Astrovye ( lat. Asteráceae ), or Complicate ( lat. Compósitae ) - one of the largest families of dicotyledonous plants ; includes 32 913 species , united in 1911 genera [3] , distributed throughout the globe and represented in all climatic zones.
| Astro | |||||||||||||||||
 Image of 12 Astro inflorescences | |||||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||
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| International Scientific Name | |||||||||||||||||
Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl (1820), nom. cons. | |||||||||||||||||
| Synonyms | |||||||||||||||||
and many others others [2]
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| Type genus | |||||||||||||||||
Aster L. - Aster | |||||||||||||||||
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See also Childbirth of the Astrovie family | |||||||||||||||||
Content
Description
Representatives of this family are mainly herbaceous plants , annual or perennial, less often shrubs or small trees . Exceptions include pedunculate scalesia ( Scalesia pedunculata ), up to 20 meters high, forming real forests in the Galapagos Islands . Even higher is the brahilen merana ( Brachylaena merana ), up to 40 meters high and 1 meter thick, growing in Madagascar .
Inflorescence
The main distinguishing feature of this family is that, as the name itself shows, flowers are complex, that is, what is commonly called a flower in use, is actually a whole inflorescence of small flowers — a basket . These small flowers sit on a common bed - the extended end of a pedicel , which has a flat, concave or convex surface and is surrounded by a common wrapper , a common cup consisting of one or more rows of bracts (small leaves located on a pedicel) - something like a basket is obtained. Individual flowers are usually very small, sometimes quite small, only 2-3 mm long. They consist of the lower ovary, single-knotted and single-seeded, at the top of which is attached a stern - rimmed corolla . At its base there is usually a series of hairs or bristles, a few teeth or a membranous border. These formations correspond to a rudimentary cup.
The corolla is sterno-lepidous, it is very different in shape, but two most common types are distinguished: tubular , with the correct five-pronged limb, and incorrect, so-called reed , with all five of its lobes growing together in one plate, bent in one direction. The other three common types are double - lipped , mock-tongued, and funnel-shaped flowers. There are five stamens of all the Astrovs, with rare exceptions; they grow with their threads to the corolla tube, and the anthers grow together into one hollow tube surrounding the column, which ends with a two-part stigma of a different device. Gynetsy is a pseudomonocarpal, fused together from two carpels forming the lower single-nodule with a single ovule.
In many plants of the described family, the heads consist only of tubular flowers, such as, for example, cornflowers , burdock , wolf , artichoke . Others, like dandelion , trestle ( scoroner ), lettuce , chicory and others, have all reed flowers. Finally, in the third, each head has flowers of both types: reed around the circumference, and tubular in the center (for example, in sunflower , aster , dahlia , marigold , marigold , chamomile ).
We can also mention the third type of corolla - two - lipped , in which the three corolla lobes are directed in one direction, and the other two in the other.
The size of the inflorescence is usually small, up to several centimeters in diameter; and only in some species it reaches 10-15 cm in diameter, and in cultivated sunflower, which has the largest inflorescence in the family, can reach up to 60 cm. At the same time, in some species of wormwood, the height and width of the inflorescence does not exceed 2-4 mm .
Flower formula : [4] .
Leaves
The leaf distribution in the Compositae, as a rule, is alternate, rarely opposite. Their size, shape, and degree of dismemberment varies greatly among species; the length varies from a few millimeters in the leafless baccharis ( Baccharis aphylla ) to 2 m in butterbur Japanese ( Petasites japonicus ).
Root
Most species have a well-developed taproot. Often the root is tuber-like thickened, such as, for example, in burdocks ( Arctium ). Many species of the family develop contractile (i.e., retractable) roots; in plants with a rosette, they often provide a close fit of the rosettes to the ground. Endocorhiza (mushroom root) is found in many hard-to-color ones.
Fruit
The fruit of the Compositae is a achene , that is, a single-nodule, a non-cracking nutlet with a leathery or woody shell. At the same time, those hairs or bristles that surrounded the base of the corolla turn into a tuft, which serves as a parachute and allows the seeds to spread far down the wind ( anemochora ). In other species, at the end of a achene, two or three spines develop with teeth facing backwards (as in a train ). Through these spines, seeds are attached to animal hair or human clothing and are thus spread over a far distance ( zoo choria ). Comparatively, few species of the Compositae do not have any special devices for distributing fruits. Seeds of Compositae are always without protein , with very oily cotyledons .
Pollination
Pollinating Compositae, usually produced by insects . Anthers crack with longitudinal slits opening inside the anther tube. At this time, the column is hidden even inside the rim, reaching its tip only the base of the anthers. Then it begins to lengthen rapidly and with its upper end, or with special hairs dressing it, like a ramrod , it cleans the entire inner surface of the anther tube and takes all the pollen out. Here, the pollen sticks to the legs of insects visiting the flowers and is spread by them to other heads. In some species, this process is facilitated by the still strong irritability of the staminate filaments, such as the cornflower, thistle species, etc. When an insect, trying to penetrate to the nectar hiding at the bottom of the corolla tube, touches its trunk to the stamens, they are greatly reduced; In this way, the anther tube itself quickly moves towards the end of the column, which carries the pollen out. Very few species of Compositae are pollinated by the wind .
Spread
Composites are distributed throughout the globe, but they play a particularly important role in North America . Also in Central Asia and throughout southern Europe, they live in significant numbers, but towards the north, the number of their species decreases significantly.
Economic value
Edible
Many species of Compositae belong to important cultivated plants. Among them, the first place is occupied by the annual sunflower , originally from Mexico , which is distinguished by the largest heads of the whole hardwood family (sometimes up to 50 cm in diameter). Also cultivated sunflower tuberiferous (Jerusalem artichoke, earthen pear), chicory , artichoke , lettuce , stevia , etc.
Decorative
In the flower beds grow dahlias , asters , daisies , zinnias , coreopsis , marigolds , marigolds and others.
Medical
For medical purposes, they use wormwood , tarragon , yarrow , some species of chamomile , arnica , a tripartite train , milk thistle , etc.
Production
Serpuha dyeing juices , chamomile dyeing were previously widely used for the manufacture of yellow and green paints [5] .
Weed Plants
Among the dangerous weeds can distinguish plants from the genus Ambrosia ( Ambrosia ), causing allergic hay fever . Ambrosia originates from America , but has spread widely around the world, including in Russia, five species out of 30. We can also include the Galinsoga small-flowered ( Galinsoga parviflora ), weedy cyclochaeus ( Cyclachaena xanthiifolia ), some species ( Bidens). ) and etc.
Classification
| A complete list of genera of the Astrovye family presented on page Childbirth of the Astrovie family |
The Aster family includes the two largest subfamilies , the Aster ( Asteroideae ) and the Lettuce, or Chicorye, or Molokan ( Lactucoideae, or Cichorioideae ) [6] .
Other names of these subfamilies are sometimes found in the literature - Trubtsvetnye ( lat. Tubuliflorae ) and Reed ( lat. Liguliflorae ), respectively . This name of the subfamily Astrovye is due to the fact that its representatives mostly have tubular flowers, and the marginal flowers are usually false-tongued. The representatives of the subfamily Latkovye all reed flowers.
Most of the genera and species of the Astrovye family belong to the Astrovye subfamily, that is, more than a thousand genera and more than twenty thousand species - the second subfamily, Latukovy , includes less than a hundred genera and about two thousand species.
Currently, the subfamily Latukovy ( Lactucoideae ) is recognized as paraphyletic and, in most modern systems, has been divided into several smaller groups. The phylogenetic tree presented below is based on data from Panero and Funk (2002), as well as the APG III system [7] .
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It should be noted that the four subfamilies Asterovye ( Asteroideae ), Cichorioideae , Carduoideae and Mutisioideae make up 99% of the species diversity of the entire family (about 70%, 14%, 11% and 3% of species, respectively).
Notes
- ↑ About the conditionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a higher taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section “APG Systems” of the article “Dicotyledons” .
- ↑ See the GRIN link on the plant card.
- ↑ Compositae family statistics (English) . The Plant List. The appeal date is August 27, 2014. Archived on February 14, 2012.
- ↑ Mirkin, B. М., Naumova, L. G., Muldashev, A. A. Higher plants: a short course in systematics with the basics of the science of vegetation: Textbook. - 2nd, pererab. - M .: Logos, 2002. - 256 p. - 3000 copies - ISBN 5-94010-041-4 .
- ↑ Serpukh - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- ↑ According to the modern classification system, which takes into account the data of phylogenetic analysis, the Astrovye family is divided not into two, but approximately into twelve families, but the overwhelming majority of genera and species are included in the above two subfamilies.
- ↑ Astrovye (eng.) : Information on the website APWeb (Retrieved April 20, 2010) .
Literature
- Kirpichnikov M. E. The Asteraceae Family (Asteraceae, or Compositae) // Life of Plants. In 6 t. V. 5. Part 2. Flowering plants / Ed. A.L. Tahtajyan . - M .: Education, 1981. - P. 462-476.
- Khrzhanovsky VG The course of general botany. Part 2. Systematics of plants: A textbook for agricultural universities. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. - M .: Higher. school, 1982. - p. 439-450.
- Kabanov A.V. Features of the formation of the collection of late blooming representatives of the Aster family in the GBS RAS // Tsvetovodostvo: history, theory, practice: Materials of the VII International Scientific Conference. - Minsk: Konfido, 2016.
Links
- Composites / / The Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.