Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov ( Chech. KadirgKeran Akhmad-Khazhin Ramzan ; b. October 5, 1976 , Tsentaroy (Tsentoroy), Kurchaloy District , Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , RSFSR , USSR ) - Russian state and political activist [3] .
Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chech. Kadirgkueran Ahmad-Khazhin Ramzan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The president | Dmitry Medvedev Vladimir Putin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | post reinstated ; he himself as President of Chechnya | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Predecessor | Ali Alkhanov | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | post abolished ; he himself as the Head of the Chechen Republic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Predecessor | Sergey Abramov | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | Odes Baysultanov | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Birth | October 5, 1976 (42 years) Tsentaroy , Kurchaloevsky district , Chechen-Ingush ASSR , RSFSR , USSR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Father | Akhmat Abdulkhamidovich Kadyrov | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mother | Aymani Nesievna Kadyrova | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse | Medni Musayevna Kadyrova | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | sons: Ahmad, Adam, Zelimkhan and Abdullah daughters: Aishat, Karina, Khedi, Tabarik, Ashura and Ayshat | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The consignment | United Russia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Education | Makhachkala Institute of Business and Law [2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Academic degree | Doctor of Economic Sciences | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Religion | Islam , Sunni , Sufism , Qadiri | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Autograph | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Awards | Confessional Awards: Other regalia: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Site | ramzan-kadyrov.ru | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Affiliation | Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rank | major general | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Head of the Chechen Republic from February 15, 2007 (from March 25 to October 5, 2016 as interim Head of the Chechen Republic; from 2007–2011 as President of the Chechen Republic) [3] , Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic (March 2006 - February 2007) [3] , member of the bureau of the Supreme Council of the United Russia party [1] , Hero of the Russian Federation ( 2004 ) [3] . The son of the first president of the Chechen Republic in the Russian Federation Akhmat Kadyrov [3] .
During the First Chechen War, Ramzan Kadyrov participated in hostilities against federal troops, during the Second Chechen War, he went over to the side of the federal government. During the presidency of Akhmat Kadyrov, Ramzan held the position of head of the security service of the president of the Chechen Republic. In 2005-2007 he was the chairman of the government of the Chechen Republic. Police Major General (2009) [1] .
The achievements of Kadyrov include the establishment of peace in the republic and the restoration of Grozny destroyed during the war. However, he is accused of establishing a dictatorial regime, massive violations of human rights and corruption [4] [5] [6] .
Content
Biography
Youth
Ramzan Kadyrov was born on October 5, 1976 in the village of Tsentaroy (then the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ).
He was the second son in the family of Akhmat Kadyrov (1951–2004) and Aymani Kadyrova (born in 1953) [7] and the youngest child — he had an older brother Zelimkhan (1974 - May 31, 2004 [7] ) and there are older sisters Zargan (born in 1971) and Zulai (born in 1972). The Kadyrovs belong to one of the largest Chechen tapes, Benoy [8] . Religiously, the Kadyrovs are confessors of the wyrd of Sheikh Kunta-Khadzhi , attributed to the Qadiri branch of Sufi Islam , which has been the seat of the highest clergy of Chechnya since 1992 .
In 1992, Ramzan graduated from secondary school in his native village [1] [9] .
During the First Chechen War, together with his father, he was in the ranks of the Chechen separatists and fought against the Russian Armed Forces [1] .
After the First Chechen War, since 1996, he worked as an assistant and personal bodyguard of his father - Mufti of Ichkeria Akhmat-Khadzhi Kadyrov [1] [9] [10] [11] , while one of the leaders of the separatist and anti-Russian movement in Chechnya , who announced Russia Jihad .
The beginning of public service in the Russian Federation
In the fall of 1999, Ramzan, together with his father, who had opposed the influence of Wahhabism , which had grown since 1996, went over to the side of the federal authorities. Since 2000, when Akhmat Kadyrov became the head of the temporary administration, he headed the father’s security service, forming it from personally loyal fighters [12] .
In 2000–2002 , he was an inspector of communications and special equipment of the headquarters of a separate police company at the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, whose functions included guarding the buildings of state bodies and ensuring the security of top leaders of the Chechen Republic. From May 2002 to February 2004 - the commander of a platoon of this company [1] [10] . In 2003 , after his father was elected president of Chechnya, Ramzan became head of the presidential security service [1] [9] . According to official statistics, from 2000 to 2003, Ramzan Kadyrov had five assassinations [1] .
Responsible for conducting special operations [9] . Conducted negotiations with members of illegal armed groups (IAF) on their transition to the federal government [1] [9] . Most of the militants who surrendered were enlisted in the security service of the President of the Chechen Republic; as a result, by the end of 2003, the former militants were the overwhelming majority of the “Kadyrovtsy” [1] .
In 2003-2004 , he served as Assistant Minister of the Interior of Chechnya [1] [9] [10] . He was a member of the State Council of the Chechen Republic from the Gudermes district [9] .
May 10, 2004, the day after the death of his father , was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic [9] [10] . He oversaw the power unit [1] . The State Council and the government of Chechnya appealed to Russian President Vladimir Putin with a request to change the law so that Kadyrov could register as a candidate for the post of President of Chechnya (according to the Constitution of the republic, Kadyrov was 28) [9] . However, Putin did not change the law [1] .
After being appointed deputy prime minister, Kadyrov announced his intention to achieve peace in Chechnya [1] . He promised to personally eliminate terrorist Shamil Basayev [1] .
In September 2004, Kadyrov, with members of his security service and police officers of the Chechen regiment of the PPS, surrounded a large (estimated at about 100 people) detachment of the so-called. Aslan Maskhadov's "guardsmen," led by his personal security chief, Ahmad Avdorkhanov, between the villages of Alleroy of the Kurchaloyevsky district and Meskheta Nozhai-Yurtovsky (before Avdorkhanov entered Alleroy and killed several residents who had collaborated with the federal authorities). In the course of the battle that lasted for several days, according to Kadyrov, 23 militants were killed, while Kadyrov killed 2 militiamen and 18 were wounded. Avdorkhanov left, Kadyrov claimed that he was seriously wounded [13] . [14] [15]
From the second half of October 2004 - Advisor to the Presidential Plenipotentiary in the Southern Federal District Dmitry Kozak on interaction with the security forces of the federal district [1] [9] [10] . Since November 2004 - Head of the Compensation Payments Committee [1] .
Chechen Prime Minister (2005–2007)
On November 18, 2005, the Chechen Prime Minister Sergey Abramov was involved in a car accident and was seriously injured, and on the same day, Chechen President Ali Alkhanov appointed Ramzan Kadyrov as Acting Prime Minister of the republic [16] .
From January 2006, he became chairman of a government commission to curb drug trafficking in the Chechen Republic. From February 9, 2006 - Secretary of the regional branch of the party " United Russia " [9] .
On February 28, 2006, Abramov, still undergoing treatment, resigned from his post as prime minister. On March 4, 2006, Ali Alkhanov proposed the candidature of Ramzan Kadyrov to the People’s Assembly of Chechnya for the post of chairman of the republic’s government, which was unanimously approved. On the same day, Alkhanov signed a decree appointing Kadyrov [1] . Commenting on the candidature, the chairman of the National Assembly, Dukuvakha Abdurakhmanov, said that Kadyrov “proved his ability to manage the economy, and not just the security forces. <...> in just a few months, as many objects were commissioned in the republic as the Federal Directorate’s enterprise, which was involved in construction and restoration work in Chechnya, did not donate in five years, “mosques, sports complexes, hospitals are being built” [11] . After Kadyrov was appointed prime minister, massive construction continued in Grozny and other cities. By the 30th anniversary of Ramzan Kadyrov in October of the same year, the Akhmat Kadyrov Avenue in the city center and the restored airport were opened in Grozny [17] [18] .
In the spring of 2006, a conflict unfolded between Kadyrov and Alkhanov: the prime minister claimed full authority in the republic, and in October he would have turned thirty years old, which would allow him to take the presidency [12] [19] . On the side of Alkhanov were some of the leaders of the combat units subordinate to the federal forces who did not want to increase Kadyrov’s influence: the commander of the Vostok battalion of the 291st motorized rifle regiment of the 42nd Guards motorized rifle division of the GRU Sulim Yamadaev , the commander of the Highlander detachment during the operational coordination FSB Department for the North Caucasus Movladi Baysarov and the commander of the “ West ” battalion of the GRU Said-Magomed Kakiyev [8] [19] .
In April, there was a shootout between the guards of the president and the prime minister, which resulted in a meeting between Kadyrov and Alkhanov with Vladimir Putin. In May, the Ministry of National Politics, Press and Information of Chechnya distributed a survey questionnaire in the republic, three of whose seven questions, according to observers, amounted to confronting the two highest officials [20] . In August, allegedly at the initiative of Kadyrov, deputies of the upper chamber of the Chechen parliament refused to approve the candidate proposed by Alkhanov for the post of chairman of the Chechen Supreme Court A. Elmurzaev [21] . In February 2007, representatives of two politicians made controversial statements about the fate of Security Council Secretary Hermann Vokk’s confidant to Alkhanov: According to Kadyrov’s representatives, Vok was dismissed, according to Alkhanov’s entourage and Vokk himself, just went on vacation. Alkhanov and Kadyrov exchanged loud statements in the press: for example, Kadyrov said that Alkhanov’s team “had long been time to disperse” [22] .
At the head of the republic
On February 15, 2007, Alkhanov resigned, which was accepted by President Vladimir Putin. At the same time, Putin signed a decree appointing Ramzan Kadyrov as interim president of Chechnya [23] . On March 1, Putin proposed Kadyrov’s candidacy to the Chechen parliament, informing Kadyrov of this at a meeting in Novo-Ogaryovo [24] . On March 2, 56 of the 58 deputies of both chambers of the Chechen parliament supported his candidacy [25] . On April 5, the inauguration ceremony of Ramzan Kadyrov as President of the Chechen Republic was held in Gudermes, where former Prime Minister of Chechnya Sergey Abramov, heads of several regions of the Southern Federal District, President of the Republic of Abkhazia Sergey Bagapsh attended. [26]
After Kadyrov assumed the presidency, the situation in the republic stabilized compared to previous years, although reports of human rights violations in Chechnya continued to be received, and now they have been accused of Kadyrov himself [27] . According to the Chechen Anti-Terrorism Commission, which was headed by Kadyrov, in 2007 the number of terrorist attacks in the republic decreased by 72.5% [28] . Memorial recorded in 2006 in Chechnya 187 kidnappings, of which 11 cases resulted in the death of the victim and 63 in the disappearance, and in 2007, 35, 1 and 9, respectively [29] . In April 2008, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Thomas Hammarberg, noted that in Chechnya "a lot has changed in the field of human rights in a positive direction" and, in general, the restoration of the republic "is real, not declarative" [30] . At the same time, according to Memorial and the Human Rights Watch, Kadyrov, for example, introduced the practice of collective punishment when houses were burned at the hands of their relatives in retaliation for going into the woods [29] . Continuing the policy of his father, Kadyrov persuaded many former separatists (both ordinary militants and well-known public figures) to go over to the Chechen authorities [31] . In the first months of his rule, Kadyrov obtained from the federal leadership the replacement of the head of the ORB-2 (operational-search bureau No. 2 of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for Combating Organized Crime in the Southern Federal District). Before that, both Kadyrov and human rights activists accused ORB-2 of mass torture and fabrication of criminal cases [32] [33] .
The period of Kadyrov’s rule was marked by large-scale construction and rehabilitation of the infrastructure of Chechnya, which became possible mainly due to subsidies from the federal budget [34] [5] . Thus, in 2008, Sergei Naryshkin , the head of the presidential administration of Russia, announced the allocation of 120 billion rubles to finance a targeted program of local authorities [35] . According to the Ministry of Finance, which the New York Times reported in 2011, more than 90% of the republican budget came from Moscow [36] . In 2015, the revenue side of the Chechen budget is 57 billion rubles, with more than 20 billion rubles to be received in the form of subsidies from the federal government [37] . Another source of funds was the regional public foundation named after Hero of Russia Akhmat Kadyrov founded by Ramzan Kadyrov in 2004 through which various charitable projects and construction programs are financed. According to the politician himself, the foundation is donated primarily by “former friends of Akhmat Kadyrov” and Chechen businessmen living outside the republic [38] . Also, public servants and employees of the public sector of Chechnya make wage deductions to the fund (forcibly according to numerous testimonies) [39] [37] . The Akhmat Kadyrov Foundation is a co-owner of many real estate objects in the republic [37] .
Another feature of Kadyrov’s rule was the Islamization of the republic [40] . Kadyrov often spoke in support of sharia law or its individual rules [41] [42] . The Kadyrov presidency in Grozny opened the Heart of Chechnya mosque, the Russian Islamic University, schools of hafiz , and the clinic of Islamic medicine [43] . He himself regularly demonstrates deep religiosity in the media [44] . Kadyrov supports Sufi -style Islam, traditional for Chechnya, and its active dissemination has become one of Kadyrov's ways of fighting Islamic radicalism ( Salafism ) [45] [46] .
In October 2007, Kadyrov topped the regional list of United Russia in the Chechen Republic in the elections to the State Duma of the fifth convocation . Subsequently, he refused the deputy mandate. The turnout exceeded 99%, and United Russia received more than 99% of the vote. At the same time, a referendum was held in the republic, which resulted in a change in the structure of the republican parliament (instead of two chambers left alone) and the replacement of the direct election of the president of Chechnya for the approval of his candidacy by parliament [47] . In the 2011 Duma elections, Kadyrov again headed the list of United Russia, which received more than 99% of the vote [48] . Elections in Chechnya under Kadyrov are distinguished by an extremely high turnout and unconditional victories of candidates of the “party of power”; their results are called completely falsified. At the same time, independent observers do not conduct activities in Chechnya, citing security concerns [49] [50] . In 2012, in the presidential election, Vladimir Putin received 99.73% of the vote, with a turnout of 99.59% [51] .
In April 2008, a conflict broke out between the guards of the Kadyrov motorcade and the soldiers of the Vostok battalion, which was personally suppressed by the president of the republic. On April 15, secret services controlled by Kadyrov blocked the base of Vostok in Gudermes, two soldiers of the battalion were shot dead during the arrest, and the family house of the Yamadayev brothers was searched. Ramzan Kadyrov publicly accused Sulim Yamadayev of murder and abduction, including the death of civilians during the sweep operation in the village of Borozdinovskaya in 2005 [52] [53] . In May, the command dismissed Yamadayev [54] . In November, the RF Ministry of Defense disbanded the East and West battalions, thus eliminating the last disloyal units to Kadyrov, staffed by Chechens [55] [56] .
On October 23, 2009, the assassination attempt on Kadyrov with the participation of a militant suicide bomber was prevented. The gunman was killed while trying to get closer to the venue for the opening ceremony of the memorial complex, where Kadyrov and State Duma deputy Adam Delimkhanov were located . Later, the identity of the militant was established, it turned out to be a native of the city of Urus-Martan Beslan Bashtaev [57] .
On November 10, 2009, President D. Medvedev of the Russian Federation , by Decree No. 1259, conferred upon Kadyrov the rank of Major General of the Police [58] [59] .
On August 12, 2010, Kadyrov sent an official letter to the Parliament of the Chechen Republic asking for a change in the name of the highest official of the Chechen Republic. Kadyrov explained his position by saying that “there should be only one president in a single state, and in the subjects the top officials may be called heads of republics, heads of administrations, governors, etc.” [60] .
In October 2010, in an interview with the American magazine Newsweek, Kadyrov said: “I want Putin to be president for life. I love him, as a man can love a man. Those who criticize him are not people, they are my personal enemies. As long as Putin supports me, I can do everything - Allah Akbar! ” [61] .
On February 28, 2011, President Dmitry Medvedev submitted Kadyrov's candidacy to the Chechen parliament for approval for a second term. On March 5, Kadyrov was unanimously approved in office [62] . On April 5, 2011, he officially took office as head of the Chechen Republic for a second term [63] .
In August — September 2012, Kadyrov and Ingushetia’s President Yunus-Bek Yevkurov had a dispute over the administrative border between the republics. Kadyrov stated the need to revise the borders of the Sunzhensky district of Chechnya . As a result, the plenipotentiary envoy of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District Alexander Khloponin [64] suppressed the dispute.
In 2014, Kadyrov often made loud statements about the annexation of the Crimea to Russia and the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine . According to Kadyrov, he, through the Chechen diaspora in Ukraine, negotiated the release of LifeNews journalists Marat Saychenko and Oleg Sidyakin, detained by Ukrainian security forces, which resulted in the return of journalists to Russia [65] [66] . There is evidence that the participation of well-equipped Chechen detachments on the rebel side is Kadyrov’s personal initiative [6] . At the same time, although the head of the Chechen Republic repeatedly recognized that many Chechens were fighting in the east of Ukraine, but he always indicated that they were volunteers and not regular units [66] . On July 26, 2014, for supporting the actions of separatists, Kadyrov was included in the list of persons against whom the European Union applied sanctions in the form of a ban on entry and freezing of assets [67] . On December 6, 2014, the Security Service of Ukraine opened criminal proceedings against Kadyrov “on the fact of terrorist threats against people's deputies of Ukraine” Yuri Bereza , Andrei Levus and Igor Mosiychuk after Kadyrov ordered to deliver them to Chechnya (previously, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation instituted against three deputies of the criminal case after their approving statements about the attack of militants on Grozny on December 4, 2014 ) [68] [69] . In September 2015, included in the sanctions list of Ukraine [70] .
In January 2015, after the terrorist attack on the editorial office of the Charlie Hebdo newspaper in Paris, Kadyrov responded to Mikhail Khodorkovsky’s call to not leave a single “publication without a caricature of the prophet” with a message in his Instagram account in which he called Khodorkovsky “the enemy of all Muslims in the world” that in Switzerland there are people who "will call a fugitive felon to account". After Khodorkovsky’s statement, Ekho Moskvy radio station posted a poll on the site about whether to publish caricatures of Mohammed in response to the terrorist attack in Paris, in which two thirds of those who voted answered what was needed. Kadyrov made a statement that the chief editor of the radio station, Alexei Venediktov, "turned Ekho Moskvy" into the main anti-Islamic mouthpiece, and the authorities should call the station to order, otherwise "there will be those who will call Venediktov to answer." Venediktov and a number of commentators regarded these statements as unambiguous, albeit carefully formulated threats [71] [72] . On January 19, in Grozny, on the initiative of Kadyrov, a rally "Love for the Prophet Muhammad and a protest against caricatures" was held. According to various estimates, several hundred thousand people took part in it, and a public holiday was unofficially announced in the republic. Kadyrov himself spoke at the meeting [73] [74] .
On January 22, 2016, a rally was held in Grozny in support of Kadyrov and against the “non-systemic opposition” under the slogan “In Unity is Our Power”. The rally was organized by the Union of Trade Unions of the Chechen Republic. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic, 1 million people took part in the rally [75] . The idea of holding a rally was born after Kadyrov’s statements about oppositionists, whom he called to treat as “enemies of the people” [76] . Before that, 60 slogans were sent on the Internet for mandatory use at the rally [77] . The slogans mainly showed support for the head of Chechnya, and also represented rhymed couplets against various members of the opposition [78] .
On January 31, 2016, Ramzan Kadyrov posted a video on his Instagram page, in which opposition figures Mikhail Kasyanov and Vladimir Kara-Murza are depicted at the crosshair with the caption "Who does not understand, he will understand." The original video, a fragment of which was used in the message of the head of Chechnya, was published on January 26 on LifeNews with the heading “Kasyanov came to Strasbourg for money for the Russian opposition” and was devoted to the trip of the Chairman of PARNAS to Strasbourg [79] . Party co-chairman Mikhail Kasyanov called Kadyrov's post on Instagram “a direct threat of murder,” Kara-Murza described it as “incitement to kill”. In response, Kadyrov offered the opposition to sue him, while calling the behavior of his opponents "hysterical" [80] . On March 13, Kasyanov reported that the FSB refused to satisfy his statement demanding to initiate a criminal case on the incident, adding that “such a response from the FSB means that the head of the special services and all other security agencies President Vladimir Putin approves of these methods of political struggle with me and the PARNAS Democratic Coalition ” [81] [ significance of fact? ] .
On March 25, 2016, in connection with the expiration of his term of office, President Vladimir Putin appointed Kadyrov as Acting Head of the Chechen Republic [82] . In the regular elections of September 18, 2016, Kadyrov won, according to official data, with 97.56% of the vote, with a turnout of 94.8% [83] .
Characteristic of the board
A key influence on Ramzan Kadyrov’s career was supported by Vladimir Putin [84] [85] . In public statements, Kadyrov repeatedly expressed personal loyalty to Putin, admired his activities and called him “the savior of the Chechen people” [5] [12] [86] . Putin publicly supports Kadyrov and refrains from direct criticism of him [87] .
Ramzan Kadyrov continued the policy that, in coordination with Putin, his father led and the central point of which was the transfer of power in the republic to Chechen leaders loyal to Russia. Alexander Golts called it “ Chechenization ” and compared it with the policy of Baryatinsky during the Caucasian War [88] . Political analyst Sergei Markov spoke of a “big political treaty”, under the terms of which “Kadyrov’s team, its leader, have full power in Chechnya to fulfill the most important political tasks” [89] . A number of critics spoke of Chechnya as a territory where “Russian laws do not apply” [90] [91] . Political scientist Emil Pain described the Chechen Republic under Kadyrov as an independent theocratic state, declaring Russia's loyalty, but in reality ready for open confrontation [92] . On February 23, 2016, the Deputy Chairman of the National Freedom Party, Ilya Yashin, presented the report on Kadyrov entitled “Threat to national security”, in which he described the regime in Chechnya as a “quasi-Islamic state”. According to Yashin, Kadyrov’s interests at the federal level are lobbied by Vladislav Surkov and Viktor Zolotov [93] [94] .
A number of political scientists and journalists claim there is a Kadyrov personality cult in Chechnya. Among them, for example, Sergey Markedonov [95] , Pavel Sheremet [96] and Christopher Chivers [84] . The allegation of Kadyrov’s personality cult was contained in the report of Dick Marty on human rights violations in the North Caucasus at the PACE session, but after discussions with the Russian side in the final resolution 1738 of June 22, 2010, it was replaced with “excessive personalization of power” [97] ] [99] . The President of Chechnya can personally deal with the resolution of the smallest problems that residents of the republic complain of [87] . According to Sergey Markov, Kadyrov is a recognized leader in Chechnya, enjoying unquestioned authority among the population [89] . Journalist Gregory Shvedov described Kadyrov’s rule as based on three pillars — propaganda, fear, and real popularity [87] .
Ramzan Kadyrov has repeatedly called his successor as president of the republic, “right hand” and “closest friend” Adam Delimkhanov , deputy chairman of the government of Chechnya in 2006–2007 and deputy of the State Duma since 2007 [87] [96] [100] . Another closest ally of Kadyrov is the chairman of the Chechen parliament, earlier the head of Kadyrov’s administration, Magomed Daudov , who is considered “the second most influential person in Chechnya” [96] [101] .
The units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Chechen Republic are often viewed as Kadyrov’s “personal army”, only formally subordinate to the Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs [102] [103] (this situation is unique for Russia, since by law the security forces are subordinated to the federal authorities, not the heads of the subjects of the federation [ 104] [105] ). In December 2014, about 20,000 Chechen police officers wrote reports that “they are ready to fulfill any order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief - President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia V.A. Kolokoltsev and Head of the Chechen Republic Hero of Russia R. A. Kadyrov for the protection of the interests of the Russian Federation anywhere in the world ” [105] . Conflicts arose between employees of the Chechen and federal special services, since Chechens from Kadyrov’s entourage — persons involved in some high-profile murder cases — could live in the republic openly without fear of detention [102] [106] . In April 2015, at a meeting of the Chechen security officials, Kadyrov, commenting on the special operation of the Stavropol Regional Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Grozny, stated that when such operations take place without the knowledge of the Chechen authorities, local security officials should open fire. Kadyrov's words provoked outrage at the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Investigative Committee [102] [104] .
Jonathan Littell , in general, assessing the Islamization of the republic under Kadyrov negatively, paid tribute to the fact that Kadyrov was able to stop the hostility of Sufi groups ( tariqats and wyrd): Kadyrov issued a decree according to which the mosque was not ruled by any one of the wyrd, and every day was provided to imams various large wyrd [107] . The religious factor as an important component of Kadyrov’s policy was noted by political scientist Alexey Malashenko : “Kadyrov uses religion as a political lever to increase his own authority” [46] . Liz Fuller ( Radio Liberty ) describes the religious model established in Chechnya as a hybrid formed by selectively borrowing elements of Sufism and traditional Sunni Islam, ultimately contradicting the essence of Sufism [108] . One of the consequences of Kadyrov's Islamization is called the downgraded position of women in Chechnya, who are obliged to follow the most stringent Sharia norms, otherwise risking obstruction or violence [109] [40] . Kadyrov himself spoke favorably of honor killings [90] . Human rights activists view some of the innovations established by Kadyrov's orders as “reinvented traditions”, which in reality did not exist in the Sharia, but were consecrated by reference to it in order to justify, for example, oppression of women [110] .
According to a survey conducted in early 2015 by Levada Center , about 55% of Russians had confidence in Kadyrov. Thus, the number of Russians expressing confidence in him increased by 22% compared with 2006. About 33% of respondents noted that Kadyrov’s activities contributed to the complete pacification and the establishment of a peaceful life in the North Caucasus [111] [112] .
Criticism
Human rights activists accuse Kadyrov of systematic violations of human rights , primarily in extrajudicial killings (see below), torture and abductions [4] [113] . The perpetrators of these crimes are called “ Kadyrovtsy ” - former militants who formed Akhmat Kadyrov’s personal guards and gradually received official status by joining the republic’s law enforcement forces [114] [115] [116] . Some critics claimed that Kadyrov was personally involved in torture and murder [117] [118] . Kadyrov denies these accusations and reproaches human rights defenders for bias and work in the interests of foreign sponsors [119] [120] .
According to Memorial, in 2006–2007, several dozen officers of Kadyrov-controlled security forces were convicted of fabricating terrorism cases when, under the pretext of eliminating militants, innocent people were massacred [121] . In her last public speech on October 5, 2006, Anna Politkovskaya told about a similar practice, in her words, in 2004 in Alleroi Kadyrov showed journalists the bodies of not civilians of Avdorkhanov , but civilians [122] .
Kadyrov is accused of introducing the practice of collective responsibility : for the actions of the militants, their relatives could be punished for burning their houses [29] [123] . Kadyrov’s statement after the militant attack on Grozny in December 2014 was widely known: “ I officially declare that the end of the time had come when they said that parents were not responsible for the actions of their sons or daughters. They will answer in Chechnya! ... If a militant in Chechnya kills a police officer or another person, the militant’s family will be immediately expelled from Chechnya without the right to return, and the house will be demolished along with the foundation . ” On the night of December 7, masked men burned down the houses of the relatives of several attackers [123] [124] . In May 2016, human rights activists estimated the number of homes of militants' relatives burned by unknown persons to be several dozen [125] .
In 2003, in Chechnya, he was detained by unidentified men in camouflage and taken to Tsentoroi Ibragim Garciev, the guard of Chechen presidential candidate businessman Malik Saydullaev. According to Garciev, his rival Kadyrov and his people were involved in this. Saydulayev was assassinated several times in which he accused " Kadyrovtsy ". The Supreme Court of the Chechen Republic has canceled its registration as a presidential candidate [126] [127] [128] [129] .
Secret prisons
Human rights activists have repeatedly accused Kadyrov of creating private prisons. In May 2006, the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights prepared a report on secret prisons, which was sent to Dick Marty , the rapporteur of the PACE Legal and Human Rights Commission . In November 2006, Human Rights Watch published a memorandum for the 37th session of the UN Committee against Torture on the use of torture in Chechnya, including in secret prisons. According to these documents, in Chechnya there were at least a dozen secret prisons that were managed by “Kadyrovtsy”, including two prisons in the tribal village of Kadyrov in Tsentoroy . Prisons were used to torture detainees in order to obtain information or intimidation and to hold hostages from among the members of militant families. Thus, it was alleged that from December 2004 to May 2005, seven relatives of Aslan Maskhadov were detained in Tsentoroy [114] [130] . On May 1, 2006, a delegation of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture attempted to inspect the Center, but was detained at the entrance to the village. The next day she was admitted to the village, and the leadership of the republic explained what had happened with a misunderstanding. However, in the opinion of human rights activists, this gave Kadyrov time to trace traces [114] [131] .
According to a report by the Memorial Human Rights Center, women in the Chechen Republic are deprived of their rights, their human rights are grossly violated, resistance to violence is brutally suppressed and punished, and there are no government structures that could protect women from arbitrary rule and domestic violence. The report gives “an example of the terrible fate of two Chechen women, which has already become public.” The case in point is the abduction of Zulikhan Chatayayeva, a teacher of elementary classes at school No. 60 in Grozny. According to her father’s police, on 12/21/2010 she was abducted by unknown persons. During the first three days after the abduction of Zulikhan Chatayeva, several SMS messages came from her phone, in one of which she wrote that she would be held until her friend, singer Kheda Khamzatova, contacted her. However, for 14 days, according to Moussa Chataeva, no specific actions to search for Zulikhan were taken. The reason for such inaction was the interest shown by the head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, to Khede Khamzatova. Kheda, a girl of wondrous beauty, was one of the winners of the song contest. Upon learning that his passion had fled with his friend, an ethnic Armenian, Kadyrov demanded her return. To determine the location of the position, Kheda took Zulikhan. Khedu was found in Turkey, Kadyrov sent a plane with her relatives, who made Khedu return, otherwise danger threatened them all [132] . Speaking at a government meeting, Kadyrov made the following statement:
If those who are called singers, those who sing, if they do not behave appropriately - this is a shame. First of all to all of us! Kheda Khamzatova shouted about the same thing, who herself disgraced us. I gave her solo concerts. The best concert costs 10 million! And now what did she teach, this Kheda Khamzatova? ... Her Armenians [unprintable word] promised that she will go to Eurovision if she marries him. She went with him to [the unprintable word] Armenia and married him! We followed her to Armenia, saying that it was a shame for the Chechen women, plus the Honored Artist of the Republic to go beyond such a mob! [133] [134] [135] [136]
According to the Human Rights Watch report published on May 26, 2017, for more than ten years at the head of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov has gradually built up a regime of personal tyranny in the republic, ruthlessly eradicating the slightest manifestations of disagreement. At the same time, the federal center provided Kadyrov with almost complete freedom in terms of human rights violations and repression [137] .
Allegations of abduction and assassinations
Human rights activists and political opponents repeatedly accused Kadyrov of involvement in contract killings. A number of journalists, human rights activists and politicians who criticized Kadyrov were killed both in Russia and abroad [86] [138] [139] . The former fighter, and later Kadyrov’s guard Umar Israilov , who fled to Austria, claimed that Kadyrov has a list of three hundred personal enemies to be destroyed [84] [140] . In May 2009, in an interview with the Austrian edition of Die Presse, Kadyrov called the allegations of the "hit list" "idiocy" [140] .
- On October 7, 2006, Anna Politkovskaya , a Novaya Gazeta journalist, author of numerous critical publications about Ramzan Kadyrov and his entourage, accused Kadyrov of crimes and human rights violations in Chechnya, was shot dead in his apartment building in Moscow. Among the main versions of the crime were killing by order of Kadyrov and provocation against Kadyrov [141] [142] . Politkovskaya in an interview stated that Kadyrov threatened to kill her [143] . Kadyrov himself denied the accusations and said that, in his opinion, “those who ordered this murder, once again wanted to denigrate him” [144] . On December 14, 2012, the first conviction was handed down in the case of the murder of Politkovskaya: D. Pavlyuchenkov, the former head of the operational search division of the Moscow police department, was sentenced to 11 years in prison; the killing customer has not been established at this point [142] [145] .
- On November 18, 2006, in Moscow, the Chechen Interior Ministry officers shot dead FSB Lieutenant Colonel Movladi Baisarov when he was getting out of his car; five days earlier, the Chechen Interior Ministry had put him on a federal wanted list on charges of abduction and murder. Earlier in Chechnya, Baysarov commanded the Highlander special squad, which was controlled not by the Chechen authorities, but by the operational coordination department of the FSB in the North Caucasus (and after the disbandment of the administration existed in an illegal situation), and had hostility with Kadyrov. Before his death, he allegedly was going to give evidence to the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office in his case and against his political opponents. According to the statements of the Chechen security officials, they were forced to shoot, as Baysarov was preparing to blow up a grenade. Supporters of Baysarov and a number of journalists viewed the incident as a planned murder [146] [147] [148] . On November 29, the prosecutor's office of the Southern District of Moscow stopped the criminal case, concluding that Chechen police officers acted lawfully [149] .
- On September 24, 2008, Ruslan Yamadayev was shot dead in the center of Moscow. The conflict with Kadyrov was called one of the main versions of what happened [139] . In 2010, the court sentenced three direct perpetrators of the crime [150] . On November 24, Sulim Yamadaev , who was on the federal wanted list at that time, in an interview with Novaya Gazeta , said that a special group had been sent from Chechnya, whose task was to eliminate it just like Baysarov. At the same time, he rejected assumptions about the involvement of Kadyrov in the murder of his brother [151] . On March 28, 2009, Sulim Yamadayev was mortally wounded in Dubai ( UAE ), where he lived recently [152] [153] . Dubai police accused of organizing the murder of Kadyrov 's closest associate, Adam Delimkhanov ; Interpol Delimkhanov announced the international search [87] [100] . The younger brother of Ruslan and Sulim Isa Yamadayev accused Kadyrov of killing and assassinating the brothers [154] and tried to revenge him, but in August 2010 he publicly announced reconciliation with the President of Chechnya [153] .
- On 13 January 2009, Israilov was killed in an attempted abduction in Vienna . On April 27, 2010, the Austrian prosecutor's office stated that Ramzan Kadyrov [155] was the customer of the abduction. In 2011, an Austrian court convicted the murder of three people, one of whom received a life sentence. According to prosecutors, the prosecution concluded that the abduction was ordered by Kadyrov, but did not have sufficient evidence to indict [156] . A spokesman for the president of Chechnya, Alvi Karimov, said Ramzan Kadyrov was not involved in the abduction [157] .
- On July 15, 2009, a human rights activist, an employee of Memorial and a journalist Natalya Estemirova was abducted in Grozny. On the same day, her body was found in a forest near the village of Gazi-Yurt in Ingushetia. Chairman of the Board of "Memorial" Oleg Orlov said: "I know who is guilty of the murder of Natasha Estemirova. We all know this person. His name is Ramzan Kadyrov, this is the president of the Chechen Republic. " Kadyrov filed a lawsuit against Orlov and Memorial, which the court upheld, obliging Memorial to publish a refutation [158] [159] .
- On February 27, 2015, co-chairman of RPR-PARNAS party Boris Nemtsov was shot dead in the center of Moscow. The murder charge was brought against several people from Ingushetia; the investigators named the investigator of the crime Zaur Dadaev , who served eleven years in the battalion of the North regiment [160] . Critics accused Ramzan Kadyrov of organizing this murder [138] or at least in obstructing the investigation: Kadyrov allegedly harbored Ruslan Geremeyev, the company commander of the same regiment he had testified of Dadaev, and did not give the investigators the opportunity to question him [161] .
Personal life and hobbies
Family
Ramzan Kadyrov is married to a fellow villager, Medni Musaevna Aydamirova (born September 7, [162] 1978), whom he met at school [12] . Medni works as a fashion designer and in October 2009 she founded the fashion house “Firdaws” in Grozny [163] , which produces Muslim clothing. They have ten children [164] : four sons - Akhmat (born November 8, 2005, named after the grandfather), Zelimkhan (born December 14, 2006), Adam (born November 24, 2007) [165] [166] and Abdullah (born October 10, 2016) [167] ; six daughters - Aishat (born December 31, 1998), Karina (born January 17, 2000), Khedi (born September 21, 2002), Tabarik (born July 13, 2004) [168] , Ashura (born December 12, 2012) [164] and Eyshat (born January 13, 2015). Two adopted sons (orphans from an orphanage) were adopted by Kadyrov in 2007 [169] .
Ramzan Kadyrov's mother, Aymani Nesievna Kadyrov, holds the post of head of the Akhmat Kadyrov Foundation (Ramzan is one of the founders of the foundation), who conducts extensive charitable activities in the republic and at the same time through companies in which the foundation is a co-founder, controls many large real estate objects in Chechnya [37] . In 2006, Aymani Kadyrov, at the request of Ramzan, adopted a 16-year-old pupil of the Grozny orphanage, Viktor Piganov (after adoption, the boy received new documents addressed to Visit Akhmatovich Kadyrov), since Ramzan was not allowed to make this age difference [170] . In 2007, Aymani, again at his request, adopted another 15-year-old adolescent [169] .
Higher education and academic degrees
In 2004 he graduated with honors from the Makhachkala Institute of Business and Law with a degree in jurisprudence [9] [10] . According to an interview with Anna Politkovskaya and Kadyrov, published in Novaya Gazeta in June 2004, he graduated from the branch of the Moscow Institute of Business in Gudermes , but found it difficult to name the topic of his diploma and the field of law that he specializes in [171] [172] .
Since 2004 - a student of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation [10] .
On January 18, 2006, "at the request of reputable scientists," because in Chechnya, "the negative phenomena that occurred in connection with the activities of illegal armed groups are overcome," Kadyrov was awarded the title of honorary member of the public organization " Russian Academy of Natural Sciences " (Rans) [1] .
On June 24, 2006 he defended a thesis for the degree of candidate of economic sciences in the Dagestan State Technical University on the topic “Optimal management of contractual relations between the main participants in the construction industry” (specialty 08.00.05 “Economics and management of national economy: economics, organization and management of enterprises, branches, complexes (construction) ”) [173] . Scientific leaders: Dr. of Sc., Professor V. B. Melekhin (Head of the Department of Computing Engineering, Faculty of Informatics and Management, DGTU) and Ph.D. Associate Professor Sh. T. Ismailov (Head of the Department of Economic Theory, DSTU). The official opponents were Professor R.M. Magomedov (Department of State and Municipal Administration of the Faculty of the Same Name) and Associate Professor L.A. Borisova (Department of Economics and Management of the MADI Makhachkala Branch) The leading scientific organization is Promstroyinvest LLC [9] [174] [175 ] .
On July 27, 2006 he was elected an honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic . In 2006, Kadyrov was also awarded the title of honorary professor at the Modern Humanitarian Academy [176] . On June 19, 2007 he was awarded the title of Honorary Professor of Chechen State University .
In 2011, he prepared a doctoral dissertation in economics on “Managing the rehabilitation and development of the construction industry of the Chechen Republic: theory, methodology, practice” (the leading scientific organization is the Ministry of Construction and Housing of the Republic of Dagestan; scientific consultants A. G. Magomedov and V. B Melekhin; official opponents S. V. Dokholyan , Yu. P. Panibratov , F. F. Sterlikov ) [177] . The defense was to be held at the DGTU on September 24, 2011 [178] . According to the official website of the head of Chechnya - candidate of economic sciences [179] .
On August 27, 2014, he became an honorary professor at the Islamic University named after Kunta-Khadzhi Kishiyev [180] .
December 26, 2015 in Dagestan State University, defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Economics on the topic "Organization and management of the investment and construction industry and the restoration of the construction industry in a region with a destroyed economy" (scientific consultants B. Kh. Aliyev and V. B. Melekhin; official opponents S. V. Dokholyan, O. V. Maksimchuk , S. V. Serov ) [181] .
Sport
Ramzan Kadyrov is a master of boxing sports and heads the Chechen Boxing Federation [10] . According to the certificate of the RIA Novosti news agency , he “until 2000 was known mainly for his sports career: he participated in many boxing competitions” [9] . Journalist Vadim Rechkalov stated: “The sportsmen of the Southern Federal District that I interviewed, including the peers of Ramzan, did not hear about the boxer Kadyrov. To get a master, you need to get to the Russian finals or beat other masters. If Ramzan had done that, the boxers would have known. ” [182]
Another hobby of Ramzan Kadyrov is racehorses . It is estimated that he owns about fifty horses held in Russia and abroad, winning and winning prizes at prestigious competitions in Russia and abroad, including, for example, the Grand All-Russian Prize (Derby) and the Melbourne Cup . Kadyrov’s accusation of human rights violations led to the removal of his horses from competition in the United States [183] [184] .
From 2004 to 2011, Kadyrov was president of the Terek football club [185] , in 2012 he became its honorary president [186] . Kadyrov heads the Ramzan sports club, which has branches in all districts of the Chechen Republic [10] .
In October 2016, the sons of Ramzan Kadyrov took part in demonstration battles according to the rules of MMA at the Grand Prix Akhmat-2016 tournament. The participation of children (aged 10, 9 and 8) in the tournament without a helmet and overlays caused discontent among the president of the Russian MMA Union Fyodor Emelyanenko [187] .
Social networks
Kadyrov is an active user of the Instagram service. He began to maintain an account in February 2013 , publishing both official and personal snapshots. Soon he had tens of thousands of subscribers, in the comments users - residents of Chechnya post complaints, job search messages [188] . In March 2013, Kadyrov created the Ministry for the Organization of Government Interaction with Civil Society, whose head appointed one of the most active subscribers [189] . On March 5, 2015, Kadyrov registered on the social network VKontakte , arguing that the decision to support the Russian networks and in response to numerous requests [190] .
On June 23, 2015, Kadyrov closed his Instagram account . To view the content of the policy, you had to ask for permission [191] . As of November of the same year, access was again open.
At the end of 2015, Ramzan Kadyrov is the most quoted Russian blogger [192] .
On December 23, 2017, his Instagram account was blocked, and his Facebook account was also blocked. The media tied the block with Kadyrov’s listing on the US sanctions list [193] . In response, he announced the creation of a new Chechen social network Mylistory, "which is in no way inferior to overseas" [194] .
Awards and honors
External images | |
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Photo of R. Kadyrov with medal awards |
The total number of Kadyrov awards: 62 (according to data for August 2015) [195] .
Awards of the Russian Federation:
- Hero of the Russian Federation ( December 29, 2004 ) - for taking measures to curb the activities of illegal armed groups from 2000 to 2004 [196] [197] .
- The Order for Services to the Fatherland, IV degree ( August 9, 2006 ) - for courage, bravery and dedication shown in the line of duty . The award was presented to the Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia, Rashid Nurgaliyev, who had arrived in the Chechen Republic. R. Kadyrov noted that “this is a very high reward for me and for our republic” [198] .
- Order of Courage ( 2003 ).
- Order of Honor ( March 8, 2015 ) - for achieved labor success, vigorous social activity and long-term diligent work [199] [200] .
- twice the Medal "For Distinction in the Protection of Public Order" ( 2002 and 2004 ).
- Medal "For merits in the conduct of the All-Russian population census" .
- Gratitude of the President of the Russian Federation ( June 23, 2008 ) - for merits in strengthening the rule of law, restoring the economy and social sphere of the republic [201] .
- Gratitude of the President of the Russian Federation ( March 3, 2010 ) - for active participation in the work of preparing and holding elections to the local self-government bodies of the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic [202] .
- Diploma of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation ( 2009 ).
Awards of the Chechen Republic:
- Order of Akhmat Kadyrov ( June 18, 2005 ) - for merits in the restoration of state power and personal contribution to the cause of defense of the fatherland . The press service of the President of the Chechen Republic noted that the reason for awarding the order was Kadyrov’s work on “maintaining law and order and public safety in the Chechen Republic” [203]
- Order "For the development of parliamentarism in the Chechen Republic" (September 2007) [204]
- Medal "Defender of the Chechen Republic" (2006) - for merits in the formation of the Chechen Republic [205]
Regional awards:
- Order “For loyalty to duty” ( Republic of Crimea , March 13, 2015 ) - for courage, patriotism, active social and political activities, personal contribution to strengthening the unity, development and prosperity of the Republic of Crimea and in connection with the Day of the reunification of Crimea with Russia [206]
- Medal "For the Protection of Crimea" ( Republic of Crimea , June 7, 2014 ) - for offering a helping hand in the spring days of 2014, heavy for the residents of Crimea, [207]
Foreign awards:
- Medal "10 years of Astana" ( Kazakhstan , 2008 ) [208]
- Medal "20 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan", 2011 [209]
- Order of Friendship of Peoples ( Belarus , August 16, 2018 ) [210]
Public and departmental:
- Order Al-Fakhr, I Degree ( Council of Muftis of Russia , March 18, 2007 ). In a congratulatory speech, Sheikh Ravil Gainutdin, Chairman of the Council of Muftis of Russia, said: “You have preserved the integrity of the people and Russia.” In turn, Kadyrov said that he “will honestly and righteously serve the good of the Chechen people and Russia” [211] .
- Medal "For participation in the counter-terrorist operation in the territory of the Chechen Republic" (February 2006) [203]
- Medal "For Service in the Caucasus" (February 2006) [203]
- Medal "For merits in ensuring law and order" (2017) [212]
- Medal "For strengthening the penitentiary system" (2007)
- Medal "Valor and Courage" (2015) [213]
- Medal "For the contribution to the development of the agro-industrial complex" ( 2011 ) [214]
- Golden Star - “Honor and Dignity” with the title “Honored Defender of Human Rights” (2007)
- Diamond Order of the National Fund of the Russian Federation "Public Recognition" (2007)
- Medal of Creation and Peace (2007)
- Medal of Honor "For merits in the protection of children of Russia" № 001 ( September 30, 2014 ) - for personal contribution to the cause of protecting children [215]
- Medal of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation "For merits in the organization of elections" (2014) [216]
- Medal "For the return of the Crimea" ( 2014 )
- Medal "For merits in ensuring national security" (Security Council of the Russian Federation, December 25, 2014 ) - for merits in ensuring national security [217]
- Memorial sign "For effective and fruitful work in the fight against extremism and terrorism" ( 2016 ) [218]
Other:
- Memorial sign "For the achievement of culture" ( September 10, 2007 ). The memorial sign on behalf of the Minister of Culture of Russia Alexander Sokolov was presented by the Head of the Department of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation Yuri Shubin on the last day of the 10th Regional Art Festival “Peace to the Caucasus” in Grozny [219]
- Laureate of the “ Russian of the Year ” award in the nomination “For the sake of life on earth” for 2007 ( February 28, 2008 ) [220]
- Awarded the titles "Honorary Citizen of the Chechen Republic", "Honored Worker of Physical Culture", "Man of the Year 2004" in the Chechen Republic, "Honored Builder of the Chechen Republic" [221] , Honorary President of the Afghanistan Veterans Movement of the Southern Federal District [222] , President of the Chechen League KVN
- Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (2006).
- On March 5, 2008, the Chechen branch of the Union of Journalists of Russia accepted Kadyrov as a member of the Union, but the next day the Union secretariat overturned this decision as contrary to the charter [223] .
- The owner of the maroon beret special forces units of the Ministry of internal Affairs
- Honorary leader of the “ Night Wolves ” motor club department in the Chechen Republic [224] [225] .
Streets and parks named after Ramzan Kadyrov
- Ramzan Kadyrov Street
- Gudermes
- Tsotsi-Yurt
- Znamenskoye
- Bachi-Yurt
- Centoroy
- New Engenoy
- Engel-Yurt
- Alleroy
- Enicali
- Amman (Jordan) [226]
- Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov Quarter
- working village Markova [227]
- Other
- Ramzan Kadyrov Lane (Znamenskoye)
- Square dedicated to the 100 days of the reign of Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov as President of the Chechen Republic (Grozny)
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ramzan Kadyrov in Lentapedia
- ↑ Kadyrov Ramzan Akhmatovich - “Caucasian Knot”
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 BDT, 2008 , p. 382.
- ↑ 1 2 Littelle, 2012 , p. 15-17.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Klyuchkin, A. Creation of the World . Lenta.ru (February 5, 2013). The appeal date is March 7, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
- 2 1 2 Waller, N. A Chechen War by Proxy . Foreign Policy . The appeal date is April 8, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 Rechkalov, V. The eldest son of Akhmat Kadyrov Zelimkhan died . The News (June 1, 2004). The appeal date is March 9, 2013. Archived March 11, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 Allenova, O. Zavari little by little wicket / / Kommersant-Power . - 2007. - No. 27 (731) .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Ramzan Kadyrov. Biography // RIA News, February 16, 2007
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ramzan Kadyrov is appointed Chechen Premier (inaccessible link) // Interfax , March 4, 2006
- ↑ 1 2 Chechnya: Kadyrov - candidate for chairmanship of the government . RIA News (March 4, 2006). The appeal date is April 20, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Sanin, G. Lives such a guy // Results . - 2006. - № 40/538 .
- ↑ Kozlova N. Kadyrov vs. Maskhadov second day in battle // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, September 30, 2004
- ↑ Kadyrov cannot finish off Avdorkhanov - Gazeta. Ru
- Kadyrov vs. Maskhadov: information on the progress of the operation
- ↑ Zheglov, A .; Muradov, M. Temporarily non-performing duties . Kommersant (November 19, 2005). The appeal date is April 20, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ Allenova, O. Ramzan Kadyrov built Chechnya . Kommersant (October 6, 2006). The appeal date is December 21, 2013.
- ↑ In the Chechen Republic, tickets for the first flight Grozny-Moscow, which will take place on March 8 on sale . Information server of the Head and Government of the Czech Republic (March 3, 2007). The appeal date is December 21, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 Walsh, Nick Paton Land of the warlords . The Guardian (June 13, 2006). The appeal date is April 20, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ Accurate questioning // Kommersant-Power . - 2006. - № 19 (673) .
- ↑ Muradov, M. Alu Alkhanov lost the constitutional court to Ramzan Kadyrov . Kommersant (August 23, 2008). The appeal date is March 14, 2013. Archived March 15, 2013.
- ↑ Novikova, E. Kvatrova Kvatrova . Expert (February 15, 2007). The appeal date is March 14, 2013. Archived March 15, 2013.
- ↑ Muradov, M. Ramzan Kadyrov pledged himself a place . Kommersant (February 17, 2007). The appeal date is March 14, 2013. Archived March 15, 2013.
- ↑ Putin officially introduced Kadyrov's candidacy for the post of President of Chechnya . - RIA News, 03/01/2007
- ↑ The Chechen parliament approved Kadyrov as president of Chechnya . - RIA News, 03/02/2007
- ↑ The inauguration of the President of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, is taking place in Gudermes . - RIA News, 04/05/2007
- ↑ Background Note: Russia . United States Department of State (March 16, 2011). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ In 2007, the number of terrorist attacks in Chechnya decreased by 72.5 percent . Regions.ru (March 11, 2008). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- 2 1 2 3 Littelle, 2012 , p. 19-20.
- СЕ CE Commissioner pleased with what he saw in Chechnya . BBC (April 25, 2008). The appeal date is May 16, 2016.
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 60-61.
- ↑ Popov, A. Powerful seizure . Expert (July 24, 2007). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Milashina, E.V. ORB-2 . Novaya Gazeta (February 18, 2008). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 55.
- ↑ Muradov, M. Kremlin officials checked Chechnya . Kommersant (June 27, 2008). The date of circulation is March 8, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
- ↑ Schwirtz, M. Russian Anger Grows Over Chechnya Subsidies Unc . The New York Times (October 8, 2011). The date of circulation is March 8, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Mists, G. Work on a contribution . Kommersant (June 1, 2015). The appeal date is June 6, 2015.
- ↑ Dobrolyubov, F. Caucasian explorer // Kommersant-Money . - 2011. - No. 36 (843) .
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 150
- ↑ 1 2 Kovalkov, N. Expectancy mode // Ogonyok . - 2012. - Vol. 41 - No. 5250 .
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 88-89.
- ↑ Seyranyan, T .; Smirnov, S. “Putin is my idol!” . Statements (October 26, 2010). The appeal date is April 26, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ Fuller, L. The Unstoppable Rise Of Ramzan Kadyrov Neopr . Radio Liberty (January 19, 2015). The appeal date is June 13, 2016.
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 87
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 85.
- ↑ 1 2 In honor of the prophet . Expert (March 10, 2009). The appeal date is April 26, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ Sukhov, I. Plan of Kadyrov . News Time (December 4, 2007). The appeal date is May 14, 2015.
- ↑ Almost all residents of Chechnya voted for United Russia . Regnum (December 5, 2011). The appeal date is May 14, 2015.
- ↑ Kramer, A. At Chechnya Polling Station, Putin's Exceed the Rolls . The New York Times (March 5, 2012). The appeal date is May 14, 2015.
- ↑ Grove, T. Analysis: Chechnya: How did Putin’s party win 99 percent? Reuters (December 21, 2011). The appeal date is May 14, 2015.
- ↑ Sobolev, A. Chechnya unanimously elected President Vladimir Putin . Komsomolskaya Pravda (March 5, 2012). The appeal date is May 14, 2015.
- ↑ Muradov, M .; Sergeev, N. Hero exposed the hero . Kommersant (April 17, 2008). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Novikova, E. Cleaning Ramzan Neopr . Expert (April 16, 2008). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Mashkin, S. The battalion "Vostok" is losing . Kommersant (May 14, 2008). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Sukhov, I. There is no “East”, and there is no “West” . News Time (November 10, 2008). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Rechkalov, V. Ramzan was strong . Moskovsky Komsomolets (November 9, 2008). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Sniper Ramzan Kadyrov eliminated the emir of Urus-Martan (Inaccessible link) . The appeal date is October 26, 2009. Archived October 27, 2009.
- ↑ D. Medvedev awarded R. Kadyrov the rank of Major General of the Police . RBC (November 11, 2009). The appeal date is March 9, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
- ↑ The President of the Russian Federation awarded Ramzan Kadyrov the rank of major general of the militia . Information server of the Head and Government of the CR (November 11, 2009). The appeal date is March 9, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
- ↑ R. Kadyrov: “There should be only one president in Russia” | Terrible Inform
- Kadyrov: “Putin’s Critics Are My Personal Enemies”
- ↑ Second term . Expert (March 5, 2011). The appeal date is March 14, 2013. Archived March 15, 2013.
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov officially assumed the post of head of the Chechen Republic. "Russian newspaper"
- ↑ Muradov, M .; Larintseva, A., Ivanov, M. Alexander Khloponin delimited his subordinates . Kommersant (September 8, 2012). The appeal date is March 9, 2013. Archived March 11, 2013.
- ↑ Kazenin, K. How the Ukrainian crisis helped Ramzan Kadyrov . Forbes Russia (September 29, 2014). The appeal date is October 4, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Bulletin of Memorial Human Rights Center on the situation in the North Caucasus in the summer of 2014 (Not available link) . Memorial Human Rights Center (September 30, 2014). The date of circulation is October 4, 2014. Archived October 6, 2014.
- ↑ UPDATE 5-EU edges for Russia but narrows scope Unopened . Reuters (July 26, 2014). The appeal date is July 27, 2014.
- ↑ Kadyrov instructed three deputies of the Verkhovna Rada to be detained and brought to Chechnya (inaccessible link) . TASS (December 5, 2014). The date of circulation is December 16, 2014. Archived December 14, 2014.
- Дело A case has been opened against Kadyrov in Ukraine, the SBU adviser reported . RIA News (December 6, 2014). The date of appeal is December 16, 2014.
- ↑ Decree of the President of Ukraine No. 549/2015
- ↑ Goryashko, S. Ramzan Kadyrov called the enemies . Kommersant (January 12, 2015). The appeal date is January 15, 2015.
- ↑ Nemtsova, Moscow After Poll Shows Support For Charlie Hebdo . The Daily Beast (January 10, 2015). The appeal date is January 15, 2015.
- ↑ Tumanov, G. Million for the Prophet . Kommersant (January 20, 2015). The appeal date is January 21, 2015.
- ↑ Turovsky, D. “We are ready to die for the Prophet” . Meduza (January 19, 2015). The appeal date is January 21, 2015.
- ↑ Million for Ramzan: a rally in support of Kadyrov was held in Grozny :: Society :: RBC
- ↑ How are preparing in Grozny for a rally in support of Ramzan Kadyrov - Gazeta. Ru
- ↑ Echo of Moscow :: News / Thousands rally in support of Ramzan Kadyrov begins in Grozny
- ↑ Echo of Moscow :: Blogs / Rally in support of Ramzan Kadyrov in Grozny
- ↑ "Who does not understand, he will understand!". Ramzan Kadyrov published a video with Mikhail Kasyanov "under the gun" . Kommersant (February 1, 2016). The appeal date is March 2, 2016.
- ↑ Kadyrov invited the oppositionists to sue him . Interfax (February 1, 2016). The appeal date is March 2, 2016.
- ↑ The FSB did not find any violations in the video with Kasyanov in Kadyrov’s Instagram . BBC Russian Service (March 13, 2016). The appeal date is March 13, 2016.
- ↑ Decree “On the Acting Head of the Chechen Republic” . kremlin.ru . The appeal date is August 17, 2017.
- ↑ Vernydub, A. Kadyrov won almost 98% of the elections for the head of Chechnya . RBC (September 19, 2016). The appeal date is August 17, 2017.
- 2 1 2 3 Chivers, CJ Slain Exile Detailed Cruelty of the Ruler of Chechnya . The New York Times (January 31, 2009). The appeal date is March 9, 2013. Archived March 11, 2013.
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 42-43.
- ↑ 1 2 Stott, M .; Petrova, O. Chechen president says he wants to destroy Russia . The Telegraph (December 21, 2009). The appeal date is March 9, 2013. Archived March 11, 2013.
- 2 1 2 3 4 5 Yaffa, J. Putin's Dragon . The New Yorker (February 8, 2016). The appeal date is June 9, 2016.
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 42
- ↑ 1 2 Markov, S. A. Kadyrov's Problems . News (March 19, 2007). The appeal date is March 15, 2013. Archived March 21, 2013.
- 2 1 2 Berry, L. Chechen leader imposes strict Islamic code . The New York Times (March 2, 2009). The appeal date is April 28, 2013. Archived April 29, 2013.
- ↑ Belkovsky, S. Chechnya gained independence . Moskovsky Komsomolets (June 15, 2011). The appeal date is April 28, 2013. Archived April 29, 2013.
- ↑ Smirnov, S. “How long will this ship last afloat? This is a task for schoolchildren. ” . The Russian Planet (June 26, 2013). The date of circulation is June 30, 2013. Archived July 2, 2013.
- Я Yashin's report on Chechnya appeared on the Instagram page of Ramzan Kadyrov . Rosbusinessconsulting (February 23, 2016). The appeal date is February 23, 2016.
- ↑ Goryashko, S. Presentation on the verge of collapse . Kommersant (February 23, 2016). The appeal date is May 16, 2016.
- ↑ Markedonov, S. Ramzan sunflower . Political News Agency (April 9, 2007). The date of circulation is March 17, 2013. Archived March 21, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Sheremet, P. Not one teip, // Ogonyok . - 2010. - September 6 ( No. 35 ). - P. 14 .
- ↑ The Russian delegation will support the report of Dick Marty on the Caucasus at the PACE session . Echo of Moscow (June 20, 2010). The date of circulation is March 17, 2013. Archived March 21, 2013.
- ↑ Isakova, E. Konstantin Kosachev: the summer session of the PACE promises to be calm . Voice of Russia (June 20, 2010). The date of circulation is March 17, 2013. Archived March 21, 2013.
- ↑ Resolution 1738 (2010): Legal resolution in the North Caucasus region . PACE (June 22, 2010). The date of circulation is March 17, 2013. Archived March 21, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 Kadyrov called Deputy Delimkhanov his successor . RIA News (September 24, 2009). The appeal date is June 9, 2016.
- ↑ Who is the Lord . Meduza (January 18, 2016). The appeal date is June 9, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Milashina, E. V. How the Stavropol police returned Chechnya to Russia . New newspaper (April 25, 2015). The appeal date is April 26, 2015.
- ↑ Arkhipov, I .; Reznik, I., Pismennaya, E., Meyer, H. Kremlin Murder Trail Leads to Chechnya . Bloomberg (March 20, 2015). The appeal date is April 26, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 Rubnikovich, O .; Trifonov, V., Ivanov, M., Gorodetskaya, N. Chechnya will meet the guests with friendly fire . Kommersant (April 24, 2015). The appeal date is April 26, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 Milashina, E.V. The Chechen police took the oath of allegiance to Putin (Not available link) . New newspaper (December 28, 2014). The appeal date is April 26, 2015. Archived April 4, 2015.
- ↑ Nemtsova, A. The Chechen Boss . Foreign Policy (April 1, 2013). The appeal date is April 26, 2015.
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 84-85.
- ↑ Fuller, L. Holier Than Thou: Ramzan Kadyrov And 'Traditional Chechen Islam' . Radio Liberty (June 16, 2010). The appeal date is June 13, 2016.
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 91-93.
- ↑ Vasiliev, V. Northern Caucasus: invented traditions . Radio Liberty (April 12, 2016). The appeal date is June 9, 2016.
- ↑ Kadyrov on the Levada Center poll: the Caucasus will remain a shield of Russia . IslamNews (April 1, 2015). The appeal date is April 1, 2015.
- ↑ The North Caucasus: estimates and expectations, attitude to Ramzan Kadyrov (Inaccessible link) . Levada Center (February 2, 2015). The appeal date is April 1, 2015. Archived April 12, 2015.
- ↑ Muradov, M. Ramzan Kadyrov took the human rights activist into service . Kommersant (February 28, 2007). The appeal date is July 27, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Unofficial places of detention in the Chechen Republic. The background information memorandum sent to Dick Marty, rapporteur on the Commission on Legal Affairs and Human Rights of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, on alleged secret detention centers in neighboring Council of Europe states . International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (May 12, 2006). The appeal date is April 28, 2013. Archived April 29, 2013.
- Fit Parfitt, T. Chechnya's peace is built on murder . The Guardian (July 16, 2009). The appeal date is July 27, 2013. Archived August 16, 2013.
- ↑ Parfitt, T. The Islamic Republic of Chechnya . Foreign Policy (March 15, 2011). The appeal date is July 27, 2013. Archived August 16, 2013.
- Als Walsh, NP man in reign of terror in Chechnya . The Guardian (January 13, 2004). Circulation date August 10, 2013. Archived August 16, 2013.
- ↑ Kusov, O .; Sultanov, A. Human rights activists will not go to Kadyrov . Radio Liberty (February 21, 2007). Circulation date August 10, 2013. Archived August 16, 2013.
- ↑ Kadyrov blames some human rights defenders for being biased . RIA News (September 7, 2006). The appeal date is July 27, 2013. Archived August 16, 2013.
- ↑ Gorbachev, A .; Garmonenko, D. Ramzan Kadyrov does not like the word "human rights activist" . Nezavisimaya Gazeta (July 11, 2013). The appeal date is July 27, 2013.
- ↑ Kalinina, Y. Shooting with “snickers” . Moskovsky Komsomolets (April 23, 2008). Circulation date August 10, 2013. Archived August 16, 2013.
- ↑ Rykovtseva, E. The last performance of Anna Politkovskaya . Radio Liberty . Novaya Gazeta (October 9, 2006). Circulation date August 10, 2013. Archived August 16, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 Nikolaev, S .; Trifonov, V. The houses of the militants were burned with a quiet flame . Kommersant (December 11, 2014). The date of appeal is December 16, 2014.
- ↑ Sokolova, A. In Chechnya, militant houses are burned down . Slon.ru (December 9, 2014). The date of appeal is December 16, 2014.
- ↑ Chernykh, A., Tumanov, G. “I do not intend to apologize and take words back” . Kommersant (May 13, 2016). The appeal date is May 16, 2016.
- ↑ Kadyrov Ramzan Akhmatovich - Prime Minister of the Government of the Chechen Republic Archival copy dated August 5, 2007 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov: armed and very dangerous
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov: armed and very dangerous
- ↑ Anna Politkovskaya “Ballot boxes will be burial” Archival copy of September 6, 2008 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ Widespread Torture in the Chechen Republic. Briefing Paper for the 37th Session UN Committee against Torture . Human Rights Watch (November 13, 2006). The appeal date is April 28, 2013. Archived April 29, 2013.
- ↑ Barabanov, I. Kadyrov made a Centoroy . Gazeta.ru (May 2, 2006). The appeal date is April 28, 2013. Archived April 29, 2013.
- ↑ MEMORIAL Human Rights Center "CIVIL ASSISTANCE" Committee. Edited by S. A. Gannushkina CHECHENS IN RUSSIA. Abductions and disappearances of people in the North Caucasus, Situation of women in the Chechen Republic, Housing problems of Chechen residents
- ↑ Armenian son-in-law is a disgrace to the Chechen
- ↑ “Of course, it is forbidden by law, but according to Sharia law is possible”
- Kadyrov: “Shame for Chechen women to marry an Armenian!”
- “Take her to x * p and show the whole of Chechnya! Armenians to her ё * any promised that she will go to Eurovision. She went with him to ё * Noah Armenia and married him! ”Video
- "They have long arms and they will find me." Gay raid in Chechnya in spring 2017
- ↑ 1 2 Bullough, O. Putin's closest ally - and his biggest liability . The Guardian (September 23, 2015). The appeal date is November 11, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 Allenova, O. “To kill Yamadaeva - to sign the verdict on my family” // Kommersant-Vlast . - 2008. - № 38 (792) .
- ↑ 1 2 Azar, I .; Tumanov, G. “His destiny was in my hands” . Gazeta.ru (May 4, 2009). The appeal date is March 9, 2013. Archived March 11, 2013.
- ↑ Zheglov, A .; Akhundov, A., Allenova, O., Mashkin, S. The journalist exchanged life for a profession . Kommersant (October 9, 2006). The appeal date is April 27, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 The case of the murder of Anna Politkovskaya: the course of the investigation . RIA News (December 14, 2012). The appeal date is April 27, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ Mozgovaya, N. Anna Politkovskaya: “I’m not a fighter. I’m just an absolute journalist” . Newsru.co.il (October 8, 2006). The appeal date is April 27, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ Aksyonov, P. Last Politkovskaya Investigation . BBC (October 12, 2006). The appeal date is April 27, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ Sokovnin, A. The accomplice to the murder of Anna Politkovskaya reduced the term and compensation . Kommersant (December 15, 2012). The appeal date is April 27, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ Gritsenko, T .; Ivlev, A. The turn of the "Highlander" . News Time (November 20, 2006). The appeal date is March 23, 2013. Archived April 4, 2013.
- ↑ Zheglov, A .; Mashkin, S. Enemy to the grave . Kommersant (November 20, 2006). The appeal date is March 23, 2013. Archived April 4, 2013.
- ↑ Rechkalov, V. Khan or godfather? Moskovsky Komsomolets (January 29, 2007). The appeal date is March 23, 2013. Archived April 4, 2013.
- ↑ Xiong, Yu .; Trifonov, V. Movladi Baysarov, shot legally . Kommersant (November 29, 2006). The appeal date is March 23, 2013. Archived April 4, 2013.
- Sentenced to murderer Ruslan Yamadayev . RBC (October 18, 2010). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Dzhemal, O. “The special group from Chechnya has the task of not taking me alive” (November 24, 2008). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Yamadayev is more alive than dead . Interfax (March 31, 2009). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 Sworn friends . Kommersant (August 23, 2010). The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Root, A .; Tsvetkova, M. Not hiding, but being treated . Vedomosti . The appeal date is February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Chivers, CJ Top Chechen Ordered Abduction, Austria Says . The New York Times (April 27, 2010). The appeal date is March 23, 2013. Archived April 4, 2013. // Translation On Inosmi.ru .
- ↑ Barry, E. 3 Men Convicted of Killing Opponent of Chechnya's Leader . The New York Times (June 1, 2011). The appeal date is March 23, 2013. Archived April 4, 2013.
- ↑ A statement about Kadyrov’s involvement in the murder was called “cheap provocation” . Lenta.ru (April 28, 2010). The appeal date is March 23, 2013. Archived April 4, 2013.
- ↑ Littelle, 2012 , p. 28
- ↑ Kozenko, A .; Kotsar, Y. The court praised Ramzan Kadyrov for dignity . Kommersant (October 7, 2009). The appeal date is March 7, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
- ↑ Tumanov, G., Sokovnin, A. In the murder of Boris Nemtsov was everything except religion . Kommersant (March 13, 2015). The appeal date is November 11, 2015.
- ↑ Balmforth, T. Six Months After Nemtsov Killing, Investigation Stymied By 'Stonewall' . Radio Liberty . The appeal date is November 11, 2015.
- ↑ Celebration of the birthday of Medni Kadyrova . Chechen State Television and Radio Company (September 8, 2012). The date of circulation is November 8, 2012. Archived November 19, 2012.
- ↑ Firdaws introduced a new collection of Muslim clothing . islamnews.ru (November 2, 2012). The date of circulation is November 8, 2012. Archived November 19, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 Alexander Gamov. Ramzan Kadyrov promised to leave politics nicely . Komsomolskaya Pravda (January 24, 2012). The appeal date is April 29, 2013. Archived April 29, 2013.
- ↑ In honor of the birth of the son of Ramzan Kadyrov, a charity event is being held in the Chechen Republic . ramzan-kadyrov.ru (November 28, 2007). The date of circulation is November 8, 2012. Archived November 19, 2012.
- ↑ 11-year-old Adam took part in the filming of the popular Turkish TV series "The Resurrected Ertugrul"
- ↑ Kadyrov was born the fourth son . Rosbusinessconsulting (October 10, 2016). The appeal date is October 10, 2016.
- ↑ Information on income, property and property obligations of the Head of the Chechen Republic and members of his family for the period from January 1 to December 31, 2010 . Head and Government of the Chechen Republic (April 29, 2011). The appeal date is April 27, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 Alexander Gamov. Ramzan Kadyrov adopted three orphans . KP (February 5, 2007). The date of circulation is November 8, 2012. Archived November 19, 2012.
- ↑ Alexander Gamov, Vladimir Welengurin. Russian boy became Kadyrov's brother . KP (August 10, 2006). The date of circulation is November 8, 2012. Archived November 19, 2012.
- ↑
- What's your education? - Higher legal. I finish. I pass exams. - What kind? - How is it - what? Examinations, and all. - What is the name of the institute that you graduate? - Branch of the Moscow Institute of Business. In Gudermes. Legal that is. - What is your specialty? - I am a lawyer. - A diploma in what right? Criminal? Civilian? - Forgot. Topic recorded, but forgot. There are a lot of events now.
- Politkovskaya A.S. Centro from Tsentoroy. Interview with Ramzan Kadyrov // Novaya Gazeta , 21.06.2004 - ↑ Politkovskaya A.S. Center from Tsentoroy. Interview with Ramzan Kadyrov // Novaya Gazeta , 21.06.2004
- ↑ Abstract (2006) in the catalog of the RSL
- ↑ Kadyrov Ramzan Akhmatovich. Optimal management of contractual relations between the main participants in the construction industry: Dis. ... Cand. econ Sciences: 08.00.05 Makhachkala, 2006—125 p. Abstract Archive dated January 11, 2012 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Alexander Gamov Ramzan Kadyrov became a candidate of science. And he is already preparing his doctoral thesis // Komsomolskaya Pravda , 06.27.2006
- ↑ R. Kadyrov will be an honorary professor of the Modern Humanitarian Academy
- ↑ Abstract (2011) in the catalog of the RSL
- ↑ Thesis of R. A. Kadyrov for the degree of Doctor of Economic Sciences
- ↑ Kadyrov Ramzan Akhmatovich on the official portal of the head and government of the Chechen Republic
- ↑ ITAR-TASS: Society - Ramzan Kadyrov became an honorary professor
- ↑ Abstract (2015) in the catalog of the RSL
- ↑ Rechkalov, V. Khan or godfather? Moskovsky Komsomolets (January 26, 2007). The appeal date is March 7, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
- ↑ Nabatova, E. This is what Allah gives ... . Moskovsky Komsomolets (December 15, 2011). The appeal date is June 13, 2016.
- Ju Kjuka, D. Chechnya's Kadyrov Expands His Equine Empire . Radio Liberty (September 13, 2012). The appeal date is June 13, 2016.
- ↑ Kadyrov left the presidency of the "Terek" . Lenta.ru (November 29, 2011). The appeal date is March 9, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
- ↑ Kadyrov became honorary president of the “Terek” . Moskovsky Komsomolets (March 3, 2012). The appeal date is March 9, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
- ↑ Who is right - Kadyrov or Emelianenko? Sport Express (October 6, 2016). The appeal date is October 10, 2016.
- ↑ Suleymanov, S. Finger up . Lenta.ru (March 7, 2013). The appeal date is July 27, 2013. Archived August 16, 2013.
- ↑ Krasnov, A. Ramzan Kadyrov found the minister in the blog . Kommersant (March 18, 2013). The appeal date is July 27, 2013.
- ↑ Ria News. Ramzan Kadyrov registered on the social network "VKontakte"
- ↑ Kadyrov has closed an Instagram page | RIA News
- ↑ TASS: Society - Kadyrov, Rogozin and Markin for the year entered the top 10 most cited bloggers in Russia
- ↑ Kadyrov's profile on Instagram was unavailable
- ↑ Kadyrov has opened an account in the Chechen social network announced by him
- ↑ Kadyrov awarded (inaccessible link) . Yodnews.ru (August 28, 2015). The appeal date is August 28, 2015. Archived September 1, 2015.
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov became the Hero of Russia . Russian newspaper. The appeal date is December 4, 2016.
- ↑ Presidential Decree of December 29, 2004 No. 1630 Archived on February 9, 2009.
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov was awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland of the 4th degree (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 8, 2015 No. 115 “On awarding state awards of the Russian Federation”
- ↑ Putin awarded Kadyrov with the Order of Honor . Interfax (March 9, 2015).
- ↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2008 No. 346-rp “On encouraging RA Kadyrov”
- ↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 3, 2010 No. 129-rp “On Promotion”
- ↑ 1 2 3 R. Kadyrov awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov awarded the order “For the development of parliamentarism in the Chechen Republic”
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov headed the Chechen “United Russia”
- ↑ Decree of the Head of the Republic of Crimea No. 69-U of March 13, 2015 “On awarding state awards of the Republic of Crimea”
- ↑ Aksenov presented Kadyrov with the medal "For the Protection of Crimea" (TASS: Russian Information Agency)
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov awarded for his contribution to relations between Russia and Kazakhstan
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov awarded the jubilee medal "20 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
- ↑ Head of the Chechen Republic of the Russian Federation Ramzan Kadyrov was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples
- ↑ The Council of Muftis of Russia awarded Ramzan Kadyrov Order // RIA Novosti, March 18, 2007 Archival copy of March 10, 2008 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov awarded the highest award of the Russian military police / IA "Grozny-inform"
- ↑ Bastrykin awarded Kadyrov with the medal "Valor and Courage"
- ↑ Skrynnik awarded Kadyrov a gold medal "For his contribution to the development of the Russian agro-industrial complex"
- ↑ Astakhov awarded Kadyrov with a medal for merits in the protection of children Archival copy of September 16, 2016 on the Wayback Machine / “MIR 24”
- ↑ Resolution of the CEC of Russia No. 266/1615-6 of December 29, 2014 “On Encouraging Electoral Organizers and Other Participants in the Electoral Process” // Official site of the CEC of Russia December 29, 2014
- ↑ Kadyrov was awarded the Security Council medal "For merits in ensuring national security" // HSP, December 25, 2014
- ↑ R. Kadyrov awarded with a memorial sign
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov awarded "For the achievements of culture"
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov became “Russian of the Year” // Vladivostok-Russia, February 28, 2008
- ↑ R. Kadyrov honored builder of the Chechen Republic
- ↑ Honorary President of the Afghan soldiers in the south of Russia was Ramzan Kadyrov
- ↑ The President of Chechnya was not accepted as a journalist . BBC (March 6, 2008). The date of circulation is March 17, 2013. Archived March 21, 2013.
- ↑ Kadyrov joined the Night Wolves motorcycle club | RIA News
- ↑ Kadyrov announced joining the Night Wolves biker club - Russian Planet
- ↑ Ramzan Kadyrov Street appeared in the capital of Jordan
- ↑ п п⌡п░п ■ п═ п═п╟п╪п╥п╟п╫п╟ п░я┘п╪п╟я┌п╬п╡п╦я┤п╟ п п╟п╢я ▀я─п╬п╡п╟ п п╡п╟я─я┌п╟п╩ п ° п╟я─п╨п╬п╡п╟ п═п╟п╠п╬я┤п╦п╧ п © п╬я│п╣п╩п╬п╨ п≤я─п╨я┐я┌я│п╨п╦п╧ п═пп╧п╬п╫ п≤я─пя┐ I┌ya│p╨p╟ya▐ p · ...
Literature
- Kadyrov, Akhmat Abdulkhamidovich // Iceland - Clerical. - M .: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2008. - P. 382. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 t.] / Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004–2017, t. 12). - ISBN 978-5-85270-343-9 .
- Kadyrov, Ramzan Akhmatovich // Great Russian Encyclopedia : electronic version. - 2016. - Date of circulation: 03/02/2018.
- Littell, J. Chechnya. Third year. - M .: Ad Marginem , 2012. - 128 p. - ISBN 978-5-91103-122-0 .
Links
- Kadyrov, Ramzan Akhmatovich . The site " Heroes of the country ."
- Information server of the Head and Government of the Czech Republic
- The official site of Ramzan Kadyrov
- Ramzan Kadyrov on Instagram
- Ramzan Kadyrov on Twitter - proof
- The official page of Ramzan Kadyrov in the social network " VKontakte "
- Kadyrov, Ramzan - an article in Lentapedia . year 2012.
- Analytical Memorandum of US Ambassador to Russia W. Burns on R. Kadyrov, 2007 (Wikileaks publication)
Interview
- Investments will go to the mountains // Rossiyskaya Gazeta , October 3, 2007
- Anna Politkovskaya. Center of Tsentoroy. Interview with Ramzan Kadyrov
- Vainakh and the world // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, April 7, 2009
- Marina Akhmedova. If anything, I am Ramzan. // Russian reporter . 2009. № 43
- All interviews with Ramzan Kadyrov on the radio "Russian News Service"
- All interviews Ramzan Kadyrov on radio "Echo of Moscow"