) : "Nisami, Nezami, eigentlich Abu Mohammed Iljas Ibn Jusuf, persischer Dichter, * vermutlich Gäncä (Aserbaidschan) 1141"
- Encyclopedia of Laruss ( site ): “Ilyas ibn Yusuf Nezami ou Ilyas ibn Yusuf Nizami - Poète persan (Gandja, vers 1140-Gandja, vers 1209)”
- Iranik Encyclopedia ( site ), article “PERSIAN LITERATURE”: “Neẓāmi's Five Treasures (Panj ganj). Eliās Abu Mo-ḥammad Neẓāmi of Ganja was born around 1141 of a Kurdish mother and a father named Yusof »
- Chelkowski, P. "Nizami Gandjawi, jamal al-Din Abu Muhammad Ilyas b. Yusuf b. Zaki Muayyad. Encyclopaedia of Islam . Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, CE Bosworth, E. van Donzel and WP Heinrichs. Brill 2008 Brill Online. Excerpt one: "Nizami Gandjawi, Djamal al-Din Abu Muhammad Ilyas b. Yusuf b. Zaki Muʾayyad, one of the greatest Persian poets and thinkers."
- ↑ About Mehseti as a Persian poetess:
- Encyclopedia Britannica Persian literature
- Bruijn, JTP de. “Mahsatī.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, CE Bosworth, E. van Donzel and WP Heinrichs. Brill, 2009. excerpt: “a Persian female poet whose historical personality is difficult to ascertain. * Edward Brown, A literary History of Persia in Four Volumes. Cambridge University Press 1969.
- "Sufism.ru" (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Robert W. Thomson. The Lawcode (Datastanagirk ') of Mxit'ar Goš .. - Rodopi, 2000 .-- P. 14.
In the second half of the century the Georgians extended their control over central northern Armenia, but further east the emirs of Ganjak ruled over a significant Armenian population. Muslim emirs permitted Christians to conduct their own affairs according th their own legal system. But in the absence of a legal code, disputes had to be adjudicated in Muslim courts. It was precisely to prevent this practice, which some Armenians abused to personal advantage, that Mxit'ar undertook the task of compiling a Lawcode based on Armenian practice. His work, in many later adaptations, formed the basis for Armenian legal tradition both in Armenia itself and in the diaspora.
- ↑ Shnirelman V. A. Memory wars: myths, identity and politics in the Transcaucasus / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev . - M .: Akademkniga, 2003 .-- S. 199. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6 .
Under the Persian dynasty of Safavids, Karabakh was one of the provinces (beglarbekism), where the lowlands and foothills were part of the Muslim khanates, and the mountains remained in the hands of Armenian rulers.
- ↑ M.M. Altman. "Historical sketch of the city of Ganji." - Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, 1949. - P. 41.
“The beggarback Ganji Tahmasp I appointed the Shahverdi Sultan, who began the whole dynasty of the Beglyarbeks of Karabakh and the Ganji, the Ziyad-oglu dynasty from the Kajar tribes. Shahverdi. except Ganja and Karabakh, Shamshadil and Kazakh were subordinate. "
- ↑ T. Kutelia, “Georgia and Safavid Iran (according to numismatics)”
- ↑ 1 2 Armen Aivazyan DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN KARABAKH IN THE 1710-1720S Armen Aivazian, Demographic Situation in Karabakh in the 1710-1720s, Armenian Mind, Vol. V, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 67-74
- ↑ I. M. Tabagua, Materials for the History of Georgia in the First Quarter of the 18th Century, Tbilisi, 1982, p. 304.
- ↑ G. A. Ezov, Relations of Peter the Great with the Armenian people. Documents. S. Petersburg: Type. Imp. Academy of Sciences, 1898, doc. 9, p. 33, 36.
- ↑ On December 20, 1723, in a letter from Shemakha, the Armenian priest Alexander wrote: “60 thousand Turkish troops with 12 Pasha arrived, with military preparations for the Ganja ... and they took half of that city, and all our Armenians were plundered and many of them were cut [and] they took others to the fullest and the Armenians had money, they bought their children, and 60 yards were sent to Turkish land, and the wealthy Armenians from the city to save their departed, came to the Armenian army (that is, in Karabakh) barefoot and naga. - Armen Ayvazyan DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN KARABAKH IN THE 1710-1720S Armen Aivazian, Demographic Situation in Karabakh in the 1710-1720s, Armenian Mind, Vol. V, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 67-74.
- ↑ Mikael Aleskerovich Useynov. Monuments of Azerbaijani architecture. - State Publishing House of Architecture and Urban Planning, 1951. - S. 9. - 162 p.
- ↑ E.V. Pchelov . "Monarchs of Russia." - OLMA Media Group, 2003 - p. 475 - ISBN 9785224043439
- ↑ Elisavetopol in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
Residents in Elizavetpol in 1892 there were 25 758 (Muslim Tatars 13 392, Armenians 10 524), 4053 houses, 1000 shops. 2 Orthodox churches, 6 Armenian-Gregorian churches, 13 mosques; educational institutions - 10 (including gymnasium), caravanserais - 7; pharmacy - 1, printing houses - 2, hotels - 4, clubs - 2 and baths - 7.
- ↑ 1905 Atrocities of Armenians in Ganja noticed in Russia - HISTORICAL PRISM
- ↑ ECHO OF OCTOBER IN THE TRANSCASIA e-reading.club
- ↑ Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-1920). Legislative acts. (Collection of documents). - Baku, 1998, p. 219
- ↑ Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War By Stuart J. Kaufman - Page 77
- ↑ Divided Europeans: Understanding Ethnicities in Conflict, by Tim Allen, Tim Allen John Eade, John Eade - 1999, p. 64
- ↑ Imogen Gladman. Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. - Taylor & Francis Group. - P. Page 131.
- ↑ After Communism: From the Atlantic to the Urals, by Jacques Lesourne, Bernard Lecomte, 1991, p. 52
- ↑ Kirovabad - the defiled city of childhood
- ↑ Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, by Stuart J. Kaufman, Cornell University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8014-8736-6 , p. 77: “The Soviet troops apparently tried to defend Armenians during the Kirovabad pogrom November 1988 but the task was in one sense hopeless: while the troops saved lives, the Armenians had to leave their homes and possessions anyway - the atmosphere made it impossible for them to live in Azerbaijan any longer.
- ↑ Ganja today
- ↑ Belkommunmash to supply 4 large capacity electric buses to Azerbaijan
- ↑ Ganja airport will expand the geography of flights. News-Azerbaijan, 04/06/2007
- ↑ Ganja and Olomouc became twin cities ”
- ↑ Consul General of Azerbaijan: “Ganja delegation will visit Kars”
- ↑ İZMİR YG-21 - İzmir Kardeş Şehirler
- ↑ 1 2 AZERBAIJAN IN INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL RELATIONS (1946-1990)
- ↑ Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry announced priorities for 2011 - Vesti.Az (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment January 31, 2011. Archived January 9, 2011.